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MC 1 Lecture (Anatomy & Physiology) Chapter 4
MC 1 Lecture (Anatomy & Physiology) Chapter 4
● Nails
CHAPTER 4: SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES
Functions of the Integumentary System
Body Membranes - Insulates and cushion deeper body organs
● Functions of body membranes - Protects the entire body from:
- Cover body surfaces
- Line body cavities
- Form protective sheets around organs ● Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
● Chemical damage (acids and bases)
Classified according to tissue types: ● Thermal damage (heat or cold)
● Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
1. Epithelial membranes ● Microbes (bacteria)
- Cutaneous membranes ● Desiccation (drying out)
- Mucous membranes ● Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by
- Serous membranes the nervous system
● Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
2. Connective tissue membranes ● Synthesizes vitamin D
- Synovial membranes
Structure of the Skin
Epithelial Membranes Two kinds of tissue compose the skin:
- Epithelial membranes are simple organs ● Epidermis
- Also called covering and lining membranes ● Dermis
These membranes contain: ● Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
- Epithelial tissue layer - Anchors the skin to underlying organs
- Connective tissue layer - Not technically part of the integumentary
system
● Cutaneous membrane = skin - Composed mostly of adipose tissue
- Dry membrane - Serves as a shock absorber and insulates
- Outermost protective boundary deeper tissues
- Construction
● The epidermis is composed of keratinized ● Epidermis—outer layer
stratified squamous epithelium - Capable of being hard and tough
● The dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) - Stratified squamous epithelium
connective tissue - Keratinocytes (the most common cell)
● Mucous membranes (mucosae) produce a fibrous protein called keratin
- Moist membranes - Avascular
- Line all body cavities that open to the exterior
body surface ● Composed of five layers (strata)
- Adapted for absorption or secretion
- Construction Summary of layers of the epidermis from deepest to most
● Epithelium type depends on site superficial
● Loose connective tissue (lamina propria) ● Stratum basale
● Serous membranes (serosae) ● Stratum spinosum
- Line open body cavities that are closed to the ● Stratum granulosum
exterior of the body ● Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
- Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a ● Stratum corneum
visceral and parietal layer
- Construction ● Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
● Simple squamous epithelium - The deepest layer of the epidermis
● Areolar connective tissue - Lies next to dermis
● Specific serous membranes - Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two
- Peritoneum - Abdominal cavity together
- Pleura - Around the lungs - Cells undergoing mitosis
- Pericardium - Around the heart - Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the
more superficial layers
Connective Tissue Membranes ● Stratum spinosum
● Synovial membranes - Cells become increasingly flattered and more
- Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial keratinized
tissue) ● Stratum granulosum
- Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints ● Stratum lucidum
- Line bursae - Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
- Line tendon sheaths - Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of
- Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs hands and soles of feet
moving against each other during muscle activity ● Stratum corneum
- Outermost layer of epidermis
Integumentary System - Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin
● The integumentary system consists of the: (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)
- Skin (cutaneous membrane)
- Skin appendages Structure of the Skin
● Sweat glands ● Melanin
● Oil glands - Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes
● Hair
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MC 1 LECTURE (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY) CHAPTER 4
- Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of - Prevents hair from becoming brittle
the epidermis - Kills bacteria
- Color is yellow to brown to black - Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles;
- Melanin accumulates in membrane-bound others open directly onto the skin surface
granules called melanosomes - Glands are activated at puberty
- The amount of melanin produced depends upon ● Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
genetics and exposure to sunlight - Produce sweat
● Epidermal dendritic cells - Widely distributed in the skin
- Alert and activate immune cells to a threat ● Two types of sudoriferous glands:
(bacterial or viral invasion) 1. Eccrine glands
● Merkel cells 2. Apocrine glands
- Associated with sensory nerve endings
- Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs ● Eccrine glands
- Open via a duct to sweat pores on the skin’s
● Dermis surface
- Connective tissue - Produce acidic sweat (water, salts, vitamin C,
- Underlies the epidermis traces of metabolic waste)
● Two layers of the dermis: - Function in body temperature regulation
● The papillary layer (upper dermal region)
contain projections called dermal papillae
- Indent the epidermis above
- Many projections contain capillary loops, ● Apocrine glands
and others house pain and touch - Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and
