Biology

ALLEN

Transportation

"Transportation whether in
plants or animals is the key
to the efficient assimilation
of the nutrients that the
organisms synthesise, get
from their environment or

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digest."

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1. Introduction
In unicellular organisms a single cell carries out all the life processes as the

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cell itself is the organism. In advanced form like the few-celled algae,
protozoa, sponges, etc., the size of the organism ensures that all the cells
are not very far from each other. The uptake of materials from the
environment is through the general body surface and the transport within
the cells is by diffusion. However, more advanced multicellular forms need

A
a transportation mechanism. The sites of absorption and synthesis are very
specific and are separated by a greater distance from the other parts of
the body.
THE
The actual movement of materials into the individual cells is by diffusion,
osmosis or active transport. SPOT P
LIGHT
Transportation
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Blood is thicker and slightly heavier

than water. Its pH ranges from 7.35
to 7.45 (slightly alkaline).
Transportation in Animal Transportation in Plant
Consists of two systems Occur in two ways.
(1) Blood circulatory system (1) Ascent of sap
(2) Lymphatic system (2) Translocation

2. Transportation in Human
The process of transporting the absorbed food, gases, water, waste products
etc., from one place to another in the body is called circulation.
In human beings, the circulatory (transport) system is divided into two systems :
(i) Blood Circulatory System (ii) Lymphatic System
(a) Blood (a) Lymph
(b) Blood vessels (b) Lymph vessels
(c) Heart (c) Lymph nodes

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CBSE : Class X ALLEN
3. Blood circulatory system
THE The circulatory system is the main transportation system of the human body.
SPOT P The body has about 5 litres of blood continuously travelling through it
LIGHT by the way of the circulatory system.
The arteries and veins of the heart The circulatory system has three different parts : pulmonary circulation
wall form the coronary circulation. (lungs), coronary circulation (heart), and systemic circulation, (the rest of the
The food and oxygen requirement of
heart wall are high in view of its
body).
constant beating. (1) Blood
Blood is an important fluid connective tissue, which transport the materials
to different body parts.
Composition of blood
Consists of four parts, each with its own job in the body.

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(i) Plasma (ii) Red Blood cells
(iii) White Blood cells (iv) Platelets
Blood

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Plasma
Plasma Cellular components
(50-55%)

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WBCs & (40-45%)
platelets Water
(90–92%)
Protein (7%) - Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets
(albumin, globulin,

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Blood RBCs fibrinogen)
Others (1%) -
Trans p or ts oxy ge n Protect against Small plate shaped cells
(Hormones,
from the lungs to all diseases that cluster together to
Wastes, Gases,
Fig.1 Blood & its components tissues of the body and & infections help in forming blood
Salts, Ions)
return carbon dioxide clots when bleeding
back to the lungs occurs.

A
THE
SPOT
LIGHT
P Functions of blood
Surface view Side view

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Fig.2 Types of blood cells

Platelets
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Transportation of oxygen from lungs to tissues.

In humans RBCs are circular,
biconcave and enucleated. The red
colour of RBC is due to the presence
of haemoglobin.
2
Transportation of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Transportation of excretory materials from the tissues to the kidneys.
Transportation of digested food from the small intestine to the tissues.
Distribution of hormones and enzymes.
Formation of clots to prevent blood loss.
Distribution of heat and temperature control.
Prevention from infections and helps in wound healing.
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Blood clotting or Coagulation THE
When we are injured and start bleeding, the loss of blood from the system
has to be minimised. In addition, leakage would lead to a loss of pressure
SPOT P
which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. To avoid this, LIGHT
the blood has platelets which circulate around the body and plug these Serum is a watery fluid expelled from
leaks by helping to clot the blood at these points of injury. a contracting blood clot.
Serum = Plasma – Clotting factors.
BUILDING CONCEPTS 1
Why blood does not clot inside a blood vessel?
Explanation
In the blood plasma, the basophil cells (type of WBC) secrete heparin, which
is an anti clotting chemical. Heparin prevents the blood from clotting within
the blood vessels.
THE
(2) Blood Vessels
In human, three types of blood vessels are present. SPOT P

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(i) Arteries LIGHT
These vessels carry blood from heart to various organs of the body. Blood clot:
The walls of the arteries are thick and elastic. Injured tissue + blood platelets
releases thromboplastin that forms

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(ii) Veins
enzyme prothrombinase.
They collect the blood from different parts of the body and pour it into
Prothrombin Prothrombinase Thrombin
the heart. The walls of veins are thin, and less elastic. Ca++

