1

RESULT PROCESSING SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN

TECHNOLOGY

By Augustine Ogar
Department of Computer Science
Federal Polytechnic Bauchi
19/136503
aogar.136503@fptb.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
The invention of new technology and availability of high speed connection is playing a vital role in every aspect
of our daily lives. This advancement also brings a number of challenges, especially security related challenges.
The Blockchain technology, one of the most influential inventions in the last decade attracts attention for its
potential to provide security from supply chain management to shipping and other areas. The education sector
also needs to utilize the benefits that blockchain technology provides. Educational institutions especially tertiary
institutions are now eyeing to employ this application to improve teaching and learning activities and promote
collaboration among the stakeholders such as students, teachers and parents. It will also be used in e- transcripts,
digital degrees and certification, cloud storage, identity management. This on progress study discusses the
blockchain technology applications that can be maximized by the education sector.
KEYWORDS Result processing system (RPS), Block Hash Code (BHC), Number only once
(NONCE), Transaction Data (TD)

I INTRODUCTION ademic session examinations. Conducting of examina-

One of the largest investments in many organizations is
the creation, maintenance, and retrieval of information.
It has been estimated that in an organization such as a
tertiary educational community, information is highly
essential for correct students’ record and examination
data. Student’s Examination result is one of the most
important elements in schools. These data must be pro-
cessed under critical management, while requiring sim-
ple operations for processing the examination results.
Nowadays a lot of cases are coming up regarding cor-
ruption in university results. Cases such as hacking into
system and changing results, false mark sheets, are be-
ing observed. Hence the aim is to develop a system
which would bring transparency in results of university.
In Nigerian Institution of higher education, the perfor-
mance of students is based almost entirely on end-of ac-
tion is a crucial and complex job for the Institution of
higher education Administration. Absolute confidenti-
ality has to be ensured. The admission of students into
various departments of the University has been increas-
ing at an accelerated rate and has now reached a posi-
tion where it is very difficult for the available man-
power to cope with the magnitude of examination work,
in the given time span thereby leading to delay in the
declaration of session results. An effective measure
which can improve the efficiency of the result pro-
cessing system is the introduction of computerization.
This project provides a system that processes student’s
results using blockchain technology and produces an
output with no manipulation from any source among the
stakeholders in charge of results processing or auditing.
Education is a core area where development takes place
on different levels of education. Regardless of the

