Forensic

Medicine
 Basicsinttlmm
Forensic Medicine
NatusalDeath._

Application of medicine in law .

Natural cause

Death #
of patient eg
:
coronary art disease
\
-

Unnatural cause ←
lumen constricted
eg accidental suicidal
.

:
( autopsy )
Accidental
,

homicidal art disease

.

coronary
fall
from height
multiple injuries ifpllsonlandsonfeel
( abrasions / bruise / laceration ) -

1-
inflow outflow techinque

fracture of foot bones

-

multiple fractures isusedtoopenneart during

autopsy .

fracture ofthoeaco lumbar vlltlbsa Findings

- seen

1- -
.
→ awuiarveguations
in ventricular wall
→
thickening
asymmetrical hypertrophy of Ivseptum
torn clothes
→

Around
foramen foramen magnum
( Ring ) fracture vertical slicing method

Autoerotic
' Asphyxia / asphysciophilla ( AA ) Postmortem
diagnosis ofmi
neck compression Kotz warrism )
↳ NS Prone sexual Perversions
sympathetic
t, Pain
Masochism to
self
-
- -

I sympathetic Transvestism Ctonism )=

g
-

orgasmic pressure Cross

Dressing 1 fibrous tissue)
Previous
'

mi
( neck compression lligatureto
achieve sexual
pleasure) Bright
E.
red areas
'
→ viable
TTC converted to Formosan
by LDH activity
*
During autopsy genitals fist in clenched TTC -É Formosan

lduetocadavericspasm )
Pale
yellow nonviable
→
areas
↳ indicative A- A
of TTC
É ✗ Foemazon
t :
enzyme leakage post infarction)
 Suicidal Medical Ethics
set
of moral
principles guiding Breach
•

ethics is
Most common cause Depression of a
• -

}
most common method
Hanging Dr De punishable offence
- - -
.
.

Dr -
Patient relationship
Ideal poison
for suicide Cyanide
-
-

•
most
commonly used
in
poison
India
-

organophosphates D"S#→ give set avant

info to police
Most common North India Celphos
•
in
poison Unethical Doctor ( Infamous conduct
-

acts
1 Aluminium by
phosphide ) misconduct)
aka
professional
Pala suicide -

attempt to snide
-

Alcohol -

Addiction
NMC )
Advertisement ( to be prescribed by
done as
-

associated
by Borderline Personality Association (
coveting of unqualified person to do
your job
)
-

Abortion 1 / criminal abortions)

disorder illegal ↳ MTP act
-

is not
followed .

most common method

of parasiticide
:
IPC 312-316

Adultery / sexual intercourse activity with someone else 's partner)

-

wrist
cutting
→
Drug overdose
↳ decriminalized due to
bias but still unelhelical
gender
Tentative cuts ( Hesitation cuts ) → associated with
Dichotomy lfee
Splitting btw doctors by unwanted reference)
-

wrist )
( associated with Borderline suicidal
attempt .
Laka cut
.

practice)
personality disorder

Issuing false certificate by a doctor lisp if required by law )

-
-

↳
punishable under IPC 197 punish under IPC 193 / upto 7- )
yrs
-
→

Homicidal forgery /IPC 46310466 ) punishment upto 2

yrs
-
.

•
Ideal homicidal poison = Thallium
Punishment unethical acts
for
.

→
most common homicidal poison = Arsenic ¢ ↳
state medical courts
Napoleon Bonaparte died
of
• =

appeals againstbeSimic
•

f. Imprisonment
council nine
chronic arsenic
poisoning 1 medical Body) → .
decisions
to C- MRB
will made
( constituted
/ \,
Penal Csasure under central Health
back of hand warning
Defence wounds
mainlywith over
=

( Takeaway license
↳ homicidal ministry )
associated attempts .

I ↳
final decision is
•

Temporary Permanent
( aka Professional
.
given by NMC
death sentence )
 Professional Secrecy Medical Jurisprudence
Application of law in medicine
•
Deis obligation to keep all info of a

every de should have

knowledge of
•

patient secret .
certain laws / alt .

Obs .

Gynae → MTP act .

Radiologist → PCPNDT act

Exceptions to
Professional secrecy
.

of suspicious
•
In case ease
( Previligid communication ) in
.

for → m police
C -
crime
Medical Etiquette es
I
Information about
infectious disease
-
-

laws
of courtesy btw doctors
°

Y -
venereal disease 1ST D)

leg
Breach
of etiquette is non punishable
-

I
self
•

on interest :
patient complain
-

on

Éi de negligence)
' '

c court law
of
-

Posthumous child suppositious child

§ S -

servant and
employee father is dead @ birth ( aka fictitious child /
false child )
" leg : colour blind drivel inform to

child and
employees steal
pretending
§ I -

Patient interest a male to be their

father
§ leg :
patient with suicidal
tendencies )
u
s
N Notifiable diseases
-

E leg yellow fever:

COV 7- D)
If Professional secrecy is not maintained

by doctor :

Defamation 1499 IPC)

-

-
Civil court -

damages
-

SMC action .

HIV ④ → PIWHA
1 People living with HIV AIDS)
 Legal Sections
:÷•¥
Courtroom Procedures .

IPC → made in 1860 Judge ( Supreme

authority in court )

↳
define and
offence and its punishment .

victim Accused

eg Rape
→
defined in 375 complainant / Plaintiff) (
Defendant )

j¥g g§ .?gÉ¥
.

di di
punishment under 376
Public Prosecutor Defense lawyer
lhieed private
evidence / statement lawyer)
Peyiuylralse in court )
lfwm Govt side to victim) o
I

↳ in / 91 1 I E
defined t .
↳ punishment in 193
Both
lawyers present case to
judge 1 '

FIR is under IPC based

filed offence t,
•

on

"" " "

q .g ? Yg
" "" " " " " " "
"
Cnpc ( Criminal Pwceducal Court ) di
Exceptions
child
to oath
Ei
Kylo
- <

made in 1861
¥
-

atheist
oath is administered to witness cisoiemnyqpim
d
last -1973
major change " ""
§
.

" ""

t,
F
define procedures done
after a
Recording of evidence Examination
of witness by lawyer
• -_
.

3
a

f)
crime has occused Direct £
§
.

cross
inquest (17-4612)
→
Police
→
Redirect
inquest 1176 UPC ) s

magistrate When involved in crime d, 3 8 §

↳
police
Court Questions / Questions asked by Supreme
authority

;zg.÷zq.g÷g
court )
IEA( Indian Evidence Act ) in
§
}
¥gF
determine selavant and
weightage
↳
Ed
-

summon Csubpeona) →
legal document
"

£8
.

evidence
of Cnpc 61-69 / date / time
-

name
-

Oral Evidence
i. iooss examination
can be done
D)
Documentary
Evidence
common (Eyewitness
witness

witness → Hostile witness

?ÉÑ }
.

zÉÉÉ
"

§g¥§'g§
t' is admissible when a witness turns
1st hand
knowledge of opinion
•

cross examination T crime in court away from previous §

Foeesnic Doctor statement
euedenciaeyvalve) 118s of IEA eg
.
•
:

all are competent *

ages use IEA
of
•

final competency ni ni
decided by judge)
+8
 P-owaofcourtlJudges-udicial-magistratecourl.fm imprisonment ☐
Min
judge rank to have death
•
2nd class JM 5000
Iyer sentence and
life imprisonment
t,
rights Additional session Judge
1st class JM 10000 3yh
•

1mm) ( session 's court )

metropolitan magistrate 1in metro cities]
Principal magistrate 1PM) linjuvennile courts) min
judge sank to unlimited
-

ti
fine rights
Chief Jim Unlimited 7- Chief Judicial
magics
•

ye
.

13A IEA )
Dying Declaration
statement recorded when person is about to die
session 's courts ( District-level)
documentary evidence Death Sentence
•
.

imprisonment .