Thrombin
(iii) Capillaries Fibrinogen Fibrin

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Fibrin + dead Blood clot
These are smallest blood vessels and one-cell thick. The walls of RBC, WBC and
capillaries are very thin. platelets
Prothrombin and Fibrinogen are
The major differences between various blood vessels have been given
synthesized in liver and are present

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in Table. in plasma.
Comparative Study of Blood Vessels
S.No. Features Arteries Veins Capillaries
1 Direction of Take the blood Bring the blood Blood flows from

A
blood flow away from heart towards the heart arterioles to
to different parts from various body capillaries and
of body. parts. then to venules.
2 Kind of blood Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated Blood changes
except in blood except in from oxygenated THE
pulmonary
artery.
pulmonary vein. to deoxygenated. SPOT P
3 Blood pressure Pressure is high. Pressure is low. Pressure is
LIGHT
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extremely Capillaries lack muscular wall and

low. is lined by simple squamous
epithelium (endothelium).
4 Blood flow Blood flows Blood flows Blood flows
rapidly with smoothly smoothly
jerks. without jerks. without jerks.
5 Lumen Narrow Wide Very small
6 Valves Absent Present Absent
7 Location Mostly deep Mostly superficial. Form a network
seated. all over the body
and in the organs.
Artery Vein Capillary
CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 1 Fig.3 Artery, Vein, Capillary
1. What is coronary circulation?
2. Name the blood vessel that carry blood towards and away from cells or
tissues respectively.
3. Give the name of nucleated blood cells.

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CBSE : Class X ALLEN
(3) Heart
Size – 5 inches length × 3.5 inches wide × 2.5 inches thickness
Colour – Reddish brown
Shape – Conical
Weight – 250 – 300 gm.
THE
SPOT P The heart is a muscular cone-shaped organ about the size of a clenched
fist of the same person.
LIGHT
'Atrium' is a Latin word meaning It is located in the upper body (chest area) between the lungs, and with its
"Entrance hall" and 'Ventricle' is a broad base facing upward and backward and narrow apex directed
Latin word that stand for "Little belly".
downwards, forwards and slightly towards the left.

Structure of heart

N
Heart is enclosed in tough, two layered sac, the pericardium. It is divided
into separate right and left sections by the interventricular septum, or

E
"septa". Each of these (right and left) sections is also divided into upper and
lower compartment known as atrium or auricle and ventricle, respectively.
The four main chambers of the heart are :

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(i) Right Atrium (ii) Right Ventricle
(iii) Left Atrium (iv) Left Ventricle

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It is essential that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart so
the structure of the heart includes a series of valves.
The Tricuspid valve (Atrioventricular valve) separates the right atrium from

A
the right ventricle.
The Pulmonary valve (Semilunar valve) separates the right ventricle from
the pulmonary artery.
The Mitral (also known as the Bicuspid) valve is the atrioventricular valve
which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
The Aortic valve (Semilunar valve) separates the left ventricle from the
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03 Theory.p65"
aorta.
Working of heart
The heart functions as a pump in the circulatory system. The right atrium
collects deoxygenated blood from two large veins, superior and inferior
vena cava.
THE
SPOT P When the atrium contracts, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid
valve into the right ventricle.
LIGHT As the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes and the blood is
The aorta is the largest artery and
pumped into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve.
the vena cava is the largest vein.
Pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs where carbon dioxide is
exchanged for oxygen.
The left atrium receive oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins.
When left atrium contract blood enters into the left ventricle through bicuspid

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(mitral) valve. Then left ventricle contracts and blood is pumped into aorta
through aortic valve. During contraction of left ventricles mitral valve get
closed to prevent backward flow into atrium.
Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the ventricles contract.

Superior vena cava right Tricuspid right Pulmonary Pulmonary

inferior vena cava atrium valve ventricle valve artery
THE
SPOT P
left
ventricle
Mitral/Bicuspid left
atrium
Pulmonary
vein
lungs LIGHT
Aortic Valve
valve Blood vascular system is of two types
- open and closed.
Open - The blood comes in direct
rest
contact with the tissue cells. Blood
aorta of
body vessels arising from the heart pour
the blood into tissue spaces called

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Superior sinuses. E.g. Arthropods and molluscs
vena cava Closed - The blood remains in blood
vessels during its entire trip round the
Aorta Pulmonary body, and never comes in direct

E
Artery contact with the tissue cells. E.g.
Pulmonary Annelids, All vertebrates.
vein Left
Atrium
Right Mitral

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Atrium valve
Pulmonary Aortic
valve valve
Tricuspid
valve

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Left
ventricle
Inferior vena cava Right
ventricle

Fig.4 Working of heart

A
BUILDING CONCEPTS 2
Why do ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the atria?
Explanation
Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs of the body,
therefore they have thicker muscular wall than atria.
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CHECK YOUR A NSWERS 1

1. Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the THE

2.
heart muscles.
Arteries & veins respectively.
SPOT P
3. White blood cells.
LIGHT
Double circulation is an improvement
Double circulation over single circulation. The heart
pumps both the types of blood
In double circulation, the blood passes twice through the heart to supply (oxygenated and deoxygenated)
once to the body. forcefully through the body.

