Cadet number: 21.11.21.

011

TYPE OF ASSIGNMENT: Take-home Examination

Class of 2022

Subject: Marine Environment Protection

Date: submission deadline, 01 july. 2022

Given by: Lulu Mutiara Ramadhani

Word count: 1500 / excluding the title page, 

table of content, and list of reference
 Table of Content
Tabel of Content 1
1. Introduction 2
2. Legal framework 3
Internal Convention on Standars of Training, Certification, and watchkeeping for
Seafarers (STCW) 3
Marpol 73/78 3
International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea(COLREGs) 3
3. Analysys of Problem 4
4. Conclusion 5
5. References 6
 INTRODUCTION

In 2002 on November 13, there was a tanker accident that departed from the Baltic port,
Latvia, heading to Gibraltar, namely the Prestige Tanker which was carrying 77 thousand tons of
fuel oil with high sulfur content. This ship accident spilled fuel oil which is more dangerous than
crude oil spills because this fuel oil is difficult to decompose and quickly spreads to easily
pollute the sea quickly.

This ship accident is feared to cause enormous marine pollution and can make rare
species in the Spanish sea become extinct. The evacuation process for the entire crew was carried
out by the Spanish Rescue Unit, which at that time the prestige tanker was already in a 45 degree
tilt position. When the evacuation process was carried out, the weather conditions were very bad,
strong winds made the evacuation process more difficult, but in the end 24 crew members were
successfully evacuated safely and only the captain and 2 other crew members were left on board.

This prestige tanker has a payload capacity of 85,000 m3. This tanker has served across
the oceans for 25 years, and finally ended its service due to a storm in Biskaya Bay, Spain. Funds
amounting to 12 billion US dollars was spent on cleaning up the fuel oil spill of the prestige ship
that had polluted the coast and sea of Spain. This ship accident also caused a lot of losses,
causing disputes to criminal prosecution.

The cause of this prestige tanker sinking is estimated, namely, a collision with a floating
object such as a container, there is also an estimated cause of material fatigue due to continuous
contact with other ships while operating as floating storage tanks. storage) for several months
before sinking. Then the last estimate is caused by ship repairs carried out by China in 2001.
 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Case of Oil

Pollution 1969 (intervention convention 1969) This regulation only came into force on May 6,
1975. This convention is an attempt by the International community (in this case IMO) to make
provisions for environmental protection the sea against the backdrop of the 1967 Torrey Canyon
Case.

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 (MARPOL
1973) Marpol 1973 was adopted on November 2, 1973, and entered into force on October 2,
1983. Marpol 1973 is a form of improvement made by IMO in anticipating efforts to prevent
pollution of the marine environment, especially sourced from oil.

MARPOL Annex 1, which entered into force on October 2, 1983, is to protect the marine
environment through comprehensive prevention of pollution of oil and other damaging elements
and to reduce the possibility of accidental discharge of these elements.

MARPOL 73/78, handles oil spills according to the classification of oil spills, provides
information guidance on procedures for handling oil spills, as well as oil pollution on ships as an
effort to minimize pollution at sea.
 ANALYSIS PROBLEM

The European Union (EU) countries blame almost all the achievements of prestigious
tankers, classification bodies and flag state governments.All losses due to the sinking of the MT
Prestige Tanker caused a fierce process and problem. When the era of prosecution of seafarers
began, the Spanish government arrested the captain of the tanker. The cause of the sinking of the
MT Prestige Tanker is still a gamble for experts. So far, there are three possible causes of the
biggest accident, one of which is a collision with a floating object such as a container. Another
reason was material fatigue due to constant contact with other ships while being used as floating
storage tanks a few months before the last voyage and the third was the potential impact of
China's inadequate repair work in 2001.

On November 1, 2006, the European Community (EC) agreed to provide €600,000 to

support a two-year project called the Lifecycle Impact Assessment (ALERT) for tanker repairs.
The sinking of the tanker MT Prestige, which spilled large quantities of oil into the sea, was a
disaster with environmental impacts and was part of the MT Prestige and other similar vessels,
Financial. Huge loss as a result of the incident this should be a valuable lesson for future
performance improvement.