( capital Punishment)
canbenewadedby Assistant session Judge
• :

toys
•

>>
magistrate doctors> any person
y, By Judicial
hanging
Additional Session Judge Death sentence MIC
Dying declaration not
signed Admissible knot position left angle of mandible
•
•
: -

Dying declaration was

half recorded Admissible to life imprisonment . mid chin
( personated ) •
District Judge cause
of death ↳↳
fracture
'
:

After dying declaration person survives # Not admirable

when death sentence is to accused at
lhangmannisfsactuse)
,

↳ corroborative role to solve

↳ called to court
formal
crime
evidence
given
district level
file of
,
case is sent to a

Dying deposition linvsa ) high court

judge for confirmation •
incase
of pregnant female high court change
death sentence to
↳ oral evidence I 1416 Cape)
life imprisonment
• courtroom
procedure conducting High court
judge agrees to verdict
by bedside
to
Death sentence .

High Court
Supreme court .
 Inquest ( investigation )

Police Inquest
174 UPC
Magisterial Inquest
when inquest is
against police
• minimum rank who = Head
176 UPC
can older inquest constable
✓ \
UPSC
minimum rank 17611A) 17611 )
share workload of judicial magistrate
•

for = sub -

inspector µ
rape case CSI )
obyjucidial magistrate executive <
sub divisional
<
District
Magistrate IDM)
magistrate 1 District Collector)
☐
death due to police firing magistrate
ltehsildar)
.

( SDM)
death in police coustody / prison
•

death
custodial rape dowry
°
•

•
ex -
hee matron

death in mental hospital

-
.

under 176 Apc

Exhumation ( digging out of
Dowry Death investigated
:

definition & punish under : 304 BIPC

-
( Disintumt ) buried dead body)
'
no time limit
punishment :
min 7-
life imprisonment
-

yrs hours
usually done
early morning
-

500
gm soil extracted with
body
'

Death within 7- yrs

of married
femal
•

that
of marriage and
if proved .
176 C APC
death
demand
for dowry just before
.

After 7
years
case
registered under
498 A IPC

Teueltybyhllsbandl
✓ to y y

Physical Mental Sexual Economical

Sexual Jurisprudence
Seneual intercourse
1 Is
Natural Unnatural
3H-IPC-ssenu.at intercourse
Rape
•

against order of
nature with
any
male canal
femal intercourse)
child
consensual
animal
Bestiality ← .

sodomy is not

lrefeeanimaltovet doctor . an
offense anymore

Ch①\ ,

a
Pedophilia / Pedasasity)
pocsoact
t →
Active passive
( Pedophile) ( catamite)
Definition under IPC 375
Rape Punishment Under IPC 's
.

A male is said to commit

rape
he
on

the
female if any of
does
4 actions under 7- circumstances .

1. Penile intercourse Man

:
3-
manipulates any body part of
vagina female foe penile penetration
Urethra
Vagina
-

Anal =
Mal intercoms -

Urethra
aka sodomy -

Anus

Buggery -

Any body part

Greek love
Mouth =
oral intercourse

aka buccal coitus

-
4-
If the man applies his mouth
to
sin
of gomorrah vagina
= Unni
lingus .

Nisbhlya .

fellatio Anus = An
iurigus
urethra 20µF introduced after Katrina rape case

Penetration of objects /
2.
fingers I
vagina
-

-
-

Urethra even
if def of rape
-

isn't fulfilled .

-
Krus

€
( can be male , female ) * gender neutral .

nil

be convicted
female can
foe gang rape charger
'
11 → consent in rape case .

( live in) -

section 493 habitation with

female
→ co
by a male
-

but male is not

agreeing for marriage
outrage modesty of female
f- I
⇐ PC 354) Use
of force Use
of words (509 IPC)
stature Rape female with under 18
girl
:
354A Sexual Harras merit
354 B Disrobe
.

[ Recording of private moment

sections with death 354C
voyeurism scopophilia stawwgica of female )
-

= -

sentence provision for

376 A
35yd
Stalking ( following a
female post prior disinterest)
rape 37GB
376 D 376 C-
 Rape Examination
Rape victim examination 16hAM
Date of incidence
/
if > 12 : consent
from Date of if<toonsqnl History
- Time
of incidence

y
→
Person responsible
guardian Examination Examination
.

↳ same
•
Age of victim
for consent -12
years
. clothes as now ?

•
Victim doesn't consent →
psychological counselling SAFE kit → sexual Assault forensic ↳
examination kit
if same ,

{
consent clothes
.

f. still preserve
.

no .

white cloth
large for sample
→
written
informed refusal →
new clothes
taken
• examination →
swabs → combs → slides
•
victim in OPD / Emergency Inform police can be done ↳
to comb pubic hair
on court
local Examination
• with / without consent order
upon
treatment to be consent lithotomy position .

given refusal
•

•
Tests to be done → STD 's
tears due to
finger / foeiegn body penetration
→
Urine
pregnancy test . ( lblwll
'
-
I' oclock position )

228A →
identity of rape victim cannot be disclosed
"
-
q.AM?-ivaginaeoeifice
-

-
-

hymenal orifice
Rape ÑY
'

accused Examination .

53 A GPC 7-
• tears due to penile
penetration
-

position )
' '
noconsent →
minimum reasonable lblw 5 -
7- oclock
force
☐

can be used • in post . lateral aspect .

1534 ) UPC Swabs to be preserved

Breast
Tolidine Blue is used to
dye find
-

swabs
from Prepuce oral
-

-
-

prepuce is retracted
show michoinjurils of genitals
vaginae
-

Penile
.

ummm
shaft -
I
↳
High ↳ micro lacerations .

Rhlsenceofsmlgmh
/ →
female vaginal
cells
epithelial
f.
white cheesy
-

perineal
swabs
Ulaistee Keen Rod
→
brown change on
material -
Anat and puianal ""d "" Mh""^
takes
2uhoulstofohmkanmd.be
detected
addition of
" ☐

genital swabs can be preserved

É Of hymen .

condom " lugol 's iodine lnosmigma deposition is

glass / Plastic
"

-196 hours) Bent

circumcised males) upto 4 days
→
lubricant material of rod
condom .

True
virgin
→ no
history of sensual intercourse
false
virgin history of sexual intercom but hymen intact
→

fourchette & post commissure ; etiolated vaginal orifice

↳ torn .
 Pervesions
sexual gratification without sexual intercourse

sadism Pain to partner coprolalia obscene words

sactalogica Obscene telephone calls

Lg
Masochism Pain to
self autoerotic
Eco atheism Sounds of Senecal activity
-

behaviour
asphyxia
Transvestism ltonism) Cross Obscene stories to
dressing ( Kotz wauism , Nahhatophilia partner
fetishism of objects
sexual
gratification
↳
exclusive to males
Ktismophilia receiving rectal enema
.

common around
puberty
Exhibitionism
Display of private parts in public
Babbit Syndrome Slashing of penis by female foe
↳ punishable under 294 IPC female sexual gratification .

lusmplete cutting of penile shaft )

frotteurism
Rubbing of private parts in public
↳ Punishable under 290 IPC

satyriasis Encessive sexual desire in males

Nymphomaniac tncessive sexual desire in

females
 PP 008$ ⑧ AAEttpp.ro#attiioonoqfcaixdd.aaqaai.nnsts sexual worms .

in Rape
Burden
of proof
°

consent is on
regarding
accused .

•
Presumption of no consent

by court
1114 -
A)

in POSCO
•
consent isn't valid in children 218
Burden victim
of proof is on
•
.

Sexual Assault
Touching of private parts of
Penis
child
Anus

vagina Breast .

Aggravated offense
offense done by person in
authority
or relative
assault
nggse rated penetrative several
-

sexual assault
Aggravated
-
.
 PC
TP
.

