Guideline:

IFRS 16 Leases
March 2020
 Contents

Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3
DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................. 3
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................. 5
APPLICABILITY ............................................................................................................................. 5
IDENTIFY A LEASE ....................................................................................................................... 5
Recognition exemptions ........................................................................................................... 5
Short term leases ..................................................................................................................... 6
Leases of low value items ......................................................................................................... 6
Identifying a lease..................................................................................................................... 7
Identified asset ......................................................................................................................... 7
Substantive substitution rights .................................................................................................. 8
Portions of assets ..................................................................................................................... 8
Rights to obtain economic benefits from use ............................................................................ 9
Right to direct the use ............................................................................................................... 9
How and for what purpose the asset is used .......................................................................... 10
Protective rights ...................................................................................................................... 10
Reassessment of a contract ................................................................................................... 10
Identification flow diagram ...................................................................................................... 11
Separating components of a contract ..................................................................................... 11
LEASE TERM ............................................................................................................................... 12
LESSEE ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Recognition ............................................................................................................................ 13
Initial measurement of the right-of-use asset .......................................................................... 13
Initial measurement of the lease liability ................................................................................. 13
Subsequent measurement of the right-of-use asset................................................................ 14
Subsequent measurement of the lease liability ....................................................................... 15
Reasessment of the lease liability ........................................................................................... 15
Lease modifications ................................................................................................................ 16
PRESENTATION .......................................................................................................................... 17
DISCLOSURE .............................................................................................................................. 17
TRANSITION ................................................................................................................................ 19

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

INTRODUCTION
1. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on the transition to IFRS 16 Leases
(IFRS 16) from the previous IAS 17 Leases (IAS 17). This guidance will focus only on the
accounting by lessees as this is the main change to the Standard.

DEFINITIONS
2. The accounting definitions for IFRS 17 is contained within Appendix A of the Standard.

Accounting definitions
Term Meaning
Commencement date of the The date on which a lessor makes an underlying asset
lease (commencement available for use by a lessee.
date)

Economic life Either the period over which an asset is expected to be

economically usable by one or more users or the number of
production or similar units expected to be obtained from an
asset by one or more users.

Effective date of the The date when both parties agree to a lease modification.
modification

Fair value For the purpose of applying the lessor accounting requirements
in IFRS 16, the amount for which an asset could be exchanged,
or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an
arm’s length transaction.

Finance lease A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards
incidental to ownership of an underlying asset.

Fixed payments Payments made by a lessee to a lessor for the right to use an
underlying asset during the lease term, excluding variable
lease payments.

Gross investment in the The sum of:

lease (a) the lease payments receivable by a lessor under a
finance lease; and
(b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the
lessor.

Inception date of the lease The earlier of the date of a lease agreement and the date of
(inception date) commitment by the parties to the principal terms and conditions
of the lease.

Initial direct costs Incremental costs of obtaining a lease that would not have been
incurred if the lease had not been obtained, except for such

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

Term Meaning
costs incurred by a manufacturer or dealer lessor in connection
with a finance lease.
Interest rate implicit in the The rate of interest that causes the present value of (a) the
lease lease payments and (b) the unguaranteed residual value to
equal the sum of (i) the fair value of the underlying asset and
(ii) any initial direct costs of the lessor.

Lease A contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to use an

asset (the underlying asset) for a period of time in exchange
for consideration.

Lease incentives Payments made by a lessor to a lessee associated with a

lease, or the reimbursement or assumption by a lessor of costs
of a lessee.

Lease modification A change in the scope of a lease, or the consideration for a

lease, that was not part of the original terms and conditions of
the lease (for example, adding or terminating the right to use
one or more underlying assets, or extending or shortening the
contractual lease term).

Lease payments Payments made by a lessee to a lessor relating to the right to

use an underlying asset during the lease term, comprising the
following:
(a) fixed payments (including in-substance fixed
payments), less any lease incentives;
(b) variable lease payments that depend on an index or a
rate;
(c) the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is
reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
(d) payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the
lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to
terminate the lease.

For the lessee, lease payments also include amounts expected

to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees.
Lease payments do not include payments allocated to non-lease
components of a contract, unless the lessee elects to combine
non-lease components with a lease component and to account
for them as a single lease component.

