India’s TVET Skills Landscape 2025

1,
YP Chawla 2, Dr RSP Singh
1,Advisor Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission & National Joint Secy. IIPE
2,Associate Prof. School of Vocational Education & Training – IGNOU
Abstract: The TVET Skills landscape is bound by demand supply matrix. The impacts of
investments shape the economy and accordingly will shape the landscape of TVET as well as
mainstreaming the Vocational Education. World having become a global village with internet,
social media, web connection, travel faster and easier; various countries in need of Skilled
manpower are facilitating the occupational mobility of skilled manpower including facilitating skill
development and even helping international certification in countries like India from where these
countries intend sourcing Skilled youth power. While India has much debated demographic
advantage, many countries face a deficit of younger skilled workforce. Indian Youth is bubbling
to shape India; the Indian youth need to be shaped with appropriate skills.

India is reshaping its economy by re-emphasizing manufacturing (Make in India initiative),

achieving manufacturing prowess and export led growth. The new manufacturing technologies
need a lot of automation with lean manufacturing to be cost effective. To instill a pride and
confidence in TVET Skills through ITIs, India has appointed two dozen brand ambassadors for
ITIs. This paper analyses the Skill gaps in automation in one of the economic sectors through
survey results as primary research. Similarly high pressure welding goes into many sectors like
Power, Refinery, ship building, space crafts and many others. Skill gaps in HP welding in Indian
Industry have also been analyzed in this paper. The skill gaps for other important hard to find
jobs that will decide the TVET skills landscape in India can also be examined same way.
Secondary research in respect of employment scenario is also analysed.

On the top of it, the other countries are considering offshoring its manufacturing to Indian soil or
to run their operations with Indian skilled manpower as expatriates will be icing on the cake, of
Indian growth story and Competency based Education & Training (CBET) for meeting TVET
requirements in the next decade.

India has dual challenge of making the population ready for lively hood and employability for a
huge young population base to take India to a high GDP growth trajectory. With requirements of
TVET skills spread in physically diversified areas in India, contributing un-proportionately to the
large population base, the decision matrix of TVET Skills becomes challenging. The reduction in
workforce in various industries(Annual Survey 2013) puts pressure on India’s economy for it to
grow fast enough to absorb the skilled manpower or alternatively Indian skilled manpower to be
readied to meet the replacement of greying mighty developed nations for their sustenance. All
these parameters will shape the contours of India’s TVET Skills Landscape 2025.

Tags: Automation, Internet of Technologies, Disruptive technologies, Skills supply chain, Global
Economy and Skills, Skilling technologies, TVET Skill providers, Robotics, Manpower as
own asset, Human Capital for foreign remittances
1 Introduction: The TVET Skill land scape for about a decade later
can be considered in projected context of economy and technology,
needing dynamic adjustments during the course of time. The job
profiles in service sector today, like Back Office Processing
Giant Elephant replaced
(BOPs), e-retailing, on line business transactions were not by Agile Lion
envisaged about 15 years and are now providing a sizable
contribution to the Indian economy. “If you're young and
talented, it's like you have wings.” says Haruki Murakami a
Japanese writer and a sports person. This may come true for India, if
handled correctly in the changing world.

1.1 Disruptive Innovations – Mobile devices disrupting PC, IRCTC on line booking disrupting
Railway touts, Cloud computing delivering enterprise solutions disrupting enterprise
1
 software makers, Netflix disrupting video rental stores, E tailing disrupting retail market,
App booking disrupting taxi operators, Tesla giving auto manufactures a run for their
money, Fracking / Hydraulic fracturing disrupts OPEC cartel, Social Media disrupted
traditional media for elections in India and so on gives another look to the changing Skill
development requirements.
1.2 Skill development needs-Sharp Focus (separately handling short term and long Term
Skill needs), Shaping Skills (decide on how and where to start disrupting), & Speed
growth (projecting and nurturing disrupting innovation).
2 The Economy direction shapes the Skill Scape:
The faster growth, higher productivity, higher GDP is by automation of
Industry, but does it creates enough jobs.