37613) I

376 (2)
\

I bet
-
Be

•
•
A
61 -69 APC → deal with summons .

A loco Parents
1 during school hours , principal and
teachers and guardians) .
 Identification
(
Dead body and other objects tnt at
crime scene
↳ aka Essence
of crime .

mp identification parameters

→ Measurements of peripheral
④ limbs are taken
and is used for identification .

is needed Unknown dead bodies

Identification when : -

or bones are
found .
 Race instrument used
to measure
length
mm
of long bones .

Mnemonic → I watch CNBC Hepburn's osteometric board

Inlermembiatcephabc "asal¥ÑÑrucal
length of radius + humerus
✗ too
lenginoftibiaeemur ←
index index index index index
↳
✗

Cephalic index length of radius

Noo K^9thofti ✗ too
Humerus
"

:L instrument used length of femme

i to measure
length
and breadth
of
- - - -
i - -

:B skull bone Teeth

'

,
lluneiecallipee .

Caucasoid →
carabellcuponmolael Nasal index
on MD
Widthofnosexloo
Cephalic __

lenglhofskutlbone length of nose

index
Mongols incisors
→
Breadth
of skull bone Shovel shaped
Race
Enamel pearls
Value
/
70-74-9 -

Dolico -

cephalic Caucasoid
Taurudontism
Bulldog jaw)
menmo -
D- CAN
Aryans
Negros .

75-79.9 -

mesalt cephalic Indians

mnemo -
MICE Chinese

Europeans

80-85 Brachycephalic Mongols

-

O O

Enamel Pearls
Krogman 's
index
→ to determine

of sexing
accuracy
on the basis
Sean Pelvic Bone
recovered
Of bone
←
Best parameter All
All 206 Bones →
1001 -

in Pelvic Bone
parameters large and wide in

Pelvis + Skull →
981
female
Greater exception Obusatoefoeamen
-

sciatic notch .
:

Pelvis only
→
951 -

OSA .
Sacroiliac articulation
90.1
Only skull -3 .

Acetabulum
Only long bones →
80.1 .

Sternum
-

important parameters internodes :

skull
greater sciatic notch

÷
-

brain
large and prominent
→
All parameters in sub pubic

µ
angle
-

in males
pere auricular sulcus
-

exception frontal & Parietal Eminence

: .

Cant sacroiliac
.

ligament )
I
infernales ,
some orbit
skull structures
forehead
:

aeenound chin .

Sacrum

Mandible breadth
of Sl male > female

mefegas
1 I

* more inmates #
angle

if
a
Slarticulation
↳ anatomical angle

µ corpora basal index __

93×100
-

anatomical ,
•
angleisusedfoesesl total breath (b)
determination ofsaaum)

anatomical 125° females

angle : > a-

)
•

< 125° males .

)
as

Kimura 1=8×100
all
parameters large and prominent inmates
•
 Age
Age
estimation
from changes
in

pubic symphysis
Role of Dentist
men
→
Todd 's

Permanent Teeth
→ mckensheslewavt
Temporary Permanent
suchey.BG?yg+.k's-
→
elltption Total teeth

20¥02 32122123
.

20122102 20+4=24
32122123
Mummy MI
Gyh
'm
Mlp 'd -1

Y§ ɧ¥§
"
Teeth -32
is Cemal I
7N Medico legal
.

24 angle used
Premolar takeout
* ab .
in .

8g • IS
forage
estimation
* teeth 20 PMI 9g 24
:
pain 58s .
.

papa Pmz toy 24

§ ?_?
can C
Ily 24

make Mt 12g 241-4=28

medicine M2 17 28+4=32
-25g .

Mental foramen rises with

upwards age .

supperadded
lsttelhtoeuupt :
Iowa central incisor ( in living humans)
Hmong sucessionalteeth replace previous sockets
Tanner's sexual maturity rating
:

incisors canines PM -12)

last
leetntoeeupt 2125yd
- -

molas
-

:
pubic hair
2.5
years all 20
temporary teeth .
•

suplsadded teeth : new teeth

1127 molars f-
-

-
Genital development
Breast /females)

Methods teeth ( dead individuals)

forage from
adult lamenting's method :

Gustafson Johanson
- .

Boydes hoof cross striation

-

:
Parameters :P Pasadontal Recession
mnemonic : SCRIPT
T
↳
for dead over enamel by 2nd best . worst parameter Transparency of Root .

Electron microscope
infants
- -

*
Best method
.

forage from teeth .

Stack's :
widtnofteeth
↳ height to teeth Best Parameter
foedead Mile 's method .

Children
- -

Based on Root
transparency
-

.
 Age estimation
of fetus

2 be seen after
Rigor 2mortis
can

3 months .

:
6

1 Birth) 10

Hasse'SR# -

calculation
of age of fetus estimation
for
:

first
for five months
of pregnancy .

5 < 25cm
1in months first months ; CHL
Age of fetus crown hell
length CCHL )
=

next 5 month ; CHL > 25cm .

( in ems)

Morrison's Rule
next 5 months
for
-

Age of fetus 1in months) 1¥

=
Un -
 appear at particular age lcanbeseeninx ray / Appeaser
⇐
-

Ossification Centers Meat Particular age

( ( alt and
autopsy
Pop deposition
-
lstcentretoappeae-aavi.ae
@ 5th week

intrauterine
of
life CIUD
☒
• incaetilag - complete mineralisation → bone
gyyyy, 2nd → mandible @ b-1- week -10L

.
.
- →
metopic fortunate LONG BONES CARPALS BONES 3rd -
calcaneum @ smoruntuu

fusion
' .

'

.
coronal suture foist long bonejointtoossify : elbow
Hamate 3. months
4M → Talus @ 1- month -10L

last joint wrist

, - Ant .
fontanelle long bone to
ossify :
capitate 2 months wwuendfemus → @ 9mont-hzu.ir

saggital
uppuendtibia-slomonthlB.am#....I-0--.-s1amboid
1- suture

y trapezoid y g-
years
-

'

Tlapeiium
males suture
females
jÉÉÉ
.

- elbow 164s Pisifoem 9-12

years
Postfontaneue 15ps Teiqueteum 3
years
hipankk lbyrs Ages lunate
fusion kneel 18 uyeaas
shoulder
Ages yes scaphoid 4-
syeaes

Y¥ÉÉ
Post 0-6 month
fontanelle " "" "
wrist 18
yes 19
yes
"" " """
Ant fontanelle 1*5-2
yrs
.

of Radius 2 years
towel end __

HIP Bone 0
wweeendofulna bylaw
}
-

Coeonal suture
-2g loweebuldge
yogas ischiopubicsamus fusion )- yrs
-

-_

saggilalsutuee ( Pisitoem)
.

lamboid Suture
8211K -

child 4- yrsis not responsible

wrist
ossification __ 18-19
years
.

foeanyact .

[Basi occipital suture

} → 18-22
yrs
-
.

Basi sphenoid
Tri radiate cartilage appear @ Byes
-

suture
-

Base skull @
•
of fusion 15ps
STERNUM

}
iliac crest
pubic symphysis fuses @ 22 yrs .

appearance ischia
fusion tuberosity

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
:

mntnIU2oyrstfl5-fars-fiampi oioi-u.rs
7-

process
↳ 34
 ✓

;÷÷¥÷i %
"

go
in

meeuod
esñI¥Fen
used for
sea
.
 stature
(
Height)
bones
can be estimated
from length of long
bones
from fragmentary
-

↳
by Karl Pearson .
"

McKeen and Steele method

"

He bum 's osteo metric board can be used

for measuring length of long bones .