receptors genitals
- On palm and sole surfaces, papillae - Begin to function at puberty
increase friction and gripping ability - Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and
- Fingerprints are identifying films of proteins (milky or yellowish color)
sweat - Play a minimal role in body temperature
● Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) regulation
- Blood vessels
- Sweat and oil glands ● Hair
- Deep pressure receptors (lamellar - Produced by the hair follicle
corpuscles) - The root is enclosed in the follicle
● Other dermal features - Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin
- Cutaneous sensory receptors - Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
- Phagocytes - Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
- Collagen and elastic fibers - Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in
- Blood vessels stratum basale
● Hair anatomy
Skin Color - Central medulla
● Three pigments contribute to skin color: - Cortex surrounds medulla
1. Melanin - The cuticle on the outside of the cortex - The most
- Yellow, reddish-brown, or black pigments heavily keratinized region of the hair
2. Carotene
- Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables ● Associated hair structures
3. Hemoglobin ● Hair follicle
- Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries - Composed of an epithelial root sheath and
- Oxygen content determines the extent of red fibrous sheath
coloring - Dermal region provides a blood supply to
● Redness (erythema)—due to embarrassment, the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle)
inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy - Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair
● Pallor (blanching)—due to emotional stress (such as follicle to pull hairs upright when we are
fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood cold or frightened
flow to an area
● Jaundice (yellow cast)—indicates a liver disorder
● Bruises (black and blue marks)—hematomas ● Nails
- Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the
epidermis
- Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed,
Appendages of the Skin which is responsible for the growth
● Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands - Lack of pigment makes nails colorless
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands ● Parts of a nail
● Hair - Free edge
● Hair follicles - The body is the visible attached portion
● Nails - Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of
● Sebaceous (oil) glands the nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge
- Located all over the skin except for palms and - The root of the nail is embedded in the skin
soles - Growth of the nail occurs from the nail matrix
- Produce sebum (oil)
- Makes skin soft and moist Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
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MC 1 LECTURE (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY) CHAPTER 4
- Over 10 percent of the body has third- or fourth-
Infections and allergies degree burns
● Athlete’s foot - Third- or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands,
- Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis) or feet, or genitals
- Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes - Burns affect the airways
● Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles - Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns
- Caused by inflammation of hair follicles have occurred
- Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by
bacteria
● Cold sores (fever blisters) ● Skin cancer
- Caused by human herpesvirus 1 - The most common form of cancer in
- Blisters itch and sting humans
● Contact dermatitis - The most important risk factor is
- Caused by exposure to chemicals that overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
provoke allergic responses in sunlight and tanning beds
- Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin
● Impetigo Cancer can be classified two ways:
- Caused by bacterial infection 1. Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not
- Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around spread
mouth/nose 2. Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other
● Psoriasis body areas
- Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal
changes, or stress Most common types of skin cancer
- Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, - Basal cell carcinoma
silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, or - Squamous cell carcinoma
sometimes bleed - Malignant melanoma
Criteria for determining burns critical (if anyone is met): DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF SKIN AND BODY
- Over 30 percent of the body has second-degree MEMBRANES
burns
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MC 1 LECTURE (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY) CHAPTER 4
● Lanugo, a downy hair, covers the body by the fifth
or sixth month of fetal development but
disappears by birth
● Vernix caseosa, an oily covering, is apparent at
birth
● Milia, small white spots, are common at birth and
disappear by the third week
● Acne may appear during adolescence
● In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well hydrated
● With aging, skin loses elasticity and thins
● Skin cancer is a major threat to skin exposed to
excessive sunlight
● Balding and/or graying occurs with aging; both
are genetically determined; other factors that may
contribute include drugs and emotional stress