Lease term The non-cancellable period for which a lessee has the right to
use an underlying asset, together with both:
(a) periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the
lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
(b) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the
lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

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Term Meaning
Lessee An entity that obtains the right to use an underlying asset for a
period of time in exchange for consideration.

Lessee’s incremental The rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow
borrowing rate over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds
necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the right-of-
use asset in a similar economic environment.

BACKGROUND
3. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure
of leases.
4. IFRS 16 was issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in January 2016
as the Standard to replace IAS 17 Leases (IAS 17), IFRIC 4 Determining Whether and
Arrangement Contains a Lease (IFRIC 4), SIC-15 Operating Leases: Incentives (SIC-15), and
SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease
(SIC-27).
5. IFRS 16 focuses on providing relevant information on transactions between lessees and
lessors that faithfully depicts the underlying substance of the transaction.
6. This information will assist the users of the financial statements to assess the effect that the
leases have on the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the entity.
7. The main change brought about by IFRS 16, in comparison to IAS 17, is the fact that as a
lessee, there is no longer a differentiation between a finance lease and an operating lease. All
leases as a lessee now give rise to a right-of-use-asset and a corresponding liability, where
previously only finance leases would have had any impact of the Statement of Financial
Position.

APPLICABILITY
8. This guideline is applicable as all leases, including leases of right-of-use assets in a sublease,
except for:
 Leases to explore for, or use, minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative
resources within the scope of IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources;
 Leases of biological assets within the scope of IAS 41 Agriculture;
 Service concession arrangements within the scope of IFRIC 12 Service Concession
Arrangements;
 Licenses of intellectual property granted by a lessor within the scope of IFRS 15 Revenue
from Contracts with Customers; and
 Rights held by a lessee under licensing agreements within the scope of IAS 38 Intangible
Assets for items such as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts,
patents and copyrights.

IDENTIFY A LEASE
Recognition exemptions
9. A lessee may also elect not to apply the requirements of IFRS 16 to the following:

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

 Short-term leases; and

 Leases for which the underlying asset is of low value.

Short term leases

10. IFRS 16 defines a short-term lease as a lease that, at its commencement date, has a lease
term of 12 months or less.
 These 12 months need to take into account the likelihood of an extension
option/renewal clause being exercised. (IFRS 16.BC91-97)
o I.e. a month-to-month lease that has a high likelihood of being extended
every month would not qualify for this exemption.
 A lease that has a lease term of 12 months or less, but that includes a purchase
option will never be a short term lease.
 The entity needs to elect, by way of an accounting policy choice, whether they are
going to apply the general lease requirements or the simplified lease requirements
to leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.
 The simplified lease accounting treatment involves the entity recognising the lease
payments as an expense on a straight line basis over the lease term, or another
systematic basis.
 If the entiy elects to expense short term leases it must expense all short term
leases. It cannot expense some and apply the general lease requirements to others.

Leases of low value items

11. The low value exemption is much harder to define. IFRS 16.BC98-104 provides some
guidance on this, but it is important to note that this is not based on materiality. Rather, the
entity needs to decide whether an asset is of low value on an absolute basis. This bias does
not take into account the size, nature or circumstances of the entity.
 A further important note is that the entity needs to assess whether the asset is of
low value or not based on the assets value when it is new, irrespective of the age of
the asset when they enter into the agreement.
 An underlying asset can also only be of low value if:
o The entity can benefit from the underlying asset on its own, or with other
resources that are readily available; and
o The underlying asset is neither highly dependent on, nor highly interrelated
with other assets.
 IFRS 16.BC100 also provides some examples of what the IASB considered to be
low value assets, i.e.:
o Tablets;
o Personal computers;
o Small items of office furniture; and
o Telephones.
 The entity needs to select on a lease-by-lease basis whether they are going to apply
the general lease requirements or the simplified lease requirements to leases of low
value assets.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

 The simplified lease accounting treatment involves the entity recognising the lease
payments as an expense on a straight line basis over the lease term, or another
systematic basis.