When economies get boosted up, employment opportunities and job

candidates aren’t perfectly distributed. Amidst this mismatch of demand
and supply, one of the most important questions is whether people are
willing to move to places where jobs are available. Broadly, this question is about whether
people respond to local economic conditions when looking for a job.

2.1 Skills for Manufacturing : Skills required to support ‘Make in India’ campaign of GoI is
based on a present manufacturing to GDP contribution @ 14.07%1 as compared to China
31.83% in 2011, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Mexico,
Bangladesh (17.56%),Vietnam (17.39%) etc.

In India, out of 17 states contributing to national manufacturing2,

the top 5 States contributing 56% to National manufacturing
output are Maharashtra, Gujarat, TN, UP, AP. This reflects the
Skill requirements and the employability potential. Figure 1 Cottage Industry

Quality of employment in organized sector is generally high though the scope of additional
employment generation in this sector is rather limited. This includes Manufacturing.
Significant employment generation is taking place in tertiary sector, particularly, in services
industries. Self-employment and small business (entrepreneurs) continue to play a vital role
in this regard.
2.2 Skills for narrowing the Infrastructure gaps: It is estimated that by 2025, 14-20 USD Bn.
annually can be added to India’s GDP through 24,000 Kms. of
Roads & 1000 of Kms. Highways through lesser travel time and
improved road safety, 12-18 USD Bn. 12-18 USD Bn. through
Project Management by targeting 15-20% reduction in distribution
leakage of 1Mn. Tons equvi., Ports & Warehousing make another
3-5 Bn. USD annually so on. The productivity improvement skills
can help India achieve more for less in Infrastructure3. Water and
Sanitation can add 1-2 Bn. USD annually.

2.3 Skills for Smarter Technologies: Technology getting

smarter, the transformative technologies for GDP boost (intended
for inclusive growth) fig.1 for making the routine jobs automated.
Figure 2 Smarter Technologies
Technologies deployed responsive to the local economic
conditions fig.2 will get people’s response and have to be skilled
suitably. The issue gets focused on low skilled jobs as well as high skilled jobs, increasing

1
World Bank 2012 data.
2
Dipti Jai a d Par ajit Bhattacharya o Make i I dia Drea Live i t 22 Dec.2014
nd
3
I dia s Tech ology opportunity , Transformative work and Empowering People -Mckinsey
2
 getting adopted due to automation and higher productivity. Low skilled jobs are landing in
the lap of NGOs, or on self-learning. This is creating gaps in have and have-nots (able to
spend on high skill learning) (low spending capability for Skill learning) and not able to utilize
the full potential of Indian Youth.
4
600
500Sectors Impacting the GDP in USD Bn. 60
19-29 Mn.Non Farm Jobs need
& the Skill Requirements 50
400 40 Skilling

341-351Mn.
300 30
200 Addl. Addl. Anticipated
20 Min. Expected
100 Anticipated 10
0 0

Figure 3 Skills targeted for

GDP improvement
5

Figure 4 Non-Farm Skills Requirements

2.4 Skills for Livelihood or for a Career: A question needs to be addressed that if the Skilling
is for livelihood or does it include career pathway in vocational stream and / or conventional
education stream. The funding source and support will get decided accordingly and thus the
Skills Landscape.
3 Skill Scape’s requirements for Regional / International Economies: Development in
Middle East made a large manpower with requisite skills to shift there. The manpower trained
in India or learnt on job in those countries that filled in the skilled manpower gaps for the
development in their respective countries. Their vocational Mobility, Credit Transfer,
Qualification Transfer, accreditation etc. all got adjusted during the regime even when the
wave of vocational qualification framework did not exist formally. Now with imbalance in
demographic profile of the working age population across the world, the vocational Mobility,
Credit Transfer, Qualification Transfer, accreditation etc. will gain importance. The Annual
Rate of Employment in Labour Intensive Industries is a cause of concern ( Fig. 5)