1|P a g e
marked allure in technology, there is however a desire
for creating human recourses via learning, and block-
chain makes this easier to achieve. Blockchain can be
employed within the automated result processing sys-
tems of individual higher education institutions or
groups of educational institution. In education sections,
critical of Undergraduates’ information are vital plus
sensitive and to retrieval data of general administrative
background, learning and research maybe time consum-
ing that cased very problematic. In conventional educa-
tion framework, there is some of the challenges are re-
sult processing. For result processing, blockchain tech-
nology gives a protected archive of such records, time-
stepped can be a big assist for all stakeholders (admin-
istration).
Blockchain technology is one of the illustrious tech-
niques in the newest few years. One of the most im-
portant applications is securing data during Result Pro-
cessing System (RPS).The features of blockchain are
readiness of sharing and visibility that are essential for
any RPS.
II LITERATURE REVIEW
Several efforts have been made to alleviate the burden
of result computation that is usually borne by examina-
tion officers (in this case teachers) in the Nigeria clime.
Grey (2010 as cited in Oluwadamilare & Akhigbe,
2020) observed that when results are processed manu-
ally, it may lead to the problem of computational error,
insecurity of results, untidy results after changes must
have been effected and excess work load on the exami-
nation officers and so on. For these reasons an effective,
efficient and error free results processing system is re-
quired for proper result processing. Furthermore, de-
signing and implementing an integrated software for re-
sult processing could minimize these problems. Pass-
word was used to grant access to only authorized
user(s). Corrections or changes are effected without
making the work untidy. Also stress on examination of-
ficers and computer operators will be greatly reduced.
The application of blockchain to education is still in its
early stages. Only a small number of educational insti-
tutions have started to utilize blockchain technology.
Most of these institutions are using it for the purpose of
validating and sharing academic certificates and/or
learning outcomes that their students have achieved
(Chen, Xu, Lu & Chen, 2018 as cited in Ali et-al, 2019).
However, researchers in the field believe that block-
2|P a g e
chain technology has much more to offer and can actu-
ally revolutionize the field. According to Nespor (2018
as cited in Ali, 2019), blockchain could undercut the ed-
ucational institutions’ central role as certification agents
and provide students with more learning opportunities.
According to mayank sahu (2021) he described Block-
chain as a peer-to-peer network; the word blockchain is
made up of two separate terms, ‘block’ and ‘chain’. A
block being referred to a collection of data, alias data
records, and chain being referred to a public database of
these blocks, stored as a list. These lists are linked using
cryptography, making it the most essential and funda-
mental requirement for creating a blockchain. Block-
chain is a growing list of records, and the blocks get ap-
pended to the list with time.
A. Blockchain Concept Etymology
In the research conducted (Obushnyi, Kravchenko,
Khatskevych, Nekrasov, Frantsiian, 2020) explore the
origin of blockchain “The first references to the con-
cepts close in their meaning to the Blockchain concept
are found in publications: 1991, Stuart Haber, W. Scott
Stornetta (“chain of time-stamps) and 2008, Satoshi
Nakamoto (“chain of blocks”). It is the work of Satoshi
Nakamoto that is considered the fundamental incentive
in the popularization of blockchain technology. But the
history of formation of the foundations of this technol-
ogy began much earlier – in the 70’s of the twentieth
century.
Here are the works that underlie blockchain:
● 1977 – RSA, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard
Adleman
● 1980 – Protocols for public key cryptosystems, Ralph
Merkle
● 1983 – Ecash, anonymous cryptographic electronic
money, David Chaum
● 1991 – How to time-stamp a digital document, Stuart
Haber, W. Scott Stornetta number of studiers and ex-
perts consider this work to be one, where the prototype
of the Blockchain concept (called “chain of time-
stamps”) has been described for the first time;
● 1992 – Improving the Efficiency and Reliability of
Digital Time-Stamping, Dave Bayer, Stuart Haber, W.
Scott Stornetta
● 1997 – Hashcash based on PoW, Adam Back