Identifying a lease
12. The first and most important step in the adoption of IFRS 16 is the assessment of whether the
agreement that has been entered into contains a lease or not.
13. IFRS 16 makes it clear that at the inception of a contract, an entity needs to assess
whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. (IFRS 16.9)
14. This brings into play another important differentiation. What is the difference between the
inception date of a lease versus the commencement date of a lease?
 The inception date of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement or
of a commitment by the parties to the principal terms and conditions of the
lease. This is thus the date at which the parties to the contract need to assess
whether the contract is, or contains, a lease.
 The commencement date on the other hand is the date on which the lease is
initially recognised and measured in the entities financial statements. This is
normally also the date the lessor makes the underlying asset available for use by
the lessee.
15. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an
identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. (IFRS 16.9)
16. IFRS 16 then goes further in the Application Guidance, specifically IFRS 16.B9-11, to state the
following:
 To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified
asset for a period of time, an entity shall assess whether, throughout the period of
use, the customer has both of the following:
o The right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of
the identified asset; and
o The right to direct the use of the identified asset.
17. All of these items will be discussed separately below.

Identified asset
18. An identified asset means an asset that is explicitly identified in the contract.
19. There are situations where items may be implicitly specified in the contract. IFRS 16.IE8
provides the following example:
 A customer enters into a contract with a manufacturer (Supplier) to purchase a
particular type, quality and quantity of shirts for a three-year period. The type,
quality and quantity of shirts are specified in the contract.
 The supplier has only one factory that can meet the needs of Customer. The
supplier is unable to supply the shirts from another factory or source the shirts from
a third party supplier.
 In this scenario, where the manufacturer can only fulfil the requirements of the lease
contract with one of their factories, the factory is an identified asset which is
implicitly identified in the contract, as the supplier can only use this factory to fulfil
the order.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

20. The important factor with an implicitly identified asset is that the lessee can effectively prevent
other parties from using the asset during the period of use.
21. Another factor to take into account when looking at an identified asset is whether the lessor
has substantial substitution rights relating to this identified asset.

Substantive substitution rights

22. A contract is only a lease if the lessee has the right to use a specified asset (identified asset).
23. If the lessor can replace the asset that the lessee is using with a different asset at any time
during the contract term, the lessee does not have the right to use a specified asset.
 This type of contract would therefore not fall within the scope of IFRS 16.
24. It is important to note, even if the contract explicitly specifies the asset to be provided to the
lessee, this does not meant the lessor does not have the right to substitute the asset.
25. Also, even if the lessor has the legal right to substitute the asset, the economic reality may
mean that this substitution right may be meaningless.
 This would be the case where the lessor for example does not have another asset
to substitute the specified asset with.
26. There is therefore a differentiation between whether the substitution right is substantive or not.
27. IFRS 16.B14 elaborates on this to say that a lessor’s right to substitute an asset is substantive
only if the following criteria are met:
 The lessor has the practical ability to substitute the specified asset throughout the
period of use; and
o This means the lessee cannot prevent the lessor from substituting the
item, and the lessor can readily obtain an alternate asset within a
reasonable period of time (usually the lessor would already have access to
a substitute asset).
o This right also has to be throughout the period of use. If the lessor only has
the right for a certain period of time, or from/to a specific date, it is NOT a
substantive substitution right.
 The lessor would benefit economically from the exercise of it substitution right.
o The cost to the lessor of doing the substitution should be less than the
economic benefits that the lessor receives from doing the substitution.
o In a lot of instances, especially where the asset is on the lessee’s
premises and not the lessor’s premises, the cost will most likely exceed
the economic benefits.
28. Whether the lessor has a substantive substitution right is assessed at the inception of the
contract. Future events are therefore not considered.
29. If the lessee cannot readily determine whether the lessor has a substantive substitution right,
the lessee shall presume that any substitution right is not substantive.

Portions of assets
30. While still looking at whether there is an identified asset, the lessee also needs to look at
whether it is leasing a portion of an asset.
31. As an example, a capacity portion of an asset could be an identified asset, or could not be an
identified asset:

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

 Where a capacity portion of an asset is physically distinct, for example you are
renting a floor of a building, the capacity portion is an identified asset.
 Alternatively, where the capacity portion of an asset is not physically distinct, for
example you are renting a capacity portion of a fibre optic line, the capacity portion
is not an identified asset.
o There is one exclusion to the above rule, where if the capacity portion you
are renting is substantially all of the capacity of the fibre optic line, this
would then be seen as an identified asset.
o Judgement will be involved in determining whether the lessee is using
substantially all of the capacity though.