Femur ✗ 36 =
Stature

Tibia or fibula ✗ 4- 4 =
Stature

Humerus ✗ 53 =
Stature

Ulna ✗ 6- 0 =
stature

Radius ✗ 6- 5 =
stature
 Dactolygraphy
Fingerprint
Pressure is enacted
convergence of ridges
= Cole __ on

by amniotic
fluid Dermatoglyphics
Galton itself
-

diff in diff people system of identification .

Della - convergence
Discovered
by William Herseheue of ridges from
-

diuetodiff factors

fe⑤
3 sides
.

i.
Systemisedby :
Galton
fingerprint diff .

Plain
/
← ath
months -10L Medicolegal
Epidermal ridges develop 'm
fingerprints : Anatomical
Types Classification ↳
Rolled cmoeemjaiwiegauy
infringers of fetus →
" did lendtoend) significant ,
in most 1001> ↳ loose -11 della
Khasan
fingerprint development people ridges)
-

•
Ulnae

also starts .

What 2 della
•
continue ustiuomonths

② ②
①
.

ahh C
?
Aches absent core ☐
↳
Textured and della
Quetlet 's rule of Biological variations . ☐
☐ ☐

*
fingerprint different in
Yeast .
Composite mixed
identical twins .

Classification at aime scene Points of matching

Patents visible known as minutiae points Aadhal Biometrics
latent -9 invisible →
made visible by •
present on
epidermal sedges
-

chemicals
UAUIO
Fingerprints
nfacial
Plastic →
present over soft pliable
Ideal and minimum
nog matching points
-_ 10-12 Photograph
noirs scans
surfaces leg :wan butteeele) least accurate results little
finger
-
-

Diseases that
Effect Fingerprint Poroscopy study of
: micro size sweat

mnemonic AIR glands pores over

Epidermal ridges .

lbylocasd 's)

sackieisyieus
lip Prints Cheiwscopy
#°× side
effects of capecilabine
Handle foot syndrome
palatopeints Prints from Palate are
(cancel )
drug (
Rugoscopy) ↳ prints
usually
ant "3rd
from of
palate .
 Superimposition
Anti mortem Recovered
FF
-

photo skull

matching
21
matching points .

reliable
foe positive identification result
•
non

f. can have same skull contours)

'

two
people

Reliable in -0 ve
matching for exclusion of
•

identity
 Tattoo
can be made visible on decomposed body by :

UV
light
-

Infrared photography
magnifying lens
-
.

Br
 Thanatology
Study ofdeathinauits aspects
-

Somatic Death :
Stopping of vital organ 1- 2h0m
>
Molecular

thing heart brain )

, ,
( loss
of
ATP 'S) Death

f.
This phase is called
Supeavilal Phase .

(
difffoediff organs
Ghouls
supsauilalphaseofcoenea → and tissues )

Atria Mortis /3m0desof

>
Death

gateways of Death)
Bishop's Tripod Brain coma
Bichat 's Triad
__

Heart
syncope lungs Asphyxia
-_
-_
•
Somatic Death Types Of Death
•
Molecular Death
Brainstem Death
Sudden death Death within 24ms
irreversible
stoppage of brainstem
onset of
•
:
of death .

symptoms /
Harvard

inasbsenceof any previous criteria

→
→
Philadelphia
injury poison disease
, ,
Minnesota ✓ ideal criteria

India & Tissue Act

→
most common cause :( V5 system
→
Transplantation of Human organs
( THOTA )
( coronary artery Disease)
→
Most common cause in athletes : Brainstem Death Certification
•
H.o.cm/HyputwphicCaldiomyopathyi ( India
Udoctovs
•
commotio Cordis i.
impact over left side
of
Chest
→
Drlastteeatinglhe patient
medical
officer inchaege of hospital
→
↳
v.
fib → death .

→
Independent Registered Medical Personnel

Neurologist / Neurosurgeon lmostimpmembee)

→ .

Hypoxic Death Classified by Gordon 's

:

→ Anemic
Hypoxia -410
poisoning
→
stagnant Hypoxia Heart failure condition Oxygen -
Dissociation curve

(
"^^
"""
"""" ""
" " "" "
→
" $ / CADET)
Causes
causes
of Right shift
of left shift ②
-

← c- 1^9102
Hypoxia
→
Anoxic Asphyxia Anemic
Hypoxia
•

A- Acidosis, Anemia
High altitude pp co -
µ,
D- 1^2,3 diphosphoglycuate
1×1×02 Hb
④
-

→ C- -
Exercise

tionygen carrying T -

Artemis
capacity of blood
- -
 Autopsy
-

Types of Autopsies
Medico legal Autopsy : Natural
Autopsy Obscure
Autopsy
use
of imaging techniques for autopsy when minimal
findings were
Procedure I without opening of dead body) present during autopsy
.

Request by investigating officer ti

t,
Psychological mental
Autopsy cause
I
of death undetermined
dead
body is handed Assessment state of
Nftesautops ,
of person
ovetto prior to death histopathological findings /
t ,
By asking questions
•
to relatives & visceral findings
Investigating officer friends .

Negative Autopsy
µ conducted by Investigating office
• :
No
findings on
postmortem
-

Relatives
findings in histopathology
-

no

Purpose :p
•

now manner
of death no
findings in visual organs
-

Purpose ( Accident , Suicide , Homicide )

causeofdealhlcots)
[
eg death by vagal shock
:

→ Time since death USD) wmmotiocordis

→
Identification .

SIDS /Sudden infant

death syndrome)
 > angle of mandible

I
1- acromion process

1 > SS notch

modified Y Autopsy of asphyxia

death

Y shaped : in female dead bodies

cosmetic
I shaped incisions for
inti
invested Y → guity .

fetal deaths

I . .. .
..
www.um.iuaiunotwssed
&
1:
goes
it
around umbilicus
makes se suturing
easy)

Virchow 's technique removal

of organs
:

one
by one .

let uke 's method removal

:
of whole
viscera at once .
Air Embolism Autopsy Autopsy dissection Techniques
VGRL
80 cc air
fatal
Sec air in internal carotids fatal Virchow is → most
commonly use

organ removed one

by one
.

1st to open =
head
Lais bubbles in circle citron 's C- n block Technique →
organs removed cavity wise
of
Willis ) Thoracic

Underwater Abdominal
autopsy .

Pelvic

Pyrogallol Test to diff btw 02 & Postmortem

gases
→ .

Kokitansy in situ organs dissected in

body cavity
Pyrogallol Brown colour
→ →
Oz +

Postmortem
gases
+
Pyrogallol =
no
↳ used in longans not faked out)

change infectious deaths to prevent spread

(etude 's tn mass

Tongue to prostate / rectum
→
in one mass
↳ anatomical
integrated is maintained
u used in
infants and children .
Post Mortem changes
-

124 -
48 hours)
 EYE by oplhalmoswpej
Early PM lhanges
within few minutes →
Break in blood column
in Retinal vessels
ALGAR MORTIS =

Cooling of dead
body
( seen till u 30 mins) ( Kla Kevorkian sign)
Rate of cooling
0.5C
/ Hg to 1- 5°C / Hg
2
within 3-4 hours :
yellow ☐ areas on sclera ( summer ) ( winter)
TT ☐ Starts in 1-2 hours
at
.

occurs when
eyes open ideal / most common site Interior surface
somatic death → Rectum >

temp in of liver
-

causing dying of Body

( sclera to take dead
known as yellow
Tachie Noise to exception :

red
Rectal
prolapse
-

↳
black ( due to dust )
Sodomy
-

( 1st
2 hours : corneal
clouding external
sign of POST MORTEM CALORI CITY
autolysis ( Dead TT death )
Ghouls :
corneal
opacity Body Temp after

in death
4 Kt in vitreous Humor
occurs
by :

days
: rise
of
196-100 his
4
-
septicaemia
amour
of Ke can
help -

Strychnine poisoning
determine time death
since n
Heatstroke (occurs at body temp > 454105°F
Pontine
fall of itntsa ocular
hemorrhage
-
pressure
.

lnoemal to 21
mmHg
-
-
-

↳ 0 at 2 hours
of
death ) MARBLING
Greenish discolouration
of superficial veins
-

starts @ 2h hours
-

becomes visible @ 36-48 hours

due to
sulph Hb
pigment
-
-

Tachie Noise
RIGOR MORTIS → contraction of muscles LIVOR MORTIS
P.M staining Vibices
after death PM
Hypostasis
' -
'

① zgÉÑ
Death
Pm lividity
Suggiuations spots
ÉÑÑ
- • '
. '

Before death -91001 ATP

Primary faccidity PM Ecchymosis
•

with
death & Coagulation gyu
surface
death 1,1-2 hours Darkening of §
-

£0 of
stinging
blood

}
"
85-1 ATP trigon starts @ hour
.