● 1998 – B-money, Wei Dai
● 1998 – Bit gold, Nick Szabo
● 1999 – Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols,
Markus Jakobsson Ari Juels
● 2004 – Reusable Proofs of Work, Hal Finney
● 2008 – Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash Sys-
tem, Satoshi Nakamoto; (“chain of blocks” is men-
tioned)
The term Blockchain (“block chain”) was first used in
November 7, 2008 by Hal Finney in the metzdowd.com
mailing list (Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper, Hal Finney in
his analysis of the Satoshi Nakamoto original work.
According to Merriam-Webster (2017, as cited in
Obushnyi et al, 2020), the emergence of the term Block-
chain dates back to 2011, and in March 2011 Block-
chain.com, blockchain.net, blockchain.info and block-
chain.org were registered. Thus, the analysis of the
Blockchain concept etymology showed that it covers a
wide range of hypotheses of its emergence”.
B. BLOCKCHAIN OVERVIEW
Blockchain was first introduced as the underlying tech-
nology of Bitcoin and its purpose was to provide a so-
lution to the "double-spending" problem. It can be de-
scribed as a peer-to-peer distributed ledger that is cryp-
tographically secure, append only, immutable and can
be updated only via consensus among peers. The ledger
stores records of transactions between non-trusted
anonymous participants in a network, referred to as
nodes. Rather than having a central administrator, the
ledger is replicated across the entire network and once
a transaction occurs every copy is updated, eliminating
the need of a third party to perform the task of validating
the transaction.
Transactions that occurred are grouped into blocks
which are linked to form a chain and they are secured
using cryptography. A block contains a timestamp,
transaction data and a hash of the previous block, thus
creating a chain of blocks linked with each other as
shown in Figure 2.3.1.
Figure 1 Structure of a generic blockchain.
In order to add new blocks to the ledger, the transac-
tions need to be validated by the nodes within the net-
work. Miners, which are members in the network with
3|P a g e
a lot of computing power, compete to validate the trans-
actions by solving complex problems. The first miner
to solve the problems and validate the block receives a
reward. The landscape of the blockchain applications
can be described with three major tiers, currencies,
smart contracts and decentralized autonomous organi-
zation system (DAOs), and it is discussed in the follow-
ing sections (Anastasios Kalogeropoulos, 2018).
C. BLOCKCHAIN IN CURRENCIES
Blockchain is a decentralized record of and mechanism
to transfer value or ownership. That’s why it’s com-
monly described as a public ledger. “There is a rela-
tively simple conceptual mapping between cash and the
transfer of ownership on a blockchain,” Blockchain-
based currencies are cryptocurrencies: The security and
supply of money is algorithmically controlled in a de-
centralized manner. This means that currencies like
Bitcoin and Ether allow peer-to-peer transactions gov-
erned by a distributed and public ledger (Tonder, 2019).
D. BLOCKCHAIN IN SMART CONTRACT
Blockchain is ideal for storing smart contracts because
of the technology’s security and immutability. Smart
contract data is encrypted on a shared ledger, making it
virtually impossible to lose the information stored in the
blocks. Flexibility is another advantage of blockchain
technology being incorporated into smart contracts. De-
velopers can store almost any type of data in a block-
chain, and they have a wide variety of transaction op-
tions to choose from. Blockchain-based smart contracts
are helping make transactions and other business pro-
cesses more secure, efficient and cost-effective, thereby
reducing transaction costs (George Lawton, 2020).
E. Blockchain in DAOs
The term DAO stands for “decentralized autonomous
organization” and can be described as an open-source
blockchain protocol governed by a set of rules, created
by its elected members that automatically execute cer-
tain actions without the need for intermediaries. The
DAO’s rules are embedded into computer code, which
executes by itself based on the behavior of the protocol.
There is no need to interpret these program rules as they
are automatically implemented when the specified con-
ditions occur. Both the program rules and subsequent
actions are recorded on a transparent and secure block-
chain ledger, which cannot be tampered with thanks to
an immutable timestamp and the distribution of the in-
formation to the network participants (Vermaak, 2020).

