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6 SOUTHERN
EFFICIENT & SUSTAINABLE AFRICA REG
SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY
JOINT
- NOW STUDY
& INTO THE FUTURECOMMITTEE A
OPENING SESSION
Convenor: Robert Koch - Eskom Holdings Ltd.
ISBN
Conference Session 1
ASSET MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
Item No. Ref. No. Paper Title Author/s Page No.
Table of Contents
Item No. Ref. No. Paper Title Author/s Page No.
KEYNOTE PAPER
6th SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE &
JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3 COLLOQUIUM
SUMMARY OF PAPERS
OPENING SESSION
Conference Session 1
ASSET MANAGEMENT
Page 1
CONFERENCE
SESSION 1
ASSET MANAGEMENT
culminated in: the load shedding events of January 2008; the subsequent declaration of an electricity
emergency by the South African government; and the corresponding Eskom response to stabilising
the power system. The key concepts in the recovery process of 2008 in terms of balance, adequate
“buffers”, organisational resilience, and country level co-ordination of security of supply versus cost of
6th SOUTHERN
supply AFRICA
issues are REGIONAL
discussed. CONFERENCE
In addition & JOINT
the lessons STUDY
learnt COMMITTEE
during A2, A3,
the course B3, COLLOQUIUM
of the crisis and the
recovery phases are highlighted, together with a status update and prognosis for the road ahead.
Conference Session 1
ASSET MANAGEMENT
Page 1
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6th SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3 COLLOQUIUM
PLANNING &
OPERATIONS
At present, quite a number of acoustic signals precursors of a breakdown of high-voltage power
equipment isolation, are accumulated. It is possible to classify these signals, using mathematical
methods based on signal form recognition. Software, that allows to classify acoustic signals of single
partial electric discharges,
6th SOUTHERN sounds CONFERENCE
AFRICA REGIONAL of single spark&discharges,
JOINT STUDYsounds of manyA2,
COMMITTEE discharges and sounds
A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
of vibroimpact mechanical processes, is created. On the basis of the software it is possible to create
automatic devices for power equipment monitoring.
Conference Session 2
PLANNING AND OPERATIONS
P205 CASE STUDY INTO THE APPLICATION OF TIME OR USE TARIFFS IN THE ESKOM
WESTERN REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA IN REDUCING PEAK LOADS
D. RAMSBOTTOM
This is a case study into the application of time of use tariffs in the Eskom Western Region. It is to
determine the effect that time of use tariffs have had on changing the load shape to reduce peak loads
during peak times. An area in the western region supplied from Houhoek substation was selected and
analysis was done on load profile information available for the total load and for all the large power
users. The large power user load profiles were grouped according to tariffs and summated. Analysis
of this data revealed that in this geographical area there has been insignificant shifting of load out of
peak periods as a result of time of use tariffs. The customers with the flattest yearly and daily load
profiles were those that were on non time of use tariffs. In this geographical area the customers
contributing the most to the total load profile shape were those on the Megaflex time of use tariff which
are mainly comprised of municipalities. It is therefore recommended that these municipalities be
encouraged and assisted to provide time of use tariffs to their end customers.
Conference Session 3
PROTECTION AND QUALITY OF SUPPLY
P301 MANAGING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE USING WAMS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN POWER
GRID
D.H. WILSON, R.A. FOLKES, A. EDWARDS, L.N.F. DE VILLIERS, N. MBULI
This paper presents the application of Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) in the South African
power system. Some key elements of Eskom’s vision for WAMS are presented, together with the
experience of Psymetrix in running WAMS systems and developing applications for system operators
around the world. The benefits of WAMS lie in three general areas: (i) Improving system security, (ii)
Optimising the use of transmission and generation, (iii) Managing stability during changes in the
system topology or generation profile. The operation of the South African power system is challenging
because of the long distances involved in power transmission, and also because of short supply of
available generation resources in recent years. It is important that generation assets are used as
effectively as possible, and WAMS is seen as a route to improve the security and utilisation of the
power system as it is operated close to its physical limits. As the system develops with an ambitious
programme of generation and transmission capacity expansion, and changing energy technologies,
WAMS is expected to become a critical tool to manage the changes.
The technical areas discussed in this paper include: (i) Dynamics and stability monitoring using
WAMS, (ii) Operational tools for islanding, resynchronisation and blackstart, (iii) Synergy between
WAMS and EMS, improving the precision of calculation of stability limits and violations, (iv) Outlook for
wide-area control applications. It is concluded that WAMS is a key technology for the South African
power system, enabling significant improvements to be made in system security and power transfer
capability. Eskom is therefore moving from a pilot phase to a large-scale deployment of WAMS that
promises to be a critical tool for operation and development of the power system.