Mortis §
.

Rm 2-

starts ) ( conltactile
gravitational shifting blood dependant
•

of on

stage) body parts liras Mortis

gets fixed @ Ghouls
•
" "
Gloved stocking PMS
( due to blood )
clotting of Pms in legs & arms
guy many
pungy may
,, , man.my , , ,
, ,, , .
gun in ,a , , ,
gm.mg ,,

Colour
| ( nus hours)
Of Pm Staining Hanging
,

Blue_ Red (B)

off Of
Brownie
Stage ofsecondary
ATP
Rigor mortis passed -

acidity
B. Purple Normal Theory R Reddish __
.
=C0 B. = Nitrate
R=HCN
B. Violet Dark Asphyxia Bright B
Phosphorus
- =

At 100% ATP ← at 0-1 ATP B- Green -_

Has chocolate B. =
meth Hb
Body
→
is warm to touch
. .
.

Blue =
Aniline
y,
Opioid
•
Black →

Relaxation of sphincters DllPBWe= KCN

Clostridium
Bronze
perfringens
☐ →

t .

Defalcation
1st 12 hours →
Progressive Phase
next 12 hours → max.am
36 hours → resolution starts
contraction
48 hours →
R 'M
passed off at somatic death
of muscle
.

( due to
vigorous struggle
leading to loss
of ATP )
Nysten 's Rule Rest of the muscle :
Ifor
only) flaccid
•

muscles
voluntary
.

Progression
•
and Resolution occurs in same Kla
Rigor Mortis cadaveric spasm
detection
cataleptic rigidity
Instantaneous RM
1st muscle to show Heart
rigor mortis
•
→

•
1st external / voluntary muscle →
Eyelids
Last to show Toes &
Fingers
→
part rigor mortis
•
 late PM Changes Gas
caused
Gangrene
by :

DECOMPOSITION clostridium
novyi
← \ Clostridium
Perfringens
Clostridium Septiceem
Aseptic Septic
Autolysis Putrefaction
•

due to outside bacteria

due to
body enzymes
°

lysosomal hydrolases
-

Clostridium
perfringens .

④ Nagler 's t,
PUTREFACTION Reaction ← lecithinase

/
' 0h0m
change
1st internal Reddish brown discolouration
sign
in

{
( v12 hours ) ↳ Gaseous ADIPOCERE
change
Putrefactive gases in GIT
Ht → injury margins
-

Hot rats
Humid
Hydrogenation
→
+
of
•

1st external
" " " """
sign →
Greenish discolouration
of formation
of fatty acids remain intact .

C- 18 hours )
Right iliac fossa £
Ammonia odour lveey pungent)
Discolouration : Green → Black -

osoaponifi cation of bead body occurs

☐inhibits putrefaction
Ruesence of to Joint cavity
} YIIY.no?g,sweuin9
gases →

body cavity Of dead

Body
muscle
planes MUMMIFICATION
36 v48 hours
Hot and Dry Drying of tissue
→

Gases can lead to :

Bloating L
P.m blisters
P M
Odourless
peeling
-

@ 72 hours →
Adipocere & Mummification ( at extreme climate )
↳ scalp hair loose & pullable
get
5- 7-
days →
liquefaction of tissues .
 doors
first Head
cavity to
open in
poisoning → .

Acrid pear like odour → Chloral

> paraldehyde Garling odour → Arsenic

Hydrate Phosphorous
OPC
Acetone
apple like →
ethyl and chloroform Celphos
alcohol

kerosene like odour →

OPC ( due to aromatic
Bikes almond
cyanide solvent )
→

Burnt rope →
cannabis Rotten fish →
Phosphines
( Aluminium phosphide
carrot like odour → cicutonin zinc phosphate)
( from plant cicala )

Rotten Has
Egg
→

shoe polish →
Nitrobenzene
 Injuries
sharp
eg
weapon
knife
Injuries Types Based
Of Injuries
type of
:
on
weapon .

nincisedwound Stab wounds

clean cut
margins by pointed weapon Tailing of
•

wound
•
tissue connections btw
length of wound
no
depth of wound area where only superficial skin
☐
> •
.

Ledges is cut in incised wound

Pointed weapon •
helps determine direction of attack
-
lacerated wound lblunt weapon)
1- ↳
irregular margins
•

•
① tissue connections
blwedges Sharpe Blunt
Tw
clean cut
margins
☐

[ knife , a irregular margins

•

incised stab wound lacerated Slab wound

single sharp Double sharp Tailgating
edge edge Decapitation of motorcyclist onuinpact
blunt edge
over tail end of heavy vehicle

m
[ Chop Wound Swallowtails
>
shasptredge Heavy Weapon With Sharpe Edge multiple small lacerations attached
to main lacerated wound
clean cut
.

margins
cangieai
.

spindle shaped
fishtailing of
duffel extensive damage
•

fishtailing
•

wound wound .

wound by single sharp edge weapon .

b1w2
large gap edges
•
.

Gauge wound
gaping )
 Abrasions Blunt Injuries
Damage of Epidermis only Bruises Contusions
lacerations .

Colour Age Of Injury Rupture ofsoftissue Blood vessels

Damage of epidermis dermis and

•

Reddish 12hr
with intact epidllmls ,

deep
.

tissue
Reddish scab Colour
12-24 hrs .
Age
Red onytib irregular margins
•

Reddish Brown scab 1-3 < shows

days
-

Brownish Black Scab 4- 5- days Blue 311 -

3D -

Deonytlb
Scab 6
split laceration wound .

falloff days Blown / 4th

Day Hemosidllin
-

Blue Black
incised
looking lacerated wound
Abrasions 1 week
-

healing .

oocuusoveeaeeas whee bone is

Green 5- 8D Biliveldln
just below skin
Reddish scab " edthbasion
scab : Yellow 1--1203 Bilirubin nchinn Knuckles
cause
of lymph comes out
of scalp
-

lymphatic vessels & Tramtsack Bruise

forms scabs .
2 lines
of Bruise btw Avulsed lacerated wound
intervening normal skin (
flaying of wound )
Grazed Abrasions Kla friction burns Fathi lacerated wound with
duetoimpactby a
flap of
Most common Whip
Ectopic Bruising Skin and
.

type : brush buns

soft tissues
'

reddish brow scab Grazed Am

impact
cause :
dragging effect Bruise atsiteolheelhan
due to shearing force
gravity
•
due to

Impact Abrasions Kla contact abrasions

eg
:

.ae/B1ackeyetosseHachuelRauoneye
Anteioeaam
Pandaeye ) Degloving injury
imprints .

Middle aaniae → Bruising over laceration wound with

noflaip
mastoid
due to suddent
impact for short duration
tossalachue
•

losatuesign)
eg Headlight
: Rim abrasions
Panda
Signor MRI -

Wilson disease
lactated
Radiator
grill abrasions -
gallium scan - sarcoidosis looking
Run over injuries
by tyres . Brownish Black occur at areas with skin folds

scebcrsazed Racoon 's neuroblastoma

oerugosities
-

ablation ( ecchymosis around

eyes) axilla
Pressure Abrasions scrotum
- -

sixpenny
.