Figure 2.2.3 Blockchain with the decentralization in
various communication environments. Cited by Tuan-
Vinh & Chien-Lung (2021).
F. TYPES OF BLOCKCHAINS
There are four types of blockchain structures ex-
pounded in 2021 by wergrzyn & wang:
1. Public Blockchains
Public blockchains are permission less in nature, allow
anyone to join, and are completely decentralized. Pub-
lic blockchains allow all nodes of the blockchain to
have equal rights to access the blockchain, create new
blocks of data, and validate blocks of data.
To date, public blockchains are primarily used for ex-
changing and mining cryptocurrency. You may have
heard of popular public blockchains such as Bitcoin,
Ethereum, and Litecoin. On these public blockchains,
the nodes “mine” for cryptocurrency by creating blocks
for the transactions requested on the network by solving
cryptographic equations. In return for this hard work,
the miner nodes earn a small amount of cryptocurrency.
The miners essentially act as new era bank tellers that
formulate a transaction and receive (or “mine”) a fee for
their efforts.
2. Private (or Managed) Blockchains
Private Blockchains, which may also be referred to as
managed blockchains, are permissioned blockchains
controlled by a single organization. In a private block-
chain, the central authority determines who can be a
node. The central authority also does not necessarily
grant each node with equal rights to perform functions.
Private Blockchains are only partially decentralized be-
cause public access to these blockchains is restricted.
Some examples of private blockchains are the business-
to-business virtual currency exchange network Ripple
and Hyper ledger, an umbrella project of open-source
blockchain applications.
4|P a g e
Both private and public blockchains have drawbacks -
public blockchains tend to have longer validation times
for new data than private blockchains, and private
blockchains are more vulnerable to fraud and bad ac-
tors. To address these drawbacks, consortium and hy-
brid blockchains were developed.
3. Consortium Blockchains
Consortium blockchains are permissioned blockchains
governed by a group of organizations, rather than one
entity, as in the case of the private blockchain. Consor-
tium blockchains, therefore, enjoy more decentraliza-
tion than private blockchains, resulting in higher levels
of security. However, setting up consortiums can be a
fraught process as it requires cooperation between a
number of organizations, which presents logistical chal-
lenges as well as potential antitrust risk (which we will
examine in an upcoming article). Further, some mem-
bers of supply chains may not have the needed technol-
ogy nor the infrastructure to implement blockchain
tools, and those that do may decide the upfront costs are
too steep a price to pay to digitize their data and connect
to other members of the supply chain.
4. Hybrid blockchains
Hybrid blockchains are blockchains that are controlled
by a single organization, but with a level of oversight
performed by the public blockchain, which is required
to perform certain transaction validations. An example
of a hybrid blockchain is IBM Food Trust, which was
developed to improve efficiency throughout the whole
food supply chain.
G. BLOCKCHAIN IN EDUCATION
The application of Blockchain to education is still in its
early stages. Only a small number of educational insti-
tutions have started to utilize blockchain technology.
Most of these institutions are using it for the purpose of
validating and sharing academic certificates and/or
learning outcomes that their students have achieved
(Chen, Xu, Lu & Chen, 2018 as cited in Ali et-al, 2021).
However, researchers in the field believe that block-
chain technology has much more to offer and can actu-
ally revolutionize the field. According to Nespor (2018
as cited in Ali, 2021), blockchain could undercut the ed-
ucational institutions’ central role as certification agents
and provide students with more learning opportunities.
Student’s Examination result is one of the most im-
portant elements in schools. These data must be pro-
cessed under critical management, while requiring sim-
ple operations for processing the examination results.
The need for student to have access to their result on
time and accurately cannot be overemphasized. Scores record of instructive achievement, open and dissemi-
from examination taken by student need to be returned nated over numerous institutions.
to the students to enable them know their performance 5. Educational Certificate
in the various courses written. Also, students need to Since most of the available instructive certificate ad-
know what courses they failed in order to retake the ex- ministration cannot ensure information security and re-
ams. Staff in charge of student result processing is bur- liability of the student information. Utilizing block-
dened with a lot of other academic works like lecturing, chain may overcome the trust issues but blockchain by
research, marking of exams and attending to other ad- itself has limitations that restrict its full implementation.
ministrative task. These other duties tend to affect the In blockchain limited throughput and access time is ob-
timely, efficient and accurate processing of results. served. To overcome the mentioned limitation and to
There are many areas of blockchain application in edu- answer certificate inquiry with exact information effi-
cation among them the following are considered in this ciently educational certificate blockchain (ECBC) was
study, which is the first phase of the main research. proposed. ECBC builds a tree structure (MPTChain)
These are: which provides an efficient answer for inquiry. Moreo-
1. Students’ learning progress record ver, it supports back chronicled exchanges inquiry of an
The blockchain can stores data in a database located in account.
different areas and it records data blocks in sequence
and also record the timestamps. The new data blocks Table I: Challenges of the case study existing student
cannot be alter or deleted. result processing system
2. Authenticated certification of learning results
Nowadays, the certification for online education has a Challenges Conception
problem because of the inefficient third-party agencies. Printed documents would
The solution to the problem is that blockchain technol- often and always get lost
ogy provides a simple, efficient certification of learning Poor Security of at each point in time.
results, like academic certification. The students’ certif- Documents Some of the documents
may even be destroyed
icates can be verified easily even if they are lost. The
external elements such as