Rights to obtain economic benefits from use

32. As part of the criteria to identify a lease, the lessee is required to have the right to obtain
substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset through the period
of use.
33. This usually means the lessee can prevent any other party from using the asset at any time
during the period of use.
34. The lessee should also consider whether it is obtaining substantially all of the economic
benefits from the use of the asset within the scope of the agreement.
 IFRS 16.B22 provides the following examples to consider in this regard:
o If a contract limits the use of a motor vehicle to one particular area during
the period of use, the lessee should only consider the economic benefits
from using the vehicle within that area.
o If the contract limits the number of kilometres that the lessee can drive the
motor vehicle during the period of use, the lessee should only consider the
economic benefits from using the vehicle for the permitted kilometres and
not beyond those.
35. Hence, based on the above guidance, the lessee does not consider whether it gets
substantially all the benefits from the use of the asset as if it owned the asset to use as and
when it wants. Rather the lessee considers whether it obtains substantially all the economic
benefits from the use of the assets within the limitations imposed by the contract.

Right to direct the use

36. A lessee has the right to direct the use of an identified asset throughout the period of use
only if either:
 The lessee has the right to direct how and for what purpose the asset is used
throughout the period of use; or
 The relevant decisions about how and for what purpose the asset is used are
predetermined and:
o The lessee has the right to operate the asset (or to direct others to operate
the asset in a manner that it determines) throughout the period of use,
without the supplier having the right to change those operating
instructions; or
o The lessee designed the asset (or specific aspects of the asset) in a way
that predetermines how and for what purpose the asset will be used
throughout the period of use.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

How and for what purpose the asset is used

37. A lessee has the right to direct how and for what purpose the asset is used if, within the scope
of its right of use defined in the contract, it can change how and for what purpose the asset is
used throughout the period of use.
38. IFRS 16.B25 talks about the decision making rights that are the most relevant to changing how
and for what purpose the asset is used. These decision making rights would be relevant if they
change the economic benefits received from use of the asset.
39. IFRS 16.B26 then provides examples of decision making rights that, depending on the
circumstances, grants the right to change how and for what purpose the asset is used:
 The right to change the type of output that the asset produces;
 The right to change when the output is produced;
 The right to change where the output is produced;
 The right to change whether the output is produced; and
 The right to change the quantity of output produced.
40. Importantly, in contrast to the above mentioned rights, rights that are limited to operating or
maintaining the asset are not decision making rights.
41. However, when the relevant decisions about how and for what purpose the asset is to be used
have been predetermined, the right to operate the asset becomes a significant factor, as in this
scenario the right to operate the asset would probably also lead to the right to direct the use of
the asset.
42. The relevant decisions about how and for what purpose the asset is to be used can be
predetermined in a number of ways, such as through a contract, or through the design of the
asset.

Protective rights
43. Protective rights are contractual rights which are designed to protect the lessor’s interest in its
assets.
44. These rights define the scope of what the lessee might do with the asset, but do not (at least
by themselves) prevent the customer from having the right to direct the use of the asset.
45. IFRS 16.B30 provides the following examples of protective rights:
 A maximum amount of use to which the asset may be put;
 A limit in the contract as to where or when the customer may use the asset;
 A requirement to follow specific operating procedures; or
 A requirement to inform the lessor if the manner in which the asset will be used
changes.

Reassessment of a contract
46. An entity assesses whether or not a contract is or contains a lease at the inception of the
contract.
47. It ONLY reassesses the contract if the terms and conditions of the contract are changed.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

Identification flow diagram

48. IFRS 16.B31 provides a flow diagram to assist entities in determining whether a contract is or
contains a lease.

Separating components of a contract

49. For a contract that is or contains a lease, an entity shall account for each lease component in
the contract separately from non-lease components in the contract.
50. However, IFRS 16.15 does allow a lessee to elect, by class of underlying asset, not to
separate non-lease components from lease components. The lessee would then account for
each lease component and any associated non-lease components as a single lease
component.
51. Unless the practical expedient above in terms of IFRS 16.15 is applied, all non-lease
components need to be accounted for in terms of the relevant IFRS Standard.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