(i) Systemic circulation

In this, blood completes its circulation from left ventricle to right auricle
through the body organs.(systemic organs)
Oxygenated blood from lungs ® heart ® Systemic arteries ® Body
parts ® Systemic veins ® heart

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CBSE : Class X ALLEN
(ii) Pulmonary circulation
In this, blood completes its circulation from right ventricle to left auricle
THE through the lungs.
SPOT P Deoxygenated blood from body ® heart ® Pulmonary arteries ®
lungs parts ® Pulmonary veins ® heart
LIGHT The right portion of heart is known as pulmonary heart and it has
Heart in fishes is called venous heart deoxygenated blood. The left portion of heart is known as systemic
because only deoxygenated blood
pass through the heart. heart and it has oxygenated blood.
BUILDING CONCEPTS 3
Human heart remains functional even after death. Explain.
Explanation
The heart does continue to beat for many hours if kept in a nutritive,
gill oxygenated fluid because the contractions of cardiac muscle begin with
capillaries the muscle itself & can occur independently of any nerve supply.

N
Difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation
gill Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation
circulation
It is a shorter circulation It is a larger circulation

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aorta The circulation is in between heart The circulation is in between heart
ventricle and lungs. and remaining parts of the body
atrium except lungs.

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Blood is pumped by right part of Blood is pumped by the left part
systemic
circulation systemic the heart and received by the left and received by right part.
capillaries part.
It pumps deoxygenated blood into It pumps oxygenated blood into

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lungs. different parts of the body.
It brings back oxygenated blood to It brings back deoxygenated blood
Fig. 5 Single circulation in fishes the heart. to the heart.

Difference between single and double circulation

A
Single Circulation Double Circulation
Blood moves through heart only Blood passes twice through heart
once during completion of whole during completion of full circuit.
circuit in the body.
Pulmonary capillaries Only deoxygenated blood flows Both oxygenated and deoxygenated
through heart. blood pass through heart.
Heart pumps blood only to the Heart pumps blood to both CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03 Theory.p65"
Pulmonary
organ where oxygenation is to oxygenating organs and the rest of
circulation
occur. the body.
Pressure of blood flowing Pressure of blood passing through
through the body is low. the body is high.

left Metabolic rate is low. Metabolic rate is high.

Systemic ventricle It is found in pisces. It is found in amphibian, reptiles,
circulation
aorta birds and mammals.
BUILDING CONCEPTS 4
What is the advantage of having four chambered heart?

systemic capillaries Explanation

Fig.6 Double circulation Four chambered heart ensures complete separation of oxygenated and
in mammals and birds deoxygenated blood, which is useful to animals with high energy needs
(due to thermoregulation and higher activity) such as birds and mammals.

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Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the flowing blood on the wall
of arteries.
Blood pressure is of two types.
THE
(i) Systolic blood pressure (ii) Diastolic blood pressure
SPOT P
Characters Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure LIGHT
Blood pressure at the time Blood pressure at the time of The electrocardiography(ECG) is the
Definition of maximum contraction of maximum relaxation of process of recording the electrical
ventricles. ventricles. activity of the heart over a period of
time using electrodes placed on the
Value 120 mm Hg. 80 mm Hg.
skin.
Blood pressure Pressure in cuff
Pressure in cuff Pressure in cuff
120/80 (120) below 80
above 120 below 120
systolic,

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80 diastolic
120 120
Rubber cuff
80
inflated with
air Artery

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closed Sounds
audible in Sound stops
stethoscope
Artery

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Fig.7 Measurement of blood pressure

Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer.

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High blood pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by constriction THE
of arterioles, which results in increased resistance to blood flow. It can lead SPOT P
to rupture of an artery and internal bleeding. LIGHT
"Pacemaker" is a machine, inserted
CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS 2

A
in heart patients whose heart does
1. What is the function of valves in the circulatory system? not beat normally. It takes the place
of specialized muscles that initiate
2. The blood comes inside the veins its pressure is quite low. What, then keeps heartbeat.
the blood flowing through the veins?
3. Which valve is present between left auricle and left ventricle?