blockchain uses an asymmetric encryption algorithm in termites and other in-
cryptography to ensure the security and credibility of sects.
the data. Intruders can have excess
3. Decentralized sharing of contents and other re- to the manual files and
sources that maybe the end of the
The blockchain application also provides execution au- documents.
tomatically and does not require third party verification. The time available to
In this regard the implementation of this system will process results makes the
simplify the transaction process, realize smart, auto- job tough for teachers.
mated and decentralized transactions and improve the Untimely Processing of The time is always short.
Results It often starts from the
overall security of the transaction.
end of a school examina-
4. Educational Record, Reputation and Reward tion till the day of vaca-
The blockchain itself is a disseminated record of ad- tion. This means that
vanced occasions, the dispersed agreement strategy to teachers would work
concur whether an unused square is authentic, robotized round the clock to ensure
keen contracts, and the information structure related the results are ready.
with each piece or not. A lasting disseminated record of Human errors dues to hu-
mental exertion and related reputational compensate, man fatigue are some-
based on the blockchain that instantiates and democra- times made. Therefore,
tizes instructive notoriety past the scholarly commu- Production of Inaccu- teachers may often make
rate mistakes when calculat-
nity. The trials of a private blockchain or putting away
Results ing the total scores of
instructive records, drawing too on our past inquire each student in a particu-
about into notoriety administration for instructive lar subject. They may get
frameworks. The first benefit is in giving a single secure the average scores and
5|P a g e
 grades of a student’s re-
sult wrong, and inaccu-
rate results will be re-
leased.
III METHODOLOGY
Object-oriented analysis and design methodology
(OOADM) was adopted for this design. It is a popular
technical approach for analyzing and designing an ap-
plication, system, or business by applying object-ori-
ented programming, as well as using visual modeling
throughout the development life cycles to foster better
stakeholder communication and product quality. The
system was designed following the below OOADM
stages /approach:
a) Object-Oriented Analysis
b) Object-Oriented Design
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The requirement analysis encompasses those tasks that
determine the needs or conditions to be met for a new
product, taking into account the possible conflicting re-
quirements of the various stakeholders such as benefi-
ciaries or users.
Software requirement specification is a complete de-
scription of the behavior of the system to be developed.
It includes a set of used cases that describe all the inter-
actions that the users will have with the software.
Requirement analysis is the first stage in systems engi-
neering process and software development process
6|P a g e
Fig. 1: System Analysis Control Flow Diagram
System analysis as shown in fig 1 encompasses those
tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to
be met for a new or altered product, taking account of
the possibly conflicting requirements of the various
stakeholders, such as beneficiaries or users
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS
In this stage, the problem is formulated, user require-
ments are identified, and then a model is built based
upon real–world objects. The analysis produces models
on how the desired system should function and how it
must be developed.
The requirement looked into includes:
USER FUNCTIONAL INPUT REQUIREMENTS:
Functional Requirement describes the use cases and ac-
tors that are found in the Enhanced Students Result Pro-
cessing System. Each use case is described in details
with diagrams and tables in their respective module sec-
tion. These use case diagrams model the desired behav-
ior of the system. The Functional requirement is cate-
gorized in six (4) main modules:
1. Examiner User Requirement Module
2. Auditor User Requirement Module
3. Exams Officer User Requirements
4. Administrator User Requirement Module
Examiner User Requirement Module
Examiner from various locations could login with their
details to perform some task with the outlined functions
below:
 Login
 Upload Course Result (files)
 Initiate Transaction (verification proces-
sion)
 Check Verification Status
 Download Files
  Logout
The requirement analysis for Examiner Requirement
module can be transformed into the following use case
diagram as shown Figure 2.
EXAMINER
Figure 2: Examiner User Module Use Case Diagram
Auditor User Requirement Module
The requirement analysis for Auditor Requirement
module can be transformed into the following use case
diagram as shown Figure 3.
Figure 3: Auditor User Module Use Case Diagram
Examination Officer User Requirement Module
The examination and records unit is one of the units un-
der academic affairs department. The department is re-
sponsible for anything result, admission processes, and
transcript processing. Therefore looking at the pro-
cessing of results, a user must check to confirm students
result are of standard and legit before releasing or send-
ing if need arise.
Examination officer have access to academic perfor-
mance of their wards; their user requirement analysis
7|P a g e
module can be transformed into the following use case
diagram as shown Figure 4.
Figure 4: Examination Officer User Module Use
Case Diagram
Administrator User Requirement Module
Administrator module is the module that enables ad-
ministrators to configure and maintain various variables
in the system. This module will allow administrators to
configure general information and assign user role to
other users. The administrator can:
 Login
 Open New Account
 Edit/Delete Account
 Trace Transaction History
 Logout
System user with administrator role is the user with su-
per user role to the entire School portal. This category
of user will have the full administrative access rights to
each module in the system. The administrator is the
"gatekeeper" of the proposed system who creates user
profiles for the system and is responsible for restricting
the access to other users. The administrator can add as
many users as needed and he is the key person who will
assign user to different role of the system. The Admin-
istrator Module requirements analysis can be trans-
formed into the use case diagram as shown in figure 5
 of information flow between the classes are cov-
ered. Figure 5 shows the Enhanced Students Result
Processing System diagram between classes:

Figure 5: Administrator Module Use Case Dia-

gram
Object-Oriented Design
Figure 7: Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System
Object-oriented design includes two main stages,
namely, system design and object design.
IV IMPLEMENTATION
System Design
This section provides a description of the project from
In this stage, the complete architecture of the de-
an overview of the framework within which the concep-
sired system is designed. The high level model
tual system design was prepared. If appropriate, include
shown below described the architectural design of
the information discussed in the subsequent sections in
the new system. the summary.

Figure 6: The Architecture Design of the Proposed

System

Object Design
At this phase, the data flow diagram of the proposed
system was modeled ensuring that all new classes
are created from scratch, incorporation of other
classes (modules) in the existing system and means

8|P a g e

V CONCLUSION
Student’s Examination result is one of the most im-
portant elements in schools. These data must be pro-
cessed under critical management, while requiring sim-
ple operations for processing the examination results.
Scores from examination taken by student need to be
returned to the students to enable them know their per-
formance in the various courses written. Also, students
need to know what courses they failed in order to retake
the exams. Staff in charge of student result processing
is burdened with a lot of other academic works like lec-
turing, research, marking of exams and attending to
9|P a g e
other administrative task. These other duties tend to af-
fect the timely, efficient and accurate processing of re-
sults. This project provides a system that processes stu-
dent’s results using blockchain technology and pro-
duces an output with no manipulation from any source
among the stakeholders in charge of results processing
or auditing.
This study shows that Blockchain application provides
a secure distributed ledger technology. The study will
allow educational institutions to assess and decide what
blockchain application in education will be beneficial to
them based on their respective organizations apart from
the result management system. Though the study it
shows that blockchain can be used in many other areas
of education.
REFERENCE
S Sura I. Mohammed Ali1, Hussien Mohamed Sharaf
(2021), ‘Using Blockchain in University Management
Systems, Vol.12 No 2(2021), 3305-3312: Turkish Jour-
nal of Computer and Mathematics Education
Zhihua Cui, Fei Xue, Shiqiang Zhang, Xingjuan Cai,
Yang Cao, Wensheng Zhang, and Jinjun Chen (2020)‘A
Hybrid BlockChain-Based Identity Authentication
Scheme for Multi-WSN: DOI
10.1109/TSC.2020.2964537,IEEE Transactions on
Services Computing
Akaiso, L. E., Ekwonwune, E. and Mkpandiok, M. A.
(2019), RESULT PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR AC-
ADEMIC INSTITUTIONS, Volume 10, Issue 5, May-
2019; International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research.
Rushikesh Pawar, Sambhaji Jadhav, Sainath Rodge,
and Naval Jakken (2019). Secured University Results
System using Block Chain Features; Volume-2:
www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792
Jinhua Fu , Sihai Qiao, Yongzhong Huang, Xueming Si,
Bin Li, and Chao Yuan (2020). A Study on the Optimi-
zation of Blockchain Hashing Algorithm Based on
PRCA: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8876317
Tarek AlSkaif and Gijs van Leeuwen (2019). Decen-
tralized Optimal Power Flow in Distribution Networks
Using Blockchain: https://www.researchgate.net/publi-
cation/336086810.
Sergiy Obushnyi Roman Kravchenko, Leonid Khats-
kevych, Sergii Nekrasov, Artem Frantsiian (2020);
ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION OF THE CONCEP-
TUAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF
THE BLOCKCHAIN CONCEPT DEFINITION: Euro-
pean scientific journal of Economic and Financial inno-
vation. https://journal.eae.com.ua
Anastasios Kalogeropoulos (2018), A Reference Archi-
tecture for Blockchain-based Resource-intensive Com-
putations managed by Smart Contracts: https://www.re-
searchgate.net/publication/328342750.
Celinne Atienza-Mendez, Demeke Gebresenbet
Bayyou (2019), Blockchain Technology Applications
in Education: - International Journal of Computing and
Technology, www.IJCAT.org.

10 | P a g e