CONFERENCE
SESSION 3
PROTECTION &
QUALITY OF SUPPLY
Generation Control (AGC) operates every 4 seconds, matching supply to demand. Generator base
points are computed and sent to the SCADA/EMS from day ahead or real time dispatch tools to
ensure an improved real time dispatch performance. The paper describes the standard Areva T&D
dispatch tools and
6th SOUTHERN enhancements
AFRICA made to improve
REGIONAL CONFERENCE the Eskom
& JOINT generation dispatch
STUDY COMMITTEE and
A2, A3, B3, interface to
COLLOQUIUM
AGC.
Conference Session 3
PROTECTION AND QUALITY OF SUPPLY
P301 MANAGING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE USING WAMS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN POWER
GRID
D.H. WILSON, R.A. FOLKES, A. EDWARDS, L.N.F. DE VILLIERS, N. MBULI
This paper presents the application of Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) in the South African
power system. Some key elements of Eskom’s vision for WAMS are presented, together with the
experience of Psymetrix in running WAMS systems and developing applications for system operators
around the world. The benefits of WAMS lie in three general areas: (i) Improving system security, (ii)
Optimising the use of transmission and generation, (iii) Managing stability during changes in the
system topology or generation profile. The operation of the South African power system is challenging
because of the long distances involved in power transmission, and also because of short supply of
available generation resources in recent years. It is important that generation assets are used as
effectively as possible, and WAMS is seen as a route to improve the security and utilisation of the
power system as it is operated close to its physical limits. As the system develops with an ambitious
programme of generation and transmission capacity expansion, and changing energy technologies,
WAMS is expected to become a critical tool to manage the changes.
The technical areas discussed in this paper include: (i) Dynamics and stability monitoring using
WAMS, (ii) Operational tools for islanding, resynchronisation and blackstart, (iii) Synergy between
WAMS and EMS, improving the precision of calculation of stability limits and violations, (iv) Outlook for
wide-area control applications. It is concluded that WAMS is a key technology for the South African
power system, enabling significant improvements to be made in system security and power transfer
capability. Eskom is therefore moving from a pilot phase to a large-scale deployment of WAMS that
promises to be a critical tool for operation and development of the power system.
6th SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3 COLLOQUIUM
P303 HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) AND EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE (EHV) NETWORK INTERRUPTION
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND REPORTING : DEVELOPMENT OF THE NRS 048-
8 SPECIFICATION
B. CHATTERTON, R. KOCH, R. MCCURRACH,
This paper provides a summary of the recently completed NRS 048-8 specification, “HV and EHV
Network Interruption Performance Measurement and Reporting”. The underlying principles are
discussed, the key issues outlined, and the relevant details unpacked to provide a better appreciation
and understanding of the role of specification in the South African Electricity Supply Industry (ESI).
NRS 048-8 provides the requirements for reporting the network interruption performance of HV and
EHV networks in the South African Electricity Supply Industry. The aim of the specification is to assist
electricity licensees, local and national government, and large customer groupings (such as the
Energy Intensive User Group), in evaluating and tracking the overall performance of the South African
electricity supply systems. At the time of the compilation of this specification, methods for interruption
performance reporting differed substantially from one country to another. In compiling this standard,
the NRS 048 working group (WG) was therefore guided by the most recent international
recommendations provided in the Cigré Technical Report TB261, “Power Quality Indices and
Objectives,” and the practical experiences and key lessons learnt from the South African Transmission
and Distribution stakeholders. The requirements of the National Energy Regulator of South Africa
(NERSA) and the business and operational needs of licensees were also taken into account in the
preparation of this part of NRS 048.
P305 IMPACT OF HWC DSM ON VOLTAGE CONDITIONS AND THE CHOICE OF LOAD
PARAMETERS FOR FEEDER DESIGN
R. Herman, T. Gaunt
An extensive load research program, known as the NRS Load Research Project, was conducted
between 1994 and 2005 in South Africa. It produced a large volume of domestic customer load data
based on a 5-minute sampling period. From this data source statistically-based load models were
derived, and are used in a probabilistic design procedure for the sizing of LV feeders. The statistical
description used is a Beta probability density function. While this approach has received nation-wide
approval in South Africa, it does not include the effects of peak-load reduction through the use of hot-
E. VENTER, J.H.C. PRETORIUS, R.G. KOCH
This paper discusses interim research results from an ongoing study into the statistical properties of
the power quality data in the Eskom Quality of Supply Database. The aim of this study is to determine
the implicationsAFRICA
6th SOUTHERN of applying different
REGIONAL statistical assessment
CONFERENCE methods
& JOINT STUDY to theA2,
COMMITTEE measured data for the
A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
purpose of reporting transmission system performance under both normal and abnormal conditions.
P305 IMPACT OF HWC DSM ON VOLTAGE CONDITIONS AND THE CHOICE OF LOAD
PARAMETERS FOR FEEDER DESIGN
HERMAN,
R. Herman, T.T.Gaunt
GAUNT
An extensive load research program