4. Lymphatic system
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03 Theory.p65"

Lymphatic system is an open circulatory system. It consists of lymphatic

capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphatic organs. Lymph
flows in one direction only i.e. from tissue to heart.
Capillaries have very fine pores through which blood plasma filters out and
starts flowing into the inter cellular spaces. This fluid is called extracellular
fluid. A part of this fluid enters into the lymph capillaries. The fluid inside
the lymph capillaries is called lymph. Lymph is a transparent fluid which
contains blood plasma except blood proteins, RBC and platelets.
THE
Lymph enters into lymph capillaries which join together to form large lymph
vessels. The lymph vessels finally drains lymph into large veins.
SPOT P
The lymphatic nodes occur at intervals in the course of lymphatic vessels. It LIGHT
contain lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. The lymph filters The instrument used to listen to the
heartbeat is known as stethoscope.
through the lymphatic nodes. The macrophages remove microorganisms,
cellular debris and foreign particles.

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Lymph
vessels
Thymus
Lymph
nodes

THE
P
Diaphragm Spleen
SPOT
LIGHT Lymph
Blood flow is bidirectional but the flow vessels
of lymph is unidirectional.

N
Fig.8 Lymphatic system in human
Functions of lymph

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(i) It takes up excess fluid that has diffused out from the blood capillaries
and puts it into blood.
(ii) It has lymphocytes which fight against germs and bacteria and produce
antibodies to fight against infections.

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(iii) It absorbs and carries digested fats from the intestine. Serve as a middle
man between blood and body.

CHECK YOUR A NSWERS 2

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1. To prevent blood from flowing backward veins and the heart are equipped
with valves that closes automatically.
2. Breathing and other forms of muscular activity contribute to venous blood

A
flow.
3. Mitral (bicuspid) valve.
5. Transportation in plants
Plants take in CO2, photosynthesize and store energy in leaves. Besides
CO2 plants need other raw materials for growth. These raw materials like
nitrogen, phosphorous etc., they get from the soil by the roots. These raw
materials need to be transported to each and every part of the plant, CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03 Theory.p65"

mainly to the leaves.

If the distance between roots and leaves is small, then these raw materials
THE
SPOT P can reach to the leaves easily by the process of diffusion.
In case distance between roots and leaves is more, then proper system of
LIGHT transportation is required.
Vascular bundles consisting of xylem In plants, transportation is done by a specialized vascular system which is
and phloem in the root, stem, left stalk present in the root, stem and leaves.
and leaf veins are all continuous and Vascular system is made up of two types of vascular tissues.
form an unbroken system of tubes.
1. Xylem 2. Phloem
In plants the transport of materials can be divided into two parts.
(1) Transport of water and minerals through xylem tissue.
(2) Transport of food and other substances through phloem tissue.
(1) Transport of water and minerals [Ascent of Sap]
The plants require water and minerals for making food and performing
other functions.
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Plants absorb water from the soil through the roots. Thus, water has to be
transported upwards to the other parts of the plant. This upward movement
of water is called ascent of sap. It is called the sap as it contains many dissolved
minerals. Ascent of sap involves root pressure and transpiration pull.
THE
Ascent of sap is carried out by xylem tissue which consists of :-
(1) Xylem vessels (2) Xylem tracheids
SPOT P
(3) Xylem fibers (4) Xylem parenchyma.
LIGHT
Xylem consists of four types of cells.
In flowering plants xylem vessels and tracheids conduct water and minerals Out of which only xylem parenchyma
upwardly. is living, rest all are non living, empty
and lignified.
In non flowering plants vessels are absent, tracheids are the only conducting
cells.
Absorption of water and minerals
The water and minerals are absorbed by land plants from the soil where it

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is present in the form of soil solution.
Leaf

Leaf xylem

L E
THE
Xylem vessels
Stomata
SPOT P
in the stem LIGHT

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Transpiration
Soil Film of The effect of root pressure in transport
particles water of water is more important at night.
During the day when the stomata are
open, the transpiration pull become
the major driving force in the

A
movement of water in xylem.
Root cortex
Root Epidermis Endodermis
hair
Fig.9 Ascent of sap
The main water and minerals absorbing organs are root hairs. The root
hairs are directly in contact with the film of water in between the soil particles.
Water gets into the root hairs by the process of osmosis. At the roots, cells
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in contact with soil actively take up ions (actively means by energy

expenditure). This creates a difference in concentration of these ions
between the root and the soil. Water therefore moves into the root from
the soil. Hence, there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating
a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards, from cortex to THE
endodermis and from endodermis to xylem vessels and tracheids. This is
called lateral transportation.
SPOT P
LIGHT
Finally, the water and minerals from the vessel and tracheids move upward
Cohesion is the molecular attraction
by the process called ascent of sap. by which the particles of a body are
Root pressure united throughout the mass.
The pressure with which the water is pushed up by the xylem of the roots
is called the root pressure that is developed in the xylem due to metabolic
activity of the root cells. Root pressure explains the transport of water to
the leaves and other parts in the case of short plants like the herbaceous
plants. However, in tall trees the root pressure is not sufficient to send the
water up to the leaves. In these trees, transpirational pull transports water.