Annual Rate of Employement in Labour Intensive Industries

Annual Change for 2008-09 and
30
2011-12
20 Change in 2012-13
10
0
-10
-20
-30
Figure 5 Decline in Industrial Workforce

4 Make in India: For actualization of “Make in India” dream; manufacturing growth needs a rise
to 12-14 % in medium term as per National Manufacturing Policy. As per the Deloitte Survey,

4
Research Report McKenzie Global Institute-2014
5
Labour Demand Supply Model for India for 2022 Live Mint 17 Dec. 2014
3
 India ranked 4th in Global Manufacturing Competitive index (2013). It has slid from
competitive 2nd rank in 2011 to 4th rank in 2013. The average Indian manufacturing costs are
0.9 against 21.9 US / hour of peer average. With labour cost advantage the Manufacturing
growth in India can be directed to expand presently from a narrow geographical base and also
reduce imports of USD 127 Bn. in FY 14 to USD 40-50 Bn. as per a study by Yes Bank, in
next 4-5 Years. An important priority needs to be set up to go in for an Import substitution
regime to an export led growth.
4.1 Skills required for Make in India: With a clear vision and the above data which
complements Make in India by improving skills by 2025 for improving productivity of the top
2 low cost exporters in auto sector and low technology power equipment
(Switches, Switch gear, small motors etc.) and pharma in next 5 years; followed by another
top 5 low cost exporters of machinery, electronics, automobiles and textiles is researched
by Mckinsey. An annual target of USD 64 Bn. with a 20 % market share of low end exports
from India, where China is now losing an edge, has been observed as an opportunity by a
Yes Bank Study. Department of Electronics & IT of GoI has targeted 28 Mn. new jobs in hi-
tech and electronics hardware for 400 Bn. USD domestic market consumption by 2027.
These figures provide a holistic view where the Skilled Manpower will be destined to decide
the Skill landscape. Skilling needs improvement to get aligned with Global benchmarks6
as under:

1. Problem Solving
Methodologies-
Continuous
improvement in
Management
Structure.

(This study is based

on benchmarking
studies wherein 75
Indian and 30 Global
Companies
participated as per a
Study on fulfilling the
promise of Indian
Manufacturing).

The Skills scape

in areas viz.
agriculture; labor
intensive
manufacturing
sector such as
food processing, Figure 6 Skills Benchmarked
leather products, textiles; services sector, trade, restaurants and hotels, tourism,
construction and information technology; MSMEs is targeting for growth. However, the 2013
Annual survey results show a dampener effect by a negative job growth. The States and the
Industries effective by the negative growth are shown in fig.

6
Rajat Dhawan, Gautam Swaroop, and Adil Zainulbhai “Fulfilling the promise of India’s manufacturing sector” March 2012

4
 Figure 7 States affected by Industrial Slow down

4.2 Skill Standards: “The most

complicated skill is to be simple.”-
Dejan Stojanovic-a businessman
from Serbia and an author of
“Circling, The Sun Watches the
Sun, The Sign and Its
Children, The Shape, The
Creator, and Dance of Time. This
message “The most complicated
skill is to be simple” fits in for those
involved in setting Skill Standards.
The Vocational Education meeting
Skill Standards is usually
expressed in a curriculum and
unexpressed in the 'hidden curriculum'. The Skill Standards required for International /
Regional economies may also cover Cultural-sometimes perhaps local legal regulation-or
regional environmental factors also. The Skill Standards thus need a scheme for credit
transfer between TVET to traditional education and international transfer. Philippines has
made ready its Maids, Hair dressers, Electricians, Plumbers etc. for the International
assignments (as enough domestic requirements do not exist). India need examination in
regard to:
4.3 Skill Landscape and Skilled Standards-Issues :
With “Make in India” dream, manpower skill standards, need
deliberations in regard to:
4.3.1 What is the target (Fig.8), a relook at the initial targets of
Skilling numbers & Skill Standard numbers?