LEASE TERM
52. The lessee shall determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together
with both:
 Periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain
to exercise that option; and
 Periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably
certain not to exercise that option.
53. In assessing whether the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease,
or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, an entity shall consider all relevant facts and
circumstances that create an economic incentive for the lessee to exercise the option to
extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease.
54. At the commencement date, an entity assesses whether the lessee is reasonably certain to
exercise an option to extend the lease or to purchase the underlying asset, or not to exercise
an option to terminate the lease.
55. The entity considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for
the lessee to exercise, or not to exercise, the option, including any expected changes in facts
and circumstances from the commencement date until the exercise date of the option.
56. Examples of factors to consider include, but are not limited to:
 Contractual terms and conditions for the optional periods compared with market
rates, such as:
o The amount of payments for the lease in any optional period;
o The amount of any variable payments for the lease or other contingent
payments, such as payments resulting from termination penalties and
residual value guarantees; and
o The terms and conditions of any options that are exercisable after initial
optional periods (for example, a purchase option that is exercisable at the
end of an extension period at a rate that is currently below market rates).
 Significant leasehold improvements undertaken (or expected to be undertaken) over
the term of the contract that are expected to have significant economic benefit for
the lessee when the option to extend or terminate the lease, or to purchase the
underlying asset, becomes exercisable;
 Costs relating to the termination of the lease, such as negotiation costs, relocation
costs, costs of identifying another underlying asset suitable for the lessee’s needs,
costs of integrating a new asset into the lessee’s operations, or termination
penalties and similar costs, including costs associated with returning the underlying
asset in a contractually specified condition or to a contractually specified location;
 The importance of that underlying asset to the lessee’s operations, considering, for
example:
o Whether the underlying asset is a specialised asset;
o The location of the underlying asset; and
o The availability of suitable alternatives; and
 Conditionality associated with exercising the option (i.e. when the option can be
exercised only if one or more conditions are met), and the likelihood that those
conditions will exist.

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57. A lessee shall reassess whether it is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, or not
to exercise a termination option, upon the occurrence of either a significant event or a
significant change in circumstances that:
 Is within the control of the lessee; and
 Affects whether the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option not previously
included in its determination of the lease term, or not to exercise an option
previously included in its determination of the lease term.
58. An entity shall revise the lease term if there is a change in the non-cancellable period of a
lease. For example, the non-cancellable period of a lease will change if:
 The lessee exercises an option not previously included in the entity’s determination
of the lease term;
 The lessee does not exercise an option previously included in the entity’s
determination of the lease term;
 An event occurs that contractually obliges the lessee to exercise an option not
previously included in the entity’s determination of the lease term; or
 An event occurs that contractually prohibits the lessee from exercising an option
previously included in the entity’s determination of the lease term.

LESSEE
Recognition
59. At the commencement date, a lessee shall recognise a right-of-use asset and a lease liability.

Initial measurement of the right-of-use asset

60. At the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset at cost.
61. The cost of the right-of-use asset shall comprise:
 The amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability;
 Any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease
incentives received;
 Any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee; and
 An estimate of costs to be incurred by the lessee in dismantling and removing the
underlying asset, restoring the site on which it is located or restoring the underlying
asset to the condition required by the terms and conditions of the lease, unless
those costs are incurred to produce inventories. The lessee incurs the obligation for
those costs either at the commencement date or as a consequence of having used
the underlying asset during a particular period.
62. A lessee shall recognise the costs described in the last bullet above as part of the cost of the
right-of-use asset when it incurs an obligation for those costs.
63. A lessee applies IAS 2 Inventories (IAS 2) to costs that are incurred during a particular period
as a consequence of having used the right-of-use asset to produce inventories during that
period.

Initial measurement of the lease liability

64. At the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the lease liability at the present value of
the lease payments that are not paid at that date.