The impact on the tanker shipping industry, tanker operators is emphasized by the
emergence of CSR (Common Structural Rules) and changes in classification rules that
accompany the formation of ALERT. After the disaster, tankers like the Prestige moved off the
coasts of France and Spain. Loyola de Palacio of Spain's European Union Transport Safety
Board has called for a ban on single-hart tankers. Environmental impact The accident continued
to release oil. About 125 tons per day pollute the sea, especially the whole Galicia region,
especially the coast.
Experts say that the type of oil spilled contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are
toxic carcinogens that can cause cancer, contaminating marine organisms for at least 10 years. I
estimate that.
 The environmental damage caused by Prestige is the worst on the coast of Galicia. There,
local activists formed the environmental movement Nunca Mais (Galicia for Never Again),
which is dedicated to strengthening environmental law. No wonder this disaster caused huge
economic losses. Loss of ship operators who suffer losses of ships and their cargo, the
government in charge of disaster management, etc. In fact, financial loss data On 1 November
2006, there was a €600,000 grant for a two-year European Community (EC) project. The French
prime minister has pledged €50 million to clean the oceans of the oil spill. A recent report by the
Galicia-based economic institute, Barriela Maza, criticized the Spanish government's response to
the disaster. The estimated net cost for the coast of Galicia alone is €2.5 billion. Exxon has spent
$2 billion on Valdes. Looking at the IMO rules, it is possible that the MT Prestige tanker
violated some of the existing rules. This is because such an incident must not be repeated at least
once after the sinking of the oil freighter Exxon Vaaldez Case (1989). For the research we
reviewed, there were at least some inconsistent recipes relevant.

International Oil Pollution Intervention Convention, 1969 (Intervention Convention

1969) This regulation did not take effect until May 6, 1975. The convention is an attempt by the
international community (in this case IMO) to take precautions to protect the marine
environment in connection with the 1967 Tory Canyon incident.
The exception to this Convention concerns pollution by oil facilities in the case of exploration
and development of natural resources on the seabed, warships, and government-owned ships for
non-commercial purposes.

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships (MARPOL 1973)

Marpol 1973 was adopted on November 2, 1973 and came into force on October 2, 1983.
Marpol 1973 is a form of improvement made by IMO in anticipating efforts to control pollution.
The ocean mainly comes from petroleum. This Convention establishes the requirements for all
oil-carrying vessels in operation: (a) top cargo, (b) crude oil washers, and (c) individual ballast
tanks. 1992 Amendments to MARPOL-Regulatory Regulations Annex I The amendments to
Appendix I of the Convention relate to requirements for double hull tankers. This requirement
applies to tankers built after 6 July 1993, tankers installed after 6 January 1994, or tankers
delivered after 6 July 1996. For older ships, this requirement will be applied gradually. This
change was motivated by the tragedy of the sinking of the Exxon-Vaaldez rod (1989) which
contained 1,264,155 barrels of crude oil. The incident spilled up to 40,000 tonnes of oil in the
northeastern part of Prince William Sound in US waters

The surveillance system is a form of violation. oil meter that measures the oil content in
water Vessel speed indicator (knot unit) to determine ship speed Vessel position indicator to
confirm ship position Process control to adjust oil drain Data recorder to record data during
discharge. Data display showing data during discharge This system is connected to sound an
alarm and automatically close the drain when the oil mixed with water exceeds 30 liters per
nautical mile and the oil content exceeds 15 pp. The Bahamas Maritime Bureau (BMA)
recommends traditional cleaning and inspection/review methods. You need to think carefully "to
find a way to find vulnerabilities". A BMA study identified the need to improve repair
procedures for older ships, which may have problems in the process of connecting new steel
mills to old steel mills.
CONCLUTION