Figure 9: Skilling Projects Progress

4.3.2 What are the areas of Job growth by
Figure 8 Missed Skilling Targets
2025?
4.3.3 Are TVET Skilling TVET targets (Fig.9 & 10) are for India’s captive needs, if so, is Indian
Industry getting expanded to absorb all?
4.3.4 Is TVET Skilling to strengthen the
skilled workforce supply chain to meet Figure 10 Long Term Targets for Skilling. (Core Sector
requirements are clubbed under infrastructure)
the Global shortages outside India, if
so, and then what are the Global skill
standards to be met?
4.3.5 Is TVET Skilling based on Global
Salary range (for high value Skills) -
in respect of the hard to find skilled
workforce?
4.3.6 Is TVET Skilling for future
Technologies knocking to enter the
world for outsourcing and are we
5
 getting ready to grab the opportunity as an outsource destination?
4.3.7 Status of Skilling / TVET Infrastructure and Trainers’ readiness?
4.3.8 Status of India’s needs the workforce for low skills range?
4.3.9 Which are India’s competitor countries for global skilled workforce supply chain getting
ready for what skill profiles?
4.3.10 What is the impact of Skill Standards in enhancing industrial growth and achieving
excellence in plant management?
4.4 With above Skill requirements in India, we have a look into:
4.4.i Skilling Processes to be re-looked for a holistic approach of Skilling / TVET.
4.4.ii Should we meet higher number of TVET trainees or high quality TVET trained targets
(Quantity Vs Quality)?
The Skill shape may fail in the absence of adequate budget provisions for FY 2015-16 and
further years are to be focused on supporting labour intensive sectors to get aligned with
pro-job-policy of the new government to meet Make in Dream come true and we get a clear
Skill Landscape. The job creation may be by re-activating apprenticeship or developing
entrepreneurs for Medium, Small & Micro Enterprises (MSMEs).
Ills of the Skills are another area of concern7. That is to come in terms with the Skill Gaps in
addition to Skilled work force to get appropriate jobs matching their skills, rather than an
engineer working as a police beat constable oe a railway signal operator or sitting for an IAS
job.
4.5 Geographic Dispersion of Skills: When economies get boosted up, employment
opportunities and job candidates aren’t perfectly distributed. Amidst this mismatch of demand
and supply, one of the most important questions is whether people are willing to move to
places where jobs are available. More broadly, this is a question about whether people
respond to local economic conditions when looking for a job. The kaleidoscope matrix of Skill
Landscape thus spreads from Automated Industry to manual jobs in manufacturing, from
Industrial locations to Cottage Industry.

The Power Sector Skill Council has targeted 70 Lacs (7 Mn.) Skilled workers trained but most
of these are in unorganized sector (viz. Electricians for domestic sector, technicians with sub-
contractors). These people are required as a spoke of the economy, but will they continue to
work with unskilled tag or how will they get skilled with our Industrial Training Institute
Infrastructure of vintage quality and work as in fig.12. The Skilling is by self-motivation
without modern tools / gadgets and safety tools. The Skills for Power Sector are diversified to
the whole of the country.

Figure 11 A View of
Working Environment by
Indian Workforce – a foreign
trained technician

“kills & Ills Jayati Ghosh i Fro t Li e

7

6
4.6 TVET/ Skilling Infrastructure in India: “Retooling vocational education” an article of The
Economist of 23rd August 2014 has correctly highlighted that the Technical Vocational
Education and Training (TVET) has suffered from two curses: lower status than conventional
education and no innovation in the delivery of TVET. India has a poor skilled manpower
base, with around 89% of the 15-59 year olds having no vocational training; and of the
balance 11% who received vocational training, only 1.3% having received a formal vocational
training. The current training capacity is
a fraction of the 12.8 million new
entrants into the workforce every year
Therefore access to skills programs
and deciding Skill Landscape where
the jobs are available, becomes a
major challenge. After “Education for
All” UN is getting ready for positioning
TVET post 2015 UN’s development
agenda. India has targeted 100,000
skilled work-force by 2022. A third
party analysis pegs it to 69,000 against
100,000 achievable targets as per a Figure 12 Skill Shortages in India
study of Deloitte. The projected
Industry growth has been shown differently in Fig. 14