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65. The lease payments shall be discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate
can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee shall use the
lessee’s incremental borrowing rate.
66. The interest rate implicit in the lease and the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate are likely to
be similar in many cases.
67. Both these rates, as they are defined in IFRS 16, take into account the following:
 The credit standing of the lessee;
 The length of the lease;
 The nature and quantity of collateral provided; and
 The economic environment in which the transaction occurs.
68. However, the interest rate implicit in the lease is also affected by the lessor’s estimate of the
residual value of the underlying asset at the end of the lease.
 The interest rate implicit in the lease could also be affected by other factors, such as
taxes and other indirect costs only know to the lessor.
 It is therefore likely that the interest rate implicit in the lease could be difficult to
determine for the lessee in many cases.
 When this is the case, the lessee is required to use the incremental borrowing rate
to discount the lease liability.
69. The lessee may refer to a rate that is readily available as a STARTING point to determine its
incremental borrowing rate.
 This rate could be the rate that a lessee has paid, or would pay, to borrow money to
purchase the type of asset being leased, or the property yield when determining the
discount rate to apply to property leases.
 NONETHELESS the lessee should adjust this rate to its own specific circumstances
to determine its incremental borrowing rate.
70. At the commencement date, the lease payments included in the measurement of the lease
liability comprise the following payments for the right to use the underlying asset during the
lease term that are not paid at the commencement date:
 Fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives
receivable;
 Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using
the index or rate as at the commencement date;
 Amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees;
 The exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to
exercise that option (As discussed in paragraphs 52 to 58 above); and
 Payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee
exercising an option to terminate the lease.
71. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate described above include, for
example, payments linked to a consumer price index, payments linked to a benchmark interest
rate (such as LIBOR) or payments that vary to reflect changes in market rental rates.

Subsequent measurement of the right-of-use asset

72. After the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset applying a cost
model, unless it applies either of the measurement models described below:

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

 If a lessee applies the fair value model in IAS 40 Investment Property (IAS 40) to its
investment property, the lessee shall also apply that fair value model to right-of-use
assets that meet the definition of investment property in IAS 40.
 If right-of-use assets relate to a class of property, plant and equipment to which the
lessee applies the revaluation model in IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment
(IAS 16), a lessee may elect to apply the revaluation model to all of the right-of-use
assets that relate to that same class of property, plant and equipment.
o Hence, only where the entity already applies the revaluation model under
IAS 16, can it elect to apply the revaluation model to all right-of-use assets
that it acquires. There can therefore be a difference in accounting between
the PPE and the right-of-use assets.
73. To apply a cost model, a lessee shall measure the right‑of‑use asset at cost:
 Less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses; and
 Adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability.
74. A lessee shall apply the depreciation requirements in IAS 16 in depreciating the right-of-use
asset.
75. If the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease
term or if the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the lessee will exercise a purchase
option, the lessee shall depreciate the right-of-use asset from the commencement date to the
end of the useful life of the underlying asset.
76. Otherwise, the lessee shall depreciate the right-of-use asset from the commencement date to
the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term.
77. A lessee shall apply IAS 36 Impairment of Assets (IAS 36) to determine whether the right-of-
use asset is impaired and to account for any impairment loss identified.

Subsequent measurement of the lease liability

78. After the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the lease liability by:
 Increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability;
 Reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made; and
 Remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease
modifications, or to reflect revised in-substance fixed lease payments.
79. Interest on the lease liability in each period during the lease term shall be the amount that
produces a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the lease liability.
80. The periodic rate of interest is the discount rate described in paragraph 65 to 69 above.
81. After the commencement date, a lessee shall recognise in profit or loss, unless the costs are
included in the carrying amount of another asset applying other applicable Standards, both:
 Interest on the lease liability; and
 Variable lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liability in the
period in which the event or condition that triggers those payments occurs.

Reasessment of the lease liability

82. A lessee shall remeasure the lease liability by discounting the revised lease payments using a
revised discount rate, if either:
 There is a change in the lease term.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

o A lessee shall determine the revised lease payments on the basis of the
revised lease term; or
 There is a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.
o A lessee shall determine the revised lease payments to reflect the change
in amounts payable under the purchase option.
83. In doing the above, a lessee shall determine the revised discount rate as the interest rate
implicit in the lease for the remainder of the lease term, if that rate can be readily determined,
or the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate at the date of reassessment, if the interest rate
implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined.
84. A lessee shall remeasure the lease liability by discounting the revised lease payments, if
either:
 There is a change in the amounts expected to be payable under a residual value
guarantee.
o A lessee shall determine the revised lease payments to reflect the change
in amounts expected to be payable under the residual value guarantee.
 There is a change in future lease payments resulting from a change in an index or a
rate used to determine those payments, including for example a change to reflect
changes in market rental rates following a market rent review.
o The lessee shall remeasure the lease liability to reflect those revised lease
payments only when there is a change in the cash flows.
o A lessee shall determine the revised lease payments for the remainder of
the lease term based on the revised contractual payments.
85. In doing the above, a lessee shall use an unchanged discount rate, unless the change in lease
payments results from a change in floating interest rates. In that case, the lessee shall use a
revised discount rate that reflects changes in the interest rate.