Bruises
due to sustained
pressure for long dilation 1 Battered Baby Syndrome ] history by parents
eg
:
ligature mark on neck in
hanging cases Caffey 's
syndrome doesnt match with
Teeth bite makes Infantile whiplash synd .

injuries
Shaken Baby Syndrome )
Patterned Abrasions small sized bruises # miceauseof
Impact -1 Pressure Abrasions aim & shoulder in battered death :
child .
Subdural
multiple injuries of .

age .
 injury

victim
=
Due to fall of
on ground
"
tertiary impact injury
secondary injury
Bomb -
Blast Injuries
Primary →
due to Shockwave oe

Barotrauma
✓
most . common
injury : -

Tympanic membrane
most common cause of death : -

lung injury

secondary →
Due to
trying objects 4- lying
t, missiles

YY
.ws?lgmIfadhau
most
dangerous 's windshield glass injuries ladder Tears
µ 1 sparrow foot injury Transverse teals
of intima
layer of
can lead to
Dicing injury) descending thoracic aorta in
hackathons ↳
fatal injuries .

multiple small lacerations produced

Road Uafbic accidents .

due to broken
glass particles .

Position
of victim
Tertiary due to collisions or
:
-

injury /
Right side Driver
steering wheel impact injuries
} nightside
: -

f fall of building 2nd row

passenger
1 behind drives
injury
due to
seatbelt
blast wind mesenteric
injury
→

↳ Shoulder abrasions

fall Traumatic ↳ thoracouembaeveuubiae

of building
→
eg :

on chest
asphyxia
whiplash injury
Bruising of spinal cord , intact vertebrae

Quartenary Injuries rarely

-
cs.co injury
due to complications of bomb
ldueto sudden
hyperextension of
neck followed by hyper flexion
blast ( fire , smoke) & vice versa]

n
Buen injuries •

Hyperextension of neck D)
hypertension
u
smoke inhalation
dangerous ↳
protected by
strong post .

neck muscles .
 fracture
Skull injuries
most common skull
linear fissured facture
casually associated
with road accidents

Hinge fractures oibitoim

enters
/ Plate ouzo
[
through
CNS plate
.

aibiform
( Ping
Pong reactive

↳ seen in
infants due to
soft Type I → division of skull
(aka motorcyclist base into equal
pliable skull bones
fracture halves
Gutta fracture
type 2- Oblique reactive
due to
tangential gunshot
type 3- unequal halves .

Base of Skull
Diastatic fracture
( sutural reactive)
-

facture along sutures

Ring fracture
fracture around foramen
reactive
Depressed magnum
hachure)
lsig nature
u due to impact by heavy weapon with
small
sulfate area
of impact ( hammed

u
abrasion + bruise + laceration
-
nka Cranial Hemorrhage
Ekta dural
Hemorrhage Subarachnoid H .

( Epidural) -
most common cause : trauma >>
Rupture of
mk cause → middle
meningeal Altay Berry aneurysm
rupture worst headache
of life
•

u
100Mt → fatal ( Thunderclap headache)

mostly associated with skull fracture

-

u associated with lucid interval .

•
Berry aneurysm → congenital .

ldlt defective
-
limited by skull sutures .

embrolygical development of
medial smooth muscle
( idli layer
non contrast CT → biconvex
Shaped )
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Subdural Cintra
Hemorrhage parenchymal
veins
Rupture of bridging
subdural mk cause
Hypertension
- -

u associated with
chronicity Mlc site -

putamen of basal
ganglia
( patient can survive )
pom
common in acute
boning injury mic art middle cerebral art
- - -

Caffey's syndrome
Charcot Bouchard
Hypertension →

sickle aneurysm
CT →
shaped .

SDH washout
On
washing Brain →

SH remain
 Bite mark
analysis

take with
multiple photographs
-

1- shaped scale

t.

- dry
swab
Swabs

( 2 swab \ wet swab

technique ) ( 2- 4drops of
distilled water

Refer to FSL → exact replica of

bite side is
made using
Plaster of paris cast .
 Thermal Injuries
E \,

localised
systemic
Hot due to loss of inflame Buenos
clamps
-
__

Nata in sweat Mosit Burns

-

Hot lxdflnidintuke Electric Buns

syncope
- - n
-

↳
Prolonged heat exposure or

lightening Burns

Heatstroke Body temp > loéf

-
- -

(40-52)
f.
Hypothalamus
stops functioning
di

sweating absent .

FLAME SCALD CHEMICAL

Burn
•

by hot
fluid
> 65°C
or

steam .

Singeing of Hair ⑦ -0 -0
Buening )
(

•
Line of Redness ④ ⑦ ①

Area at contact and

of contact
point of at
point of contact and stand point of
• • • '
above

above below .
contact .

lsoddened
margins cwet ) )
 Flame Burns cause of Death
Immediate Shock
Neurogenic
:

Ante mortem Postmortem ( within " hows)

calculation
of Buen
percentage Aeneas -

Pale
reddish
margins yellow colour
' •

Black soot particles u

absent most accurate
Overall
u
:
Septicemic shock
.

inµIµdlY
.

in airways
yicy.my/15yr=slund&BrowduchaU-
CIB ) Chart

\ Burns lead to formation

of curling ulcers
>
15g 9
Wallace's rule
of .

lmostvyseenin first part of duodenum)

Head
03£ injury Cushing ulcers
-713 sreont 3- S-Band →

"÷÷÷÷÷:
-

zs
I most site duodenum
part Iof
:
common

classification :
Wilsons's

Dupuytsen 's
Untreated Burn Lesions
i.
lacctodegeess)
) Epidermal
mm
a .
.
convert into
2. →
blisters
J
Domo -

epidermal can
malignant majiolin 's

W(zs)gW carcinoma )
3° -
man pain burns ( squamous cell
cdltenposednuves)

¥} ( ,g→9f ④
pain

}
no

5 lneevesbuent ) Deep burns 18

↳ 9B

g.
y J
W
Heba 's ( clinical
→ superficial lrsont) ( Back)
classification) ↳
Deep .

Revised Baux score .

Go calculate burns)
fatality of
✓
Baux -_
Age of + Bulnttaeea -1
inhalation
score
patient injury / 17 't )

140 is fatal
If score > Burn case .
 When
Body Tempt ,

induces
Hypothalamus shivering
.

Hypothalamus stop functioning

•

at < 303

•
Heatstroke
-11405°C
Hypothalamus
↳ no
swearing .

hypothermia
# ( Body
tempt 35C)
I s

Mild Moderate Severe → raeae

32 -35°C 26 -32°C < 26°C

*
shivering becomes absent in * no
shivering
this
phase

Ecg→ Osborn'T
'

wave .
 Cold Injuries
With Ice Crystals in Blood vessels without ice
crystal formation
in Blood Vessels
fatal
-

rsemeegency .

Frost Nip frostbite Perniosis Immersion foot

-

Early stage of feast

-

patient isgivenawaleebath ( Chill Bains) (Trench foot )

bite *
at 40 Ulric
-

irked lesions cold Wettin gumboots)

nwaem saline / Warm itchy -1
-

water
*
gastric lavage self limiting
.
-

analgesics prescribed Defective blood

flow to
foot
t,

Gangrenous (Immersion
foot]

In elderly
•
Paradoxical Undressing
nceoinonecoeneeofaroom and
hide
himself
Hi
Death .

( Terminal
Hided Die
Syndrome Burrowing
Behaviour)
 Electrical Injuries
low
voltage Electrocution 240 V.
High Voltage Electrocution 10k -12K volts .

in
Electric contact point ( Joule Buen )
↳ Point
of entry of current .
arc
of current

O③ central necrotic area

raised borders .
with multiple entry
te
& exit points

multiple punched out lesions

AC →> DC Khouri as : crocodile burns .

