Abstract:

The world has developed to an era of information when electronics communication systems
influence most of human activities. These electronics communication systems consists of three
major aspects; the receiver, the channel and the source, which is the transmitter. A transmitter is
an electronics device, which, with the aid of an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal
such as radio, television or other telecommunications. In the previous years, signal energy was
generated in transmitting plants using arcs or mechanical alternators. Presently, a transmitter
usually has a power supply, an oscillator, a modulator and amplifiers for audio frequency (AF),
intermediate frequency (IF) and radio frequency (RF). Transmitters are sometimes classified
according to the signal information they process and radiate. Television transmitter’s processes
sounds and picture signal while radio transmitter processes only sound The research dealt with
the production of an FM transmitter of appreciable range for practical application. This system
will incorporate, at the output stage, the very high frequency (VHF) power transistor (NTE343)
which has produced excellent results in other circuits.
An FM transmitter is a circuit that developed frequency modulated signal using a transistor. This
circuit is basically a radio system which aids with antenna and increases the electromagnetic
signal. In FM transmission they based on the frequency range of 88MHz to 108MHz.When the
input audio signal is applied to the transistor and the output signal is modulate and set the
resonant frequency. When we set the resonant frequency we change the capacitance value. After
setting the resonant value we connect to the oscillator.
INTRODUCTION:
The FM transmitter is a signal transistor circuit. In the telecommunication the frequency
modulation (FM) transfer the information of different frequency of carrier wave according to
message signal. Mostly FM transmitter used VHF radio frequencies of 87.5 MHz to 108 MHz to
transmit and receive the FM signal.

Transmitter:
The transmitter is designed to take a signal in the audio range (20-Hz – 20-kHz) and
prepare it for transmission through the air. A signal path for the transmitter is depicted in Figure
1. Two modulation stages perform the up-conversion. The VCO (implemented through the
LM566) converts the base-band signal into the frequency of a square wave. With only a DC
input, the VCO is set to output at exactly 300-kHz. To control both the DC level and the
maximum AC variation at the VCO input, an audio amplifier is placed between the VCO and the
audio source. Following the VCO, the mixer up-converts the VCO output to the transmission
frequency at 24.3-MHz. A crystal provides the mixer with its 24-MHz local oscillator reference.
The mixer output can technically be used for transmission, but it is generally too weak to be sent
far. A power amplifier that provides 20-dB of power gain is placed between the mixer and the
antenna to boost the actual output. Since power is the primary concern at this stage, impedance
matching between the mixer and the power amplifier is needed to minimize transfer loss. With
adequate output power, this transmitter is able to send signals out to decent distances.
Characterization of Transmitter:
The transmitter is able to output near 5-dBm power across a 50-
Ω
load. Since the antenna has approximately 50 ohm-impedance (as measured on the network
analyzer and SWR meter), almost all of the 5-dBm is transmitted. We must differentiate
between the system’s input and output bandwidth, because the VCO translates voltages into
frequency. The input bandwidth was found to be all of the audio range (20-Hz – 20-kHz); all
signals within this range could be amplified by the audio amplifier and then converted by the
VCO. The lower bound of 20-Hz is tight because DC blocking capacitors prevent operation
closer to DC, but the upper bound of 20-kHz is much looser. The output bandwidth, on the other
hand, is limited by the VCO. When the VCO is centered at 300-kHz, its square wave output can
Swing between 250-kHz and 350-kHz.
Ω2
Thus the output bandwidth is 100-kHz (listed as the system bandwidth in Table 1) and remains
unchanged going through the mixer and power amplifier stages. In order to output at 5-dBm, the
system consumes 711-mW of power. At this rate of usage, a 200-mA hr. 9-V battery can be
exhausted in 2.5-hours. Power consumption for each stage is listed in Table 2. Clearly, the power
amplifier uses the bulk of the power, a necessary but seemingly wasteful drain.
Distortion never became a serious issue with the transmitter, as long as the audio source
was limited to 200-mV amplitude and the VCO input was limited to 500-mV amplitude. These
constraints kept the audio amplifier THD less than 5% and the VCO output stably within 100-
kHz of 300-kHz center frequency.
OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS:
It had been exceed to need information over a long distance. In, over time a different attempt had
been made and not to justify this need, but to finish it ease. In beginning of human history the
wired telephone in the eighteen forte (1840) and some decade later at the drawn of 21st century
and the used of radio wave is the wireless communication system. In other things, it enables the
human voice for long-distance using with carrier wave at a modulated frequency of 87.5MHz-
108MHz and received on a suitable FM receiver.
Let us see how radio broadcasting stations broadcast speech or music from the broadcasting
studios, the speech or music which consist of a series of compressions and rare fractions is
translated into a ting varying electric current with the help of a crystal microphone. The
frequency of variation of this current lies in the audio-range, hence it is known as audio
frequency signal. The audio-frequency signal cannot be radiated out from the antenna directly
because transmission at audio-frequency is not practical. For this purpose, oscillations of very
high frequency of radio-frequency are produced with the help of any one of the oscillators
discussed. The electromagnetic waves so produced are of constant amplitude but of extremely
high frequency. These waves, which are neither seen nor heard, travel through space with the
velocity of light i.e. 3 ×108m/s (approximately). The audio frequency signal which is been
broadcast, is then super imposed on the RF waves, which are known as carrier waves (because
the carry AF signal through space to distant places). In a way, the carrier wave can be linked to a
horse and the audio frequency signal to a rider. The process by which AF signal or information is
impressed on the carrier wave is known as modulation. The horse and rider travel through space
at the receiving end, they strike the receiving aerial and enter the receiver which separates the
horse from the rider. The horse
Method and Material:
The circuit shows that the FM transmitter circuit and use of electrical and electronic components
in this circuit.
1. Battery (9v)
2. Mic
3. Resistor
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Trimmer Capacitor
7. Transistor
8. Antenna
To consider the microphone is to understand the signals which inside the mic and there is a
presence of capacitive sensor. Its produce when the vibration is produce for air pressure and Ac
signal. The formation of the oscillating tank circuit is done by the transistor of 2N3904 by using
inductor and variable capacitor. The transistor which is used in the circuit is an NPN transistor
and generally used for amplification purpose. If the current is passed at the inductor L1 and
variable capacitor then the tank circuit will oscillate at the resonant carrier frequency of the fm
modulation.

Battery:
In our circuit is used for power supplier.

MIC:
A device which convert energy from one to another.

Resistor:
The resistor is a resistive purpose. It's basically used for all circuits. In our circuit, we also used
for the resistive purpose.

Capacitor:
Capacitor is used for storing charge in the form of the field, separated by an insulator. In other
words we describe the capacitor as a component which has ability to store energy in form of
electrical charge.
Inductor:
A inductor which store electrical energy in to magnetic energy. When electricity passes the coil
from left to right its will generate a magnetic field in the form of clock direction.

Transistor:
A transistor is a electronic component which work two different jobs which is Amplification and
switching. In our circuit we used transistor as amplification.