Prominent Sectors to Generate Employment8

Infrastructure Auto and auto Building and
Components construction
Textiles and Transportation and Food processing
clothing logistics
Handlooms and Gems and jewelry Leather and
handicrafts footwear

Figure 13 Estimated Growth in Prominent

Employability, Global Demographic imbalance has Employment Sectors
brought sudden focus on TVET and the Skill Scape
has to cover the skills as per fig. 8, which sets a direction of the Skill Landscape:

India's "demographic bulge"-millions of youth will be entering in for job markets in the next
decade-is in danger of sliding into a lopsided paunch with a danger to weigh the nation down
and crimp India’s GDP. Indian education system so far has made the youth obsessed with
textbook education and white-collar dreams in air-conditioned space. Job employability skills
and creation of jobs have to match.

4.7 Changing Parameters setting Skills landscape: New compulsions of Environmental

concerns, ‘Green’ing TVET, Energy efficiency-‘Blue’ing Light as in LED’s noble award 2014,
for higher lumens / watt (reducing environmental degradation), growing pressure on
resources leading to zero wastage, higher productivity or zero breakdown, Cross discipline
skills, sustainable development (environment, Economics and social) coupled with wired
world, increased internet penetration, widespread use of smart phones / machines, personal
digital assistants, laptops / tablets etc. remote controls of machines.

The Industrial world is now competing for sourcing talent of which United States, United
Kingdom and Canada dominate the Competition for Global Talent (demographic
compulsions).

‘eapi g I dia s De ographic – Industry in the driving seat – Ernst and Young & FICCI
8

7
 Taking an in-depth look at the BRIC countries, research9 finds that people are leaving India
for work in US / UK. However, as its economy is targeted for improvement, job seekers are
considering India for migration in the opposite direction. TVET trained people’s presence in
areas where new TVET trained competitors from other countries are popping up. The key for
TVET trained for these destinations is not just to employ people from India in but also to
effectively integrate these local employees and local business processes into the
infrastructure of global organizations in order to remain competitive.

The demographic dividend will accrue only if, enough jobs are created in India or TVET
trained people are tailored suitably for the foreign assignments; else the dividend cheque is
likely to bounce.

India’s varying social economic conditions, 47.2% work force in Agriculture (contributing
18.2% to GDP), 24.7% in the manufacturing Industry (GDP 24.8%), 28.1% (GDP contribution
57.03%) in Services makes another variable in the skilling matrix.

With India’s rich experience in handling offshore services and an enviable talent pool to
boot, India is one of the most sought-after offshoring destinations. As international firms are
focusing on lowering costs, there has been a flow of offshoring, especially of non-critical roles
to low-cost nations. The drivers of today’s Skill landscape change are longer lifespans (with
continuous learning), workplace automation, Computational world, new literacy methods
(beyond text) and offshoring of value addition processes to economical destinations in this
highly competitive world.

Our Skills landscape is to be ready for the next decade i.e. by 2025 according to global
demand, meeting global standards aligned to Post 2015 requirements set by UN. The
advanced countries are bringing in technological advances, making the processes highly
efficient, more productive, lesser manpower interventions, remote controlled, energy efficient,
environment friendly and so on. Thus, we have our SKILL regime to be aligned to
International standards and for India’s local requirements first, keeping in mind scale, speed
and skills involved with the mantra of the new government associated with enhancing
manufacturing (made in India tag) based on zero defect and zero effect adding further
challenges to the SKILL.

The Skill shortages in Australia are met out by sub-contracting, sourced from India. Some of
the activities are backed up in India. Service Sector is earning a lot of foreign exchange for
India and providing a lot of employment to Indian Engineers from such countries. With “the
Internet of things” there will be further expansion in the services to be deployed from
countries like India.

