Basic electronics course

Amplifiers

Mahendra Sakare
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
mahendra@iitrpr.ac.in

Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India

March 20, 2019

 Amplifiers
1

vout

vin RL

vsig

» NPN Common Emitter

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 IC vs VCE BJT output characteristic
2

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Amplifier with biasing
3

VCC

RC
vout

vin RL

VDC

vsig

» DC signal - Biasing circuits - Large signal analysis.

» AC signal - Amplifier configuration - Small signal
analysis.

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Biasing circuits
4

1. Fixed bias circuit.

2. Self bias circuit.
3. Emitter degenerated resistor biasing circuit.
4. Resistive divider bias circuit.
5. Current mirror circuit.
» Biasing circuit is independent of amplifier
configurations.

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Fixed bias circuit
5

VCC

RC

Vout
RB
VBB VCE
VBE

» Collector current depends on β.

» Base current should be independent of collector current.
Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Self bias circuit
6

» For DC operating points, everything is good.

» Negative feedback for AC signals - reduction of gain.

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Fixed bias with emitter degeneration resistor
7

+Vcc

Ib Rb Rc Ic

C
Vce
B
E
Vbe
Re Ie

» For DC operating points, everything is good.

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Voltage divider bias circuit
8

+Vcc

I1 R1 Rc Ic

Ib C
Vce
B
E

I2 R2 Re Ie

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Current mirror biasing circuit
9

» Used in integrated circuits.

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Reference - Biasing circuits
10

» Sedra-Smith “Microelectronics circuit” 5ed - Section

5.5
» Sedra-Smith “Microelectronics circuit” 6ed - Section
6.7
» Sedra-Smith “Microelectronics circuit” 7ed - section
7.4

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Reference for amplifier configurations
11

» Sedra-Smith “Microelectronics circuit” 5ed - Section

5.7
» Sedra-Smith “Microelectronics circuit” 6ed - Section
6.6 and 6.8
» Sedra-Smith “Microelectronics circuit” 7ed - section
7.3 and 7.5

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Amplifier configurations
12

vout vout vout

vin vin vin vin

vout
RE
RE

Common emitter Common emitter Common collector

with emitter Common base
or emitter follower
resistor

» Common emitter
Common emitter with emitter degenerated resistor

» Common base
» Common collector

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Amplifier behaviour model
13

Rsig vin Rout vout

vsig Avvin
Rin RL

» Rin = ∞
» Rout = 0
» Av = ∞

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common emitter amplifier
14

vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re
vsig
vsig

Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
Rout=RL
Av=gmRL

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common emitter amplifier
15
VCC

VCC
R'C
RC RB1 CC2 vout
vout
Rsig CC1 RL
vin
vin RL

VDC
vsig RB2
RE CBy
vsig

VCC

R'C R'C
RB1 CC2 vout RB1 CC2 vout

Rsig CC1 Rsig CC1 RL

vin RL vin

vsig RB2 vsig RB2

RE CBy RE CBy

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common emitter amplifier
16

Without bias circuit:

R'C
Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
RB1 CC2 vout
Rout=RL
Rsig CC1
vin RL
Av=gmRL

vsig RB2
RE CBy

vout

Rin= =α
ic
R'C RL
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

» Rin = ?
Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common emitter amplifier
17

» Input resistance = ?
vout Without bias circuit:

ic RL Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
vin
Rout=RL
re
Av=gmRL
vsig

vout

Rin= R RB1||RB2|| R
(without
in bias circuit)
=α Rout=
sig R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common emitter amplifier
18

» Output resistance = ?
vout Without bias circuit:

ic RL Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
vin
Rout=RL
re
Av=gmRL
vsig

vout

Rin= R RB1||RB2|| R
(without
in bias circuit)
=α Rout=
sig R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common emitter amplifier
19

» Output resistance = ?
vout Without bias circuit:

ic RL Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
vin
Rout=RL
re
Av=gmRL
vsig

vout

Rin= R RB1|| RB2|| Rin

(without
bias circuit)
=α Rout=RL R'C
sig R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Revisit Common emitter amplifier
20

vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re
vsig
vsig

Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
Rout=RL
Av=gmRL

» input resistance is less.

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
21

» Input resistance ?
vout
=α
ic RL
vin

re

RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
22

» Input resistance ?
vout
=α
ic RL Rout=
vin

re

RE

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
23

» Output resistance ?
vout
=α
ic RL Rout=RL
vin

re

RE

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
24

» Gain ?
vout
=α
ic RL Rout=RL
vin

re

RE A v=

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
25

» Gain ?
vout
=α
ic RL Rout=RL
vin

re

RE Av= - gmRL/(1+gmRE)

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
26

VCC

R'C
RB1 CC2 vout

Rsig CC1 RL
vin

vsig RB2
RE CBy

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
27

» Input resistance ?
vout
=α
R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
28

vout
=α Rout=
R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

RE

(without
Rin= R sig RB1||RB2 || Rin bias circuit)

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
29

» Output resistance ?
vout
=α Rout=
R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

RE

(without
Rin= R sig RB1||RB2 || Rin bias circuit)

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Emitter degenerated common emitter amplifier
30

» Output resistance ?
vout
=α Rout=RL R'C
R'C RL
ic
Rsig vin

RB1 RB2 re

vsig

RE

(without
Rin= R sig RB1||RB2 ||Rin bias circuit)

Rin= (1 + β) (re+RE) = rΠ+(1+ β) RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
31

» Circuit diagram ?

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
32

vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin=
Rout=
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
33

» Input resistance = ?
vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
34

» Input resistance = ?
vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin= re= rΠ/(1 + β)

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
35

» Output resistance = ?
vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin= re= rΠ/(1 + β)

Rout=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
36

» Output resistance = ?
vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin= re= rΠ/(1 + β)

Rout= RL

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
37

» Gain = ?
vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin= (1 + β)re=rΠ
Rout=RL
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common base amplifier
38

» Gain = ?
vout
vout
ic RL
vin RL
vin

re

vsig

vsig

Rin= re= rΠ/(1 + β)

Rout= RL
Av=gmRL

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
39

» Emitter follower.
» Circuit diagram?

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
40

» Emitter follower.

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin=
Rout=
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
41

» Emitter follower.
» Input resistance = ?

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin=
Rout=
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
42

» Emitter follower.
» Input resistance = ?

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin= (1 + β)(re+RL)
Rout=
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
43

» Emitter follower.
» Output resistance = ?

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin= (1 + β)(re+RL)
Rout=
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
44

» Emitter follower.
» Output resistance = ?

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin= (1 + β)(re+RL)
Rout= re||RL
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
45

» Emitter follower.
» Gain = ?

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin= (1 + β)(re+RL)
Rout= re||RL
Av=

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Common collector amplifier
46

» Emitter follower.
» Gain = ?

ic
vin
vin
ie
vsig re
vout vout
vsig
RL

RL
Rin= (1 + β)(re+RL)
Rout= re||RL
Av= RL/(re+RL)

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Discrete common collector amplifier
47

» Emitter follower.
VCC

VCC
RB1

Rsig CC1
vin

CC2 vout

vsig RB2 RL
RE

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Discrete common base amplifier
48

VCC

R'C
RB1 CC2 vout

RL

CC1 Rsig
vin
RB2

RE vsig

Mahendra Sakare | Topic −Amplifiers GE 108 − Basic electronics course March 20, 2019
 Thank you.
.........................................................................................................