I ↳
doing nous .

induces e-

tetanic contractions Throws

the victim
away lightening
i.
Burns ( million volts)
( person is notable to "
leave the wire ) flame in 30-1 .

cases
ti t,

# Most resistant to electric current surface burns

filigree buns

Dry skin (sometimes clothes can remain aka -

kuauno
graphic burns
intact
u
muscles litchtenbug flower burns

Zen kens
degeneration of muscle n
due to
rupture of micro capillaries
t ,
fibers & current travels just beneath skein

myogeobinuria -
colour : brownish
pink colour

IBV
current doesn't travel
along
u
nerves
u Bones
in K2
self limiting days
u

melting of minerals

Bone ( Bone pearls

Beading appeal .
on

dipping )
EE
wax

n Heart
V -

fib → most common

cause
of death

in electrocution .
 319 →
Defines hurt rum
→
Any bodily pain
disease

infirmity 2 not ,
able to
follow
20
for
days normal
bodily
functions
"

320 Gnevious Hurt

8 clauses :

I. C-maculation destruction
of penetrative power of male
-

↳ cause : Thora lumbar nerve

injury
co

Direct
genital injury
Permanent Privation
2-
of sight of either eye
:

↳ Medical outcome is not accounted

vision loss
of either
eye
-

are vio.us Hurt

321 defines voluntarily causing hurt Permanent privation of hearing of either

3. ear

y.rs Ruination of member130 int

}
322
defines voluntarily causing grevious hurt
Member / Joint
↳
g. any body part having own
function
↳
Punishment sections :
loss
of power of membrane /joint
man Punishment
Permanent
323 →
6-
disfiguration of head / face
Voluntarily causing that 1
year
-
2nd class
magistrate
-

cause :
incised / lacerated wound over face .

u
heal with scare
324 → Hurt 3 1st class
by dangerous weapon year magistrate
-

7. fracture / dislocation
of Bone or Tooth -

325
voluntarily causing Chief judicial
→
9-serious theist 7-
year
-

8-
Any hurt
-
d)
life
endangersHead
magistrate -

injury
326 →
Gnevious hurt caused 10 Assistant session
by dangerous year severe blood loss
-
.
-

court
weapon til
body pain
} days
severe

person follow
unable to ¥
for cutting /shooting/stabbing
heated substance
Dangerous weapon → • used •

poison • -

ordinary pursuits .

fire use of animals acid corrosive substance

• •
• •
.
 attacks
Acid
µitÑÑÑ
← added in 2013 .

↳
Medical expenses of victim + economical loss due to loss of job
. +
physical &

mental trauma .

[
*

hands .

:{
punishment
¥
muumuu
→ Hien .

299 defines culpable homicide 300 defines murder 304 A - → Death due to

culpable homicide 302 punishment act

304
for ↳ Road negligent
murder
punishment
for
. .

Accident
Traffic
Provocation -10 Planning -01 Negligence by doctor

⑦ -10
Intention
might be absent . Intention punishment :
Zyl fine
knowledge -10
+0
Knowledge
304 -
B
Dowry death .

Investigated under

176 GPC .
 impotency starvation
decrease in
body organs
- all

most common cause →

psychogenic size encept gallbladder
( distended )

In male
impotency
non
is passive

election
-
due to
food in 417 → CCK → contraction of

gall bladder .

Impotence quad twats

impotency only for a
-

organs t.tt in size

.

particular female
fr lungs
→ heart
In females impotency is active due to A brain (last
organ to
get
atrophied )
vaginismus
.

Forceful contraction of thigh ✗ water → death in

todays
adductor muscles due to
fear ✗ food & wake → 10
days
days)
2 months 160
✗
food →

Potent Kira Aplae vitae

female → -
.

of death
Brown
atrophy
→
MIC cause
heart
of
other causes : intercurrent illness
exhaustion .
 live.3u.tn .

fetus showed

etat )eat↳
some
signs of
-

life and men died

flickering moving of fingers

-

cry of fetus
-

dead 3mn Stillbirth it →

can be heard pom vagina
-
'

Fetus dead in uterus ideals

during labour
tom walls
linha -
uterine death)
pregnancy
> 28 weeks cvagitus vaginalis)
lllagitussukrinus)
Autopsy :

Aseptic autolysis Fodllestest

maceration
358ms
→

togmslduetotntn blood flow

-
.

( lysosomal ) (static Test)

↳ hydrolysis
firstmaceration
sign of →
skin
slippage weight of lung
sweetish
disagreeable
odour Ploquet 'S Test 31 to = +
35×70 35
weight of both lungs 35×70

Rigor Mortis
Pregnancy -2 months
- →

weight of fetus
.

upolyhydramnious → hot and humid climate

Raygat 'S Test [ specific gravity of wake -4 ]
pp amniotic fluid ↳
Adipocere ( flotation Test
hot and
dry climate
Hydrostatic Test)
→

↳
mummification -
specific gravity of lungs >1
Specific gravity of lungscl
specific gravity of * ""

female wn9 " Float in water

lungs will
float
USG of Pregnant
.

lives used as control

sample
-
-
.

uputbert
sign →
presence of gas in
liver
putin waxes floats → test not done
112h
after death great vessels ↳
sinks → test with lungs done .

Deuel 's halo

sign haloaeeablw scalp
"

lungs float live

→ water →
float cuttings
→
squeeze put
→ → → →
→
pieces
( 3d & skull ltoseonove in water both
after death) 12 -20pA
y.daeuou.me,
Cdlletoeesideial .

volume )

Spalding sign riding of skull vault

-
→ over -

a-3d) bones
Breslau's second life absent
Ball
present
sign hypumobilityofsign Test
✓ -

(Stomach Bowel Test)

air in stomach &
bowel

wsedin's Test absent present

Aisin middle air
Xy Heat Hematoma
Extra Dural Hematoma

Blunt Hanna

At site trauma
of

middle
meningeal Artery

1 : Blood Boils) Rubbery

Postmortem fractures
ante mortem
fractures
( pale margins) ¥hHachue margins)
 orensic Ballistics

1- Internal Ballistics .
2 → External Ballistics 3 → Terminal Ballistics 4→ wound Ballistics
us Kull
→
Entry wounds

/ Range of firearm weapons

.

Weapon (Barret )
→ →
Bullets .

>

catridges .
 -
Internal Ballistics
Cartridge sholgut
Basics 1- Weapon Rifle
•

Rifle
Shotgun ( smoothbore)
µµpµ&B§
Bpg
•
\,
bullet tightly WAD
0000000 /
-

Breech ←
¥% Projectile muzzle
encloses
cardboard /plastic

%µ
end disc
It out
.
-

comes
is Mth cartridge case
cartridge £ \,
loaded lead bullet lead pellets in ¥-17094b
U
btw
in Rifle shotgun .
bullet & cartridge
case →
detonator
Detonator cap cap .

I
( Percussion cap)
Barrel .

RIFLE WAD
Prime → burns fast
purpose
:
→ raised areas
a
constituents :

µ of gases
Hands) containment
Bu Barium
produced by gunpowder
"
-
grooves
An antimony sulphide
burning
.

L
.
.

lead
styphnate
-

Detonator
cap provides
Distance btw two lands
opposite Gun Powder -

calibre
mechanical to
=

( int diameter
of barrel
of rifle )
Releases tremendous amount energy
projectile
.

of gaseous energy on

SHOTGUN burning
1.
of
§ fined amount
provides kinetic energy to ariations
of shotgun
lead metal
'

¥ )
the
projectile / bullet /pellet smoothbore
ugygm= 1 pound
v.
total bore
smooth
i .
y cylinder @

§
lead balls are § .

of
§
400000
!
prepared \
constriction
distant
"
end
'm
)
→
g§- 3
(muzzle
- ti .
→ a-

6
gauge shotgun lead balls
fitting the

s¥\
1
no
of
give length of shotgun
barrel
length
=
internal diameter of barrel
rifling ( lands &
& internal diameter
( Bae
gauges
.