A picture of Skilled Jobs in Europe shows that we have to create jobs more in India or
provide service sector Skills to other countries that may include, BFSI, Inventory
Management, Assets Management, Supply Chain Management , Legal Services support
Medical BPOs .

EU28+ (Job Growth is low or negative)

Levels (000s)- In thousands Change (%)
Sector
2008 2013 2020 2025 2008-‘13 2013-‘20 2020-‘25
Primary sector & utilities 16 324 15 441 14 177 13 481 -5.4 % -8.2 % -4.9 %
Manufacturing 37 778 33 864 33 010 32 547 -10.4 % -2.5 % -1.4 %
Construction 18 214 15 534 15 803 16 116 -14.7 % 1.7 % 2.0 %

9 Indeed Hiring Lab, a global research institute Where People Search for Jobs Cross-Border Labour
Mobility Report–(July 2014)
8
 Distribution & transport 58 855 57 499 59 442 60 600 -2.3 % 3.4 % 1.9 %
Business & other services 53 269 55 189 58 957 61 215 3.6 % 6.8 % 3.8 %
Non-marketed services 52 626 53 917 54 939 55 623 2.5 % 1.9 % 1.2 %
All industries 237 068 231 443 236 328 239 583 -2.4 % 2.1 % 1.4 %
Source-European Centre for Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop)|Skills
Forecasts|2014Data

4.8 Impact of New Technologies on Skills:

The matrix of Skill Development is complex and those involved in making a landscape are
required to be connected to ground realities of the Industrial development and service sector
requirements.
A touch of new technologies which will require new skills is as
hereunder:

4.8.a. 3 D printing (fig 9) – Manufacturing Processes today have

become as easy as printing

Figure 14 A 3 D Printing

Figure 15 Hydroponics Green house & Banana Tissue Culture

Agriculture: Hydroponics greenhouse with liquid fertilizers,

Tissue culture (fig. 16) in Agriculture and longtime known
drip irrigation for Agriculture Productivity are set to change
the Agricultural Skills. Banana Tissue Culture successfully
attempted in Barabanki giving a high yield of 5 Lacs Tissue
culture Banana Plants in 5'000 sq.mt. Net House and these
Skills are being offered for learning.

4.8.b. Wireless Electricity ( fig.17) if we are

Figure 16 Wireless Electricity
talking about 2025

Figure 17 Robotic Vehicles

4.8.c. Robotic Vehicles (Defence applications followed by Civil
Applications)- Fig 18
4.8.d. Today’s world of Communication- Fig 19
5 Industrial Automation Survey on Skill Standards-a primary
Figure 18 Today's World of Communication
research study for deliberations
To make an understanding of the competency units, Skill
Standards , a survey was conducted making the supervisors as
respondents to various questions in respect of Skill
Competencies of Entrant Engineering Diploma Holders to
Industry (in this case was for Power Sector, though it may apply
to other Industry also). The Industry Skills requirements with
the units of competencies and the Skills of entrants have been described in Fig 20. The responses were
checked statically for its relevance. It was noticed that in these skills being in high technology area,
the bell curve of the Skills of the work force is a matter of straight fact and the Trainers have to align
the team’s Skill sets near to group’s median, dispersion as close as possible, making the Skill bell
9
 curve to lepto (skiny) or Leptokurtic, bringing the workforce Skills by matching median & mode of the
Skills aligning the workforce skill with business objectives.

In today’s Industry everything depreciates except the skilled workforce which appreciates 10 .The
apprenticeship scheme will help develop the workforce meeting the needs of an enterprise with the
requisite Skills rather than producing in large workforce which may get redundant due to changing
technologies in this dynamic world where Machines (Robots) are producing machines. But the
networked work is now allowing disbanding monolith organizations getting replaced with aggression
of value added activities dispersed widely.