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CBSE : Class X
THE
SPOT
LIGHT
More transpiration occurs from the
lower surface of dorsiventral leaf as
compared to upper surface. This is
because of the fact that more stomatal
openings are present on the under
surface.
ALLEN
Transpiration pull and cohesion-tension theory
The main force responsible for upward movement of water is transpiration
pull generated in the leaves which pulls the water column filled in the xylem
tracheids and vessels.
P During day period cohesion force (attractive force between water molecules)
and transpiration pull helps in the upward movement of sap from roots
to leaves.
Transpiration
The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of plant
is known as transpiration.
Transpiration mainly occurs through stomata (about 80% to 90%) but it may
also occur through cuticle (9%) and lenticels (1%).
Functions of transpiration

N
It helps in absorption and upward movement of water.
It helps in temperature regulation. The plants are protected from the burning
due to transpiration. Evaporation of water from leaf produces cooling effect.

E
BUILDING CONCEPTS 5
Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. Explain

L
Explanation
Plants are anchored and do not move. Most of their body is made of dead

L
cells and cell walls. Therefore, their requirements of energy is quite low
as compared to animals.

ACTIVE BIOLOGY 1

A
Aim
To demonstrate that the transpiration takes place through aerial part of
the plants.
Apparatus
Condensed Plastic sheets
water droplets
A small potted plant, a small pot of the same size and same amount of
soil as that of potted plant, a stick of the height of the plant, plastic sheets. CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03 Theory.p65"

Method
Cover the soil of two pots with plastic sheets. Fix a stick in the middle of the
pot which does not bear the plant. Cover both the pots with plastic sheets
and place them in bright sunlight for half an hour.
Soil Observation
covered with
Set (A)
plastic sheets
Set (B) The internal surface of the plastic sheet belonging to the set (A) having
Fig.10 Setup to potted plant becomes wet. There is no such change in the set (B).
demonstrate transpiration Conclusion
The wetness of the plastic sheet in set (A) must have occurred due to
condensation of water vapours. Water vapours can come only from aerial
shoot of the potted plant. The soil does not lose any water in evaporation
as it is clear from the set (B). Loss of water from aerial parts of the plant in
vapour form is called transpiration.

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(2) Transportation of food and other substances
Sugar, amino acid and other substances are translocated from site of
synthesis to the site of storage through the phloem.
Transport of food from leaves to different parts of plant is termed as
translocation.
THE
Translocation may be in upward or downward direction depending on the SPOT P
need of the plant. LIGHT
Translocation of food takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent In phloem tissue, except for phloem
companion cells of phloem tissue. fibers, all the cells are living. The
mature sieve tube elements do not
Phloem tissue consist of four components. have nucleus.
(1) Sieve tubes (2) Companion cells
(3) Phloem parenchyma (4) Phloem fibers

N
Sieve plate
Sieve tube

E
element

Phloem
parenchyma

L
Companion
cell

L
Fig.11 Parts of the phloem tissue THE
Mechanism of translocation SPOT P

A
Translocation takes place with energy consumption in the form of ATP.
Sugar (sucrose) made in leaves are loaded into the sieve tubes of phloem
LIGHT
Osmotic pressure is the force that a
by using energy from ATP. dissolved substances exerts on a semi
It increases the osmotic pressure of the sieve tubes. permeable membrane through which
Water now enters into sieve tubes containing sugar by the process of osmosis. it cannot penetrate, when separated
Soluble material is then transferred from phloem tissue to other tissues by it from pure solvent.
which have less pressure than in the phloem.
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03 Theory.p65"

Thus, according to plants requirement, the material is translocated from

higher osmotic pressure to lower osmotic pressure areas.