•
grooves)
at muzzle
end .
Gunpowder Types :
rcternalallistics
Black Gunpowder :
Tange
Smoke
unburnt gunpowder particles
used in flames
shotgun cartridge
::::,#
.

made
up of
:

Potassium Nitrate G-5.tl

Pf→
c-

5 →
charcoal

Sulphur
list )
( lot )
.

.
Rifle
Flame
Tattooing Pellet
injury .

range smoke Unburnt Gunpowder Particles

Ibflamewmesin contact with
"

denoted as
Fg Ffg> FFG
longest range
-

www.yen.mg
>
leads
I
hairy parts of body
↳
of superficial most
go(
into
deeper layer
-

↳
fineness more
efficient singeing of hair
tattooing of Dermis)
.

.( epidermis)
layer
.

more accurate ( keratin protein and

melting of
.

its resolidification)

of Igm gas energy inside

→ 3000C
burning
cartridge •⑥ ••
• •• ④•
.

semi -

smokeless Gunpowder ::::

80 / Black Gun Powder -120-1 smokeless -

1- ✗
a Near snot .

Smokeless tnvsmoke
Target in
close shot Intermediate / Neaeshotl Distant shot
Gunpowder .
contact with
medium
mainly used in
Rifle cartridge muzzle end singeing
+
range
none
of the
effects .

inside wound /Kathol Tattooing "

Blackening
"

entry wound ent

•

Igm
-
12000C
gas
inside
cartridge
( burning wound ) I
+
Blackening
blackening tattooing .

→
single Base __
nitro -

cellulose
tattooing)
→
Types of weapon singeing Blackening Tattooing
Double Base -
cellulose '_ nitroglycerine
Short barrel 15cm 30cm -15cm
length rifled
•

weapons upto 75cm

Base guanidine pistol
•

Triple cellulose -1 nitro

=
→
•
Revolves

long barrel 30cm 60cm

length rifle upto 15cm 90Wh
•

weapon -_

military rifle
•

60cm 120 un=18OM

Shotgun upto -30cm
•
 Contact → over
Rifles
scalp ypes
Of Entry Wounds Shotgun Entry

NW
(stellate wound Contact > Over scalp
entry
star
shaped shaped
.

• .

due to blowback phenome

star
shaped entry area

( seen with bony

areas neat skin) abdomen
÷:
entry
oval
abdomen
round
entry wound

close shot ( 30cm)

upto
close / Intermediate / Distant
G. 0888%0
Round wound
entry
oval
entry wound

{m)⑥) grease
firearm
material
as a
is used

lubricant .
in Intermediate .

°o° !!
round

grease
entry
collar / diet colour
9
/ bullet wipe
.

oooo
☐
abraded area

irregular entry RAT hole

entry
= -

bruised / contused Alec

.

y,

due to
spinning motion
of bullet wound .

Distant
exit
lciyaoscopic property
÷
bullet )
of > 200cm °
'

t : :: ;
i.
o

lands &
caused by grooves °
o
o . -
.

.
'
'

, .

RAT hole with satellite

entry wounds

> 400cm "

°
"
•

exception
o . .

. .

Entry Wound
.

Exit Wound • snored or

exit wound
supported - o
o -
.
-
.
i
-
'

ti individual pellet wounds

smaller wound
resemble
entry
-

bigger
-

inverted ( seen when exit

edges area is
-

everted edges d
-

in contact with hae

)
 Bullet
arkingsof
ypesof Billets
Primary secondary
>
retrieve Bullets
Single Entry wound ;2txit wounds
" " " " ^"°d
manufacturing
due to
model Gun (fwm Dead Body)
in
of a
defects one
gun
Tandem Bullet =

Piggyback -
known as
due to
defect in firing mechanism ;2 bullets released .
Bullet
fingertips
( fingerprint for defective
X-ray is done
before starting autopsy .to
Entry
bullets
& Exit same side locate bullet
.

on .

Materials preserved
Ricochet Bullet bullet
get deflected from
-

person
.

•
due accused Retrieval is done with
to
bony framework of firearm crime :
.

☐%fggg%
"
Gloved hands
-

externally i.
gunshot Residue
cotton
Rubble toothed
forceps
.

internally
"
→ head &
-

contents
_µm,gµ
:

chest areas
Unburnt £
,,
.gg
gunpowder particles Handed
Irregular shape entry
to
with
deformed
over
primer unburnt particles
bullet in Police
body
and outer case also
found nitrate ←
in
body Bullet ( aka
.

Bullet
-
heavy metal .
-

police takes to FSL

Dumdum Expanding -
expert )
lead 1 Ballistic
mushroom Bullet)

any
.

t
copper metal
• Use -2 sided cello
tape to do fwm back '

Crime Bullet
jacket
both hands
Souvenir ( Retained ) Bullet ¢ adhesive
lift of
ucneckedfos primary markings
s

Test
↳ Dum Dum Bullet •
swabs f, files
can lead to lead
poisoning
. .

, nose tip has

Type of bullet .
bullet
been
cutoff To Police in cotton
↳
frangible Bullet
gets
bullet
bags
fragments lead
of impact deformed FSL : Tests to detect Gunshot Residue
Gest bullet)
( made dust
of particles )
Dermal Nitrate Test Detect
only nitrate
→
component .

€
Bullet ( Palaffintestol
Tumbling obsolete
→
now

Gonzales Test ) → Oldest Test

a ☐
checked in
and hits
bullet
flips target
Harrison
Gilyrow obsolete
→ now comparison
with base end instead
of apex
.

Atomic absorption IAAS) microscope .

Yawning Bullet spectrometry

Neutron activation INAA)
analysis
Bullet travels
irregularly in its
Nameless AAS
-

2nd Best
path
.

wound
irregular entry SEM EDXA Best test
- - -

wound
keyhole entry
 Puppets Rule
( Multiple Gunshots scope
.

to Head
Region ) ✓ ,%meno
I 1,
°
sequence of shots
fired
used
for
examination

of hymen
will be limited
upcoming fracture lines

wounds
by previous

i. → ! shot
i
- - - -

'
- -
-

first fired ✓
shot
④
second
fired .

f.
- - '

third
fired shot
-

i
,
,

,
,

✓
Kennedy Phenomena .

surgical alteration of gunshots

in

Right thigh
in -

#en%n
"
✓
"

entry Bullet
magic
pam "
Pristine Bullet
"

path

Gutter fracture of skull Bone

Due to
tangential Gunshots
-
.
 to ' ✗ ✗ nerve →
asphyxia
inhibition
swiytieooufh
→ →

nerve
vagus M1 heart
gaga "
" of
siqfoirg.sn tongue lies at C2 level

/ essutew
receptor

"mdmo÷¥;!? (
M b
excess by
detected ¥É C3 level
int eat
!
. .
'

ii. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Thynohyoid membrane and

ligament
'

%
.

At
upper border of A 7
Thyroid
-
tmonacariiiage " •
-
.

carotid
- cricoid
cartilage
-
CG

At cricoid level
larynx & end
→

pharynx
V6 level)
y ¢ Thyroid Gland .

tracheal esophageal Isthmus

of thyroid gland G- .

rings tube
i.
Mid
Tracheostomy
level
/
2nd & 3rd

lie here .
tracheal
rings

Fracture
of a→
Jefferson fracture
's

fracture
of C2,C3 →
Hangman 's fracture
fracture Cb G- →
Undertaker 's
fracture
-

fracture G- -71 →
Play shoulder 's fracture
.