Skill Gaps in Automation - Entrants vs. Industry

Requirements
5
4
SKill Level

3
2
1
Entrant
0 Indl. Reqmt

Figure 19 : Skill Gaps for Industrial Automation for Entrants & the Industry requirements
6 Conclusions: As envisaged today, the Skill Scape for 2025 will be around the key industries in
India poised to drive growth during this period that include:
6.1 Infrastructure and construction: India is targeted to become the world’s third-largest
construction market by 2025.
6.2 Automobile manufacturing: The rising cost of automobile ownership, driven by high fuel
prices and interest rates, has impacted consumer demand in India in recent years.
However, a younger demographic, low labor costs, and a plentiful supply of engineers
are capable of turning India into a global hub for auto manufacturing as customers
around the world become more cost-conscious.
6.3 Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI) will get boost because of expansion
and funding requirements for these sectors that will cover Rural India, along with the
urban lower-middle class.
6.4 Textile & Clothing to meet the growing need for huge population and for exports based
on low cost labour
6.5 Transport & Logistics: expanding to meet Infrastructural & Industrial needs.

10
Arun Maira- Former member of Planning Commission
10
 6.6 Wholesale and retail: Rising incomes, growing
middle class population, young, brand
conscious consumers, technological
advancements, and the proliferation of
nuclear families will continue to strengthen the
retail sector, playing a prominent role in
India’s future growth. The advent of organized
retail (licensed retailers such as corporate-
backed supermarkets and retail chains), has
redefined the retail experience in India. The
segregated market, including wholesale,
multiband, single brand, and online retail,
along with neighborhood “mom-and-pop” stores, will put pressure on retailers to innovate
to compete.
6.7 Solar Power / Renewable Power Generation- A new thrust from the Government.
6.8 Real Estate: to meet the growing needs of the housing for big population base.
6.9 Health Care & Pharmaceuticals: Low investment and poor health infrastructure in India
have traditionally limited the growth of this sector. However, the Indian pharmaceutical
industry is projected to surpass other leading emerging economies in the 21st century as
a global center for end-to-end drug discovery and innovation. The changing profile of
health problems, rise in early detection of acute diseases, and increasing availability of
treatment facilities, have boosted the demand for drugs, as well as the need for health
care diagnostic facilities in the metropolitan areas due to a rising middle class. And
though a large proportion of the rural market still remains untapped, it represents a huge
growth opportunity for pharmaceutical companies.
6.10 Agriculture and Food Processing: Aggregation of Agriculture produce and processing
for feeding millions.
6.11 Information and communication technology (ICT): India currently has the world’s
second-largest mobile subscriber base (900 million) and the third-highest Internet
subscriber base. As the economy expands, IT spending by both businesses and
consumers is likely to increase. This will aid the wider ICT sector, which will also benefit
from greater penetration of computing technology, smartphones, and the Internet in
both urban and rural areas.
6.12 Education and Skilling: The Skilling itself has become a big job market.
A stable government will be crucial in improving investment sentiments and attracting
global various manufacturers to establish factories and R&D centers in India. All these
factors coupled together will be key drivers of growth in manufacturing, and India is
expected to grow the fastest in the sector among leading emerging economies.
7 Recommendations:
i. National Institute of Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is requested to have a holistic
relook into Investment, New Industry, Industry Expansion, Entrepreneur
Organizations / MSME, Job creation / New Jobs, related Skill needs, Skilling
Infrastructure ITIs , ITCs and Matching Skill scape for getting the manpower with above
Skills requiring an Holistic Approach. Action: PMO
ii. India needs Vishwamitras (Trainers) for Transforming our Work force through Transition
like Rama & Lakshman were trained. These Vishwamitras can being in excellence in TVET
Skilling. Action: Industry & Skilling Institutions.
iii. Scale and Speed (with in a time frame) are a must for Skilling India- a must for India’s
growth; otherwise we will miss the bus to reach the growth levels we are aspiring for and
ACT - Action Collaboration & Transformation to make an IMPACT on Economics & the Polity .
Action: Industry & Skilling Institutions.
iv. Skill Standards are to be developed faster, made known to the stakeholders and everyone
to work for meeting the requirements. Till Sector Skill Councils finalize Skill Standards,
Industry can come up these standards of their own and can make a contribution in
developing these voluntarily Action: Industry & Skilling Institutions.