Lease modifications
86. A lessee shall account for a lease modification as a separate lease if both:
 The modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or
more underlying assets; and
 The consideration for the lease increases by an amount commensurate with the
stand-alone price for the increase in scope and any appropriate adjustments to that
stand-alone price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract.
87. For a lease modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease, at the effective date of
the lease modification a lessee shall:
 Allocate the consideration in the modified contract;
 Determine the lease term of the modified lease; and
 Remeasure the lease liability by discounting the revised lease payments using a
revised discount rate.
o The revised discount rate is determined as the interest rate implicit in the
lease for the remainder of the lease term, if that rate can be readily
determined, or the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate at the effective date
of the modification, if the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily
determined.

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

88. For a lease modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease, the lessee shall account
for the remeasurement of the lease liability by:
 Decreasing the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset to reflect the partial or full
termination of the lease for lease modifications that decrease the scope of the
lease.
o The lessee shall recognise in profit or loss any gain or loss relating to the
partial or full termination of the lease.
 Making a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use asset for all other lease
modifications.

PRESENTATION
89. A lessee shall either present in the statement of financial position, or disclose in the notes:
 Right-of-use assets separately from other assets. If a lessee does not present right-
of-use assets separately in the statement of financial position, the lessee shall:
o Include right-of-use assets within the same line item as that within which
the corresponding underlying assets would be presented if they were
owned; and
o Disclose which line items in the statement of financial position include
those right-of-use assets.
 Lease liabilities separately from other liabilities. If the lessee does not present lease
liabilities separately in the statement of financial position, the lessee shall disclose
which line items in the statement of financial position include those liabilities.
90. The above requirement does not apply to right-of-use assets that meet the definition of
investment property, which shall be presented in the statement of financial position as
investment property.
91. In the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, a lessee shall present
interest expense on the lease liability separately from the depreciation charge for the right-of-
use asset.
92. In the statement of cash flows, a lessee shall classify:
 Cash payments for the principal portion of the lease liability within financing
activities;
 Cash payments for the interest portion of the lease liability applying the
requirements in IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows (IAS 7) for interest paid; and
 Short-term lease payments, payments for leases of low-value assets and variable
lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liability within
operating activities.

DISCLOSURE
93. The objective of the disclosures is for lessees to disclose information in the notes that,
together with the information provided in the statement of financial position, statement of profit
or loss and statement of cash flows, gives a basis for users of financial statements to assess
the effect that leases have on the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of
the lessee.
94. A lessee shall disclose information about its leases for which it is a lessee in a single note or
separate section in its financial statements. However, a lessee need not duplicate information

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that is already presented elsewhere in the financial statements, provided that the information is
incorporated by cross-reference in the single note or separate section about leases.
95. A lessee shall disclose the following amounts for the reporting period:
 Depreciation charge for right-of-use assets by class of underlying asset;
 Interest expense on lease liabilities;
 The expense relating to short-term leases accounted for applying the simplified
lease requirements;
 The expense relating to leases of low-value assets accounted for applying the
simplified lease requirements;
 The expense relating to variable lease payments not included in the measurement
of lease liabilities;
 Income from subleasing right-of-use assets;
 Total cash outflow for leases;
 Additions to right-of-use assets;
 Gains or losses arising from sale and leaseback transactions; and
 The carrying amount of right-of-use assets at the end of the reporting period by
class of underlying asset.
96. A lessee shall provide the above disclosures in a tabular format, unless another format is more
appropriate.
97. The amounts disclosed shall include costs that a lessee has included in the carrying amount of
another asset during the reporting period.
98. If right-of-use assets meet the definition of investment property, a lessee shall apply the
disclosure requirements in IAS 40.
99. If a lessee measures right-of-use assets at revalued amounts applying IAS 16, the lessee shall
disclose the information required by paragraph 77 of IAS 16 for those right-of-use assets.
100. A lessee shall disclose a maturity analysis of lease liabilities applying paragraphs 39 and
B11 of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures separately from the maturity analyses of
other financial liabilities.
101. In addition to the disclosures required above, a lessee shall disclose additional qualitative
and quantitative information about its leasing activities. This additional information may
include, but is not limited to, information that helps users of financial statements to assess:
 The nature of the lessee’s leasing activities;
 Future cash outflows to which the lessee is potentially exposed that are not
reflected in the measurement of lease liabilities. This includes exposure arising
from:
o Variable lease payments;
o Extension options and termination options;
o Residual value guarantees; and
o Leases not yet commenced to which the lessee is committed.
 Restrictions or covenants imposed by leases; and
 Sale and leaseback transactions (as described in paragraph B52).