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A LL
Important Notes

E N
ALLEN

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NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
1. What are the components of the transport system
in human beings? What are the functions of these
components?
Ans. Human transport system has two components,
blood vascular system and lymphatic system.
Blood Vascular System. It consists of blood, blood
vessels (tube) and heart.
1. Heart. It is pumping organ of blood vascular
system.
2. Blood is made up of plasma and three types of
cells – red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles
and blood platelets.
(a) Blood Plasma-(i) Transport of nutrients, excretory
materials, hormones etc. (ii) Antibodies in the form
of immunoglobins. (iii) Prothrombin and fibrinogen
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proteins for blood clotting.
(b) Red Blood Corpuscles-Transport of oxygen as
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oxyhaemoglobin. Also transports some amount of
CO2.
(c) White Blood Corpuscles-Phagocytosis of germ
cells, production of antibodies and histamine.
A
(d) Blood Platelets-Formation of thromboplastin for
blood clotting.
3. Blood Vessels.
(a) Arteries. Taking away blood from heart to
different body parts.
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03-Exe.p65"
(b) Veins. Transporting blood towards heart from
various body parts.
(c) Capillaries. Exchange of materials between blood
and living cells through tissue fluid.
Lymphatic System. It consists of lymph, lymph
vessels and lymph nodes.
1. Lymph.
(a) Collection of extra tissue fluid and passing it back
into blood. (b) Picking up tissue secretions and
passing into blood. (c) Attracting and carrying germs
to lymph nodes.
Biology
2. Lymph Vessels. Collection of lymph and passing
the same into veins.
3. Lymph Nodes. (a) Lymph organs specialized to
filter germs. (b) Maturation of lymphocytes.
2. Why it is necessary to separate oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Ans. Mammals and birds are warm blooded animals.
They constantly use energy to maintain their body
temperature. They have a higher energy needs and
N
require more oxygenated blood for their cells. It is
important that their oxygenated blood does not mix
up with deoxygenated blood.
E
3. What are the components of the transport system
in highly organised plants?
Ans. Transport system of highly organised plants consists
of xylem and phloem.
(i) Xylem. It is used in transport of water and
minerals. Xylem is made of tracheids, vessels, xylem
fibers and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids and vessels
constitute the tracheary elements or channels for
transport of water and minerals.
(ii) Phloem. It is used for transport or translocation
of organic solutes or food. Phloem consists of sieve
tubes, companion cells, phloem fibers and phloem
parenchyma. Sieve tubes constitute the channels for
the transport of food materials.
4. How are water and minerals transported in
plants?
Ans. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots,
stem and leaves are interconnected to form a
continuous system of water conducting channels
reaching all parts of the plant. The root hairs are
directly in contact with the film of water in between
the soil particles. Water gets into the root hairs by
the process of osmosis. At the roots, cells in contact
with the soil actively take up ions. This creates a
difference in concentration of these ions between
the root and the soil. Water, therefore, moves into
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CBSE : Class X
the root from the soil. Hence, there is steady
movement of water into root xylem, creating a
column of water that is steadily pushed upwards.
Also, water is lost from the aerial parts of plant
(transpiration). Evaporation of water molecules from
the cells of the leaf creates a suction which pulls
water from the xylem cell of roots (the transpiration
pull). Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and
upward movement of water and minerals dissolved
in it from roots to the leaves.
5. How is food transported in plants?
Ans. The food manufactured by the leaves of a plant is
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the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to
move into it. This pressure moves the material in
the phloem to tissue which have less pressure. This
allows the phloem to move material according to
plant's needs.
6. What would be the consequence of deficiency of
haemoglobin in our body?
Ans. The deficiency of haemoglobin in our body causes
anaemia. In anaemia, the blood is unable to carry
the sufficient amount of oxygen required by the
body. So, respiration would be less and less energy
will be available to the body. The haemoglobin
deficient person will feel weak, pale, lethargic and
will be unable to perform heavy physical work.

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transported to its other parts through a kind of tube
7. What are the differences between the transport of
system called phloem. The transport of food from
materials in xylem and phloem?
the leaves to other parts of the plant is called
Ans. Transport in Transport in
translocation. The movement of material through

E
Xylem Phloem
phloem depends on the action of living cells called
(A) It transport water It transports organic
sieve tubes. Food molecules enter the phloem
and minerals. nutrients.
elements or cells from mesophyll cells of the leaf.

L
(B) The movement is The movement is
Once they enter phloem, they can be transported generally multidirectional.
upwards or downwards to all parts of a plant, unidirectional.
including roots. This food is transported to different (C) It is carried out byTakes place in sieve

L
parts of plant in the form of solution through sieve xylem vessels and tubes with the help
tubes. The end walls of sieve tubes are connected tracheids. of adjacent
with each other by perforated sieve plates, forming companion cells.
(D) Major operating Energy (ATP) is
a continuous passage from root tips to stem tips

A
forces are diffusion required for
through which dissolved food substances move freely.
and transpiration translocation.
The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilised pull.
energy. Material like sucrose is transferred into
phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increases

CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03-Exe.p65"