11
 v. Enhancing Industrial growth base based on zero defect and zero effect (environment) is
behind the philosophy of “Make in India”, through Skilled workforce. Action: Industry.
vi. Our Skilled / TVET work force is to be highly efficient to meet global standards aligned to
Post 2015 requirements set by UN and today skilled workforce acts as a currency for the
country. Action: Industry & Skilling Institutions.
vii. Continuing to achieve excellence in manufacturing, Multiskilling is answer to dynamic
change in Technologies. Action: Industry and Skilling Institutions
viii. Indian Population has made Indian Political empowerment achieve a rank of 15 / 142 at
World’s Economic forum 2014 but ranks poorly in Education attainment 126/142, Economic
Participation & Opportunity Index 134/142. The Govt. has now in turn is required to
empower its people with Skills and Employment, Employment opportunities by facilitating
FDI by investor friendly policies, rules, laws, procedures in terms of Labour laws, Land
acquisition and approvals to help uplift India’s global rank of “ease of doing business” to
help India get technologies, Finances for people’s empowerment. Action: Govt. of India.
ix. Talent development to support achieving “Make in India”, the Skilling Institutions have not
to work for plucking the low hanging fruits but what the Industry needs. Action: Skilling
Institution
x. India to quickly bring in Vocational training programs matching the aspirations of youth, to
adaptive of the economy, collaborative and be credible (and portable) certifications.
Portability to be between certificates, diplomas, degrees and also geographical across
Globe. Action: Government of India
xi. MSMEs to be empowered to play an important role to create a brand image of India in
labour intensive for higher employment generation. Action: Government of India
xii. The ITIs / ITCs have to cover Skill scape for getting the manpower with above Skills for a
holistic approach and align the Skill market, job market and the macroeconomic
environment. Action: Government of India
xiii. Subcontracted jobs in High Capital Intensive-High Technology Industry-who takes care of
their training. Industry / Sub Contractors not interested. Action : Government of India
8 References:
[1] Indeed Hiring Lab, a global research institute report of 15th July 2014
Cross- Border Labour Mobility, Report: Where People search jobs
[2] Crisil Research “Indian Express 12.Sept 2014”, Towards a 69 Mn. Strong Workforce
[3] Fisher Alan, Clark Colin, and Fourastié Jean “three-sector theory”- Wikipedia
[4] Wahba, Dr. Moustafa, Competency Assurance & TVET Consultant , Scottish
Qualification Authority During an interaction on e-forum.
[5] Maira, Arun- Former member of Planning Commission 'Redesigning the Aeroplane
While Flying - Reforming Institutions' (2014)
9 Brief Profile of the Authors:
Y P Chawla; Advisor, Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission, National Jt. Secretary Indian
Institution of Plant Engineers (IIPE), ypchawla@gmail.com; 98107-08707 : BE Tech. &
MBA (Fin), PGDPM & PGDMM from Delhi University. Export Mgmt. from Oxford. Pursuing
PhD. in Skill Gaps in Power Sector, Over 4 decades of Experience in diversified sectors
covering Energy including Solar & other Renewable Energy, (Ex. BHEL), Water Sector, Tyre
Manufacturing, setting up Skill Center, Agriculture, and Infrastructure. Widely travelled in
India & abroad including some Foreign Postings. Because of these postings got
opportunities to get a holistic approach of Power Sector. Have written papers on wide range of subjects
(available on web)
Dr RSP Singh- an Associate Professor School of Vocation Studies & Training IGNOU,
Has authored papers on various Skill related subjects. Guiding various research
projects.
Coordinating diversified skilling and educational Programs.
PG Certificate & Diploma in Security and Fire safety , Coordinating Pan India
Programme on National rural Livelihood mission, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt.
of India; B. Ed.VET (Bachelor of Education in Vocational Education and Training)

Foot Note: The views expressed here are personal and may not represent that of the organizations the
Authors represent.

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