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

102. A lessee that accounts for short-term leases or leases of low-value assets applying the
simplified lease requirements shall disclose that fact.

TRANSITION
103. A lessee shall apply IFRS 16 to its leases either:
 Retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented applying IAS 8 Accounting
Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (IAS 8); or
 Retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the Standard
recognised at the date of initial application (I.e. 31 March 2020 for most of the
AGSA auditees).
104. A lessee shall apply the election described above consistently to all of its leases in which it
is a lessee.
105. If a lessee elects to apply IFRS 16 in accordance with the second bullet in paragraph 103
above, the lessee shall not restate comparative information. Instead, the lessee shall
recognise the cumulative effect of initially applying IFRS 16 as an adjustment to the opening
balance of retained earnings at the date of initial application.
106. If a lessee elects to apply IFRS 16 in accordance with the second bullet in paragraph 103
above, the lessee shall:
 Recognise a lease liability at the date of initial application for leases previously
classified as an operating lease applying IAS 17.
o The lessee shall measure that lease liability at the present value of the
remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee’s incremental
borrowing rate at the date of initial application.
 Recognise a right-of-use asset at the date of initial application for leases previously
classified as an operating lease applying IAS 17. The lessee shall choose, on a
lease-by-lease basis, to measure that right-of-use asset at either:
o Its carrying amount as if the Standard had been applied since the
commencement date, but discounted using the lessee’s incremental
borrowing rate at the date of initial application; or
o An amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted by the amount of any
prepaid or accrued lease payments relating to that lease recognised in the
statement of financial position immediately before the date of initial
application.
 Apply IAS 36 to right-of-use assets at the date of initial application.
107. Notwithstanding the requirements in paragraph 106 above, for leases previously classified
as operating leases applying IAS 17, a lessee:
 Is not required to make any adjustments on transition for leases for which the
underlying asset is of low value that will be accounted for applying the simplified
lease requirements. The lessee shall account for those leases applying IFRS 16
from the date of initial application.
 Is not required to make any adjustments on transition for leases previously
accounted for as investment property using the fair value model in IAS 40. The
lessee shall account for the right-of-use asset and the lease liability arising from
those leases applying IAS 40 and IFRS 16 from the date of initial application.
 Shall measure the right-of-use asset at fair value at the date of initial application for
leases previously accounted for as operating leases applying IAS 17 and that will be
accounted for as investment property using the fair value model in IAS 40 from the

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 Guideline – IFRS 16 Leases

date of initial application. The lessee shall account for the right-of-use asset and the
lease liability arising from those leases applying IAS 40 and IFRS 16 from the date
of initial application.
108. A lessee may use one or more of the following practical expedients when applying IFRS 16
retrospectively in accordance with the second bullet in paragraph 103 above to leases
previously classified as operating leases applying IAS 17. A lessee is permitted to apply these
practical expedients on a lease-by-lease basis:
 A lessee may apply a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably
similar characteristics (such as leases with a similar remaining lease term for a
similar class of underlying asset in a similar economic environment).
 A lessee may rely on its assessment of whether leases are onerous applying IAS 37
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (IAS 37) immediately
before the date of initial application as an alternative to performing an impairment
review. If a lessee chooses this practical expedient, the lessee shall adjust the right-
of-use asset at the date of initial application by the amount of any provision for
onerous leases recognised in the statement of financial position immediately before
the date of initial application.
 A lessee may elect not to apply the requirements in paragraph 106 above to leases
for which the lease term ends within 12 months of the date of initial application. In
this case, a lessee shall:
o Account for those leases in the same way as short-term leases; and
o Include the cost associated with those leases within the disclosure of
short-term lease expense in the annual reporting period that includes the
date of initial application.
 A lessee may exclude initial direct costs from the measurement of the right-of-use
asset at the date of initial application.
 A lessee may use hindsight, such as in determining the lease term if the contract
contains options to extend or terminate the lease.

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