14
 Biology
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EXERCISE # 1
Multiple choice questions 12. The instrument used to hear heart sound is
1. Arteries carry oxygenated blood except (1) Electrocardiograph (2) Sphygmomanometer
(1) Pulmonary (2) Cardiac (3) Stethoscope (4) Haemometer
(3) Hepatic (4) Systemic
13. Which one of the following is connected with
2. In mammals, veins differs from arteries in having
transport of water in plants?
(1) Thicker walls
(2) Deeply present (1) Phloem (2) Xylem
(3) Carry blood away from heart (3) Epidermis (4) Cambium
(4) Internal valves 14. The principal pathway by which water is transported
3. Oxygenated blood returns from lungs to the heart in angiosperms is
through (1) Xylem vessel system
(1) Coronary vein (2) Pulmonary vein
(2) Xylem and phloem
(3) Coronary artery (4) Pulmonary artery

N
(3) Sieve tubes members of phloem
4. In the circulatory system, which is correct
(1) Right ventricle, Semi-lunar valve, Pulmonary (4) Phloem parenchyma
artery, Lungs 15. Which of the following contributes most to transport

E
(2) Left ventricle, Semi-lunar valve, Pulmonary of water from the ground to the leaves of a tall tree?
artery, Lungs (1) Breakdown of ATP
(3) Right ventricle, Semi-lunar valve, Pulmonary (2) Cohesion of water and transpiration pull
Vein, Lungs

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(3) Root pressure
(4) Left ventricle, Semi-lunar valve, Pulmonary
Vein, Lungs (4) Capillary rise of water in xylem
5. The heart of a healthy man beats normally per 16. If the cut end of a tree is put in eosin solution

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minute (1) Leaves remain fresh but ascent of sap stops
(1) 85-90 times (2) 80-90 times (2) Phloem gets coloured because of ascent of sap
(3) 70-80 times (4) 60-70 times (3) Xylem elements get stained showing ascent of
6. Four chambered heart is found in
sap through them

A
(1) Cobra (2) Tortoise
(4) Ascent of sap stops
(3) Salamander (4) Crocodile
7. Which of the following has the thickest walls? 17. The transpiration in plants will be lowest
(1) Right ventricle (2) Left ventricle (1) When there is high humidity in the atmosphere
(3) Right auricle (4) Left auricle (2) There is excess of water in the cell
8. Contraction of right ventricle pumps blood into (3) Environmental conditions are very dry
(1) Dorsal aorta (2) Pulmonary artery (4) High wind velocity
(3) Pulmonary vein (4) Coronary artery
18. Which of the following is not a function of
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03-Exe.p65"

9. Mammals are said to have double circulation. It

means transpiration?
(1) Blood vessels are paired (1) Excretion of minerals (2) Cooling of leaves
(2) There are two types of blood vessels attached to (3) Uptake of water (4) Uptake of minerals
every organ 19. Water will be absorbed by root hair when
(3) There are two systems, one from the heart to (1) Concentration of solutes in the cell sap is high
the lungs and one from lungs to the rest of the
(2) Plant is rapidly respiring
body.
(4) The blood circulates twice through the heart (3) They are separated from soil by permeable
10. In adult man, normal BP is membrane
(1) 100/80 mm Hg (2) 120/80 mm Hg (4) Concentration of salts in the soil is high
(3) 100/120 mm Hg (4) 80/120 mm Hg 20. The carbohydrate synthesized in the leaves are
11. The instrument by which blood pressure (BP) of man transported through sieve tubes most commonly in
is determined the form of
(1) Ultrasound (2) BP meter
(1) Glucose (2) Cellulose
(3) Stethoscope (4) Sphygmomanometer
(3) Sucrose (4) Soluble starch
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CBSE : Class X ALLEN
True or false 13. Lymphatic capillaries join to form .................
1. Circulatory system also performs the function of 14. Water enter into the root hair from soil by .............
homeostasis. 15. Transport of water and minerals is called .............
2. Humans have an open circulatory system. 16. The water moving upward forms a column, which
3. Living organisms must maintain a constant internal is maintained up to a certain height due to ...........
environment. 17. Vascular tissues in plants are ............. and ............
4. Blood is not a tissue because it is a fluid. 18. During day period ................. and .................
5. Arteries are the widest blood vessels. help in the upward movement of sap from roots
6. The liquid portion of the blood is called plasma. to leaves.
7. While there is only one type of RBC, there are 19. Transpiration mainly occurs through .................
many white blood cell types. 20. Translocation takes place through energy in the
8. Arteries are able to contract and expand.
form of .................
9. All animals have a system of vessels and tubes
Match the column
called a circulatory system.
10. The exchange of nutrients and waste products 1. Column A Column B

N
between the blood and cells occurs within the 1. Capillaries (a) Contains WBC
arteries. 2. Lymph (b) Oxygenated blood
Fill in the blanks 3. Left ventricle (c) Deoxygenated blood
4. Pulmonary artery (d) RBC
1. ................. help in blood clotting.

E
5. Haemoglobin (e) Exchange of materials
2. Plasma proteins are synthesized in................. 6. Birds (f) Three chambered
3. Blood vessels without muscular walls are 7. Fishes heart
................. 8. Amphibians (g) Four chambered heart

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4. Fishes have ................. chambered heart. (h) Two chambered heart
5. Amphibians have ................. chambered heart.
6. Pumping organ in human body is ................. 2. Column A Column B

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7. ................. circulation is related with lungs. 1. Living part of (a) Sieve tube
8. Blood goes through the heart twice during each xylem (b) Tracheids
cycle is called ................. 2. Dead part of (c) Companion cell
9. ... .... .... .... .. side of h eart pumps o nly phloem (d) Vessels
deoxygenated blood. 3. Living part of (e) Phloem fiber

A
10. Transparent fluid other than blood which help in phloem (f) Xylem parenchyma
4. Dead part of (g) Phloem parenchyma
transportation is called .................
xylem (h) Xylem fiber
11. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from
.................
12. Lymph drains excess fluid from extra cellular
space back into .................

EXERCISE # 1 ANSWER KEY CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03-Exe.p65"

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans 1 4 2 1 3 4 2 2 4 2
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans 4 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 3
True and false
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False
6. True 7. True 8. True 9. False 10. False
Fill in the blanks
1. Platelets 2. Liver 3. capillaries 4. two 5. three
6. heart 7. Pulmonary 8. double circulation 9. Right 10. Lymph
11. intestine 12. heart 13. lymph vessels 14. osmosis
15. ascent of sap 16. transpiration pull 17. xylem and pholem
18. cohesive force and transpiration pull 19. stomata 20. ATP
Match the column
1. (1)–(e), (2)–(a), (3)–(b), (4)–(c), (5)–(d), (6)–(g), (7)–(h), (8)-(f) 2. (1)–(f), (2)–(e), (3)–(a, c, g), (4)–(b, d, h)

16
 Biology
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EXERCISE # 2
Very short answer type questions 8. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and
1. Why is blood called river of life? deoxygenated blood in mammal and birds?
2. Name the major circulation present in our body. 9. Write three differences between lymph and blood.
3. What makes RBC's red? 10. Give the difference between pulmonary circulation
4. Name the blood-receiving chamber of heart. and systemic circulation.
5. Which chamber of heart has thickest wall? 11. What are the components of the transport system
6. Name the larger veins that pour blood into right in human beings? What are the functions of these
auricle. components?

7. Name the largest artery of our body. 12. What is blood pressure? How it is measured?
8. Which chamber of heart receives oxygenated blood 13. Write the main difference between xylem and
from lungs? phloem.

N
9. Name the artery that carry deoxygenated blood 14. Which process in plants creates suction force to
and the vein that carry oxygenated blood. help water column rise in plants?
10. Why there is no backflow of blood from ventricles

E
15. What is the role of stomata in transpiration?
to auricles?
11. Which instrument can record electrical changes Long answer type questions
during heart beat? 1. What is lymph? How it is formed? What is its function

L
12. What is pulmonary circulation? in human body?
13. Give the technical term for the white vascular 2. Name the component of blood which promotes
connective tissue. clotting. Explain the mechanism of blood clotting.

L
14. Name that component of the vascular bundle 3. (a) Draw a diagram of the vertical section of human
which transports food from the leaves to different heart to show the internal structure. Label any
parts of a plant. one of the heart chambers and any other five
15.

A
What is the upper movement of water and parts.
minerals called?
(b) Describe the double circulation in human
Short answer type questions beings with the help of diagrams. Why double
1. Is human circulatory system open or closed? Why? circulation is necessary?
2. Give the composition of plasma.
4. (a) What is translocation? Why is it essential for
3. What is the primary function of RBC's? plants? Where in plants is sugar synthesized.
4. Give the difference between plasma and lymph.
CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03-Exe.p65"

(b) How does transpiration help in ascent of sap?

5. Give an account on different types of blood vessels.
6. Give the difference between pulmonary artery 5. Explain any five functions of blood. Why is
and pulmonary vein. transportation of materials necessary? What is
7. Why is circulation in man known as "double coronary circulation?
circulation"?

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CBSE : Class X

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Important Notes

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CBSE-2021\Module\ADC_IHL\10th\Biology\05. Transportation in Human beings\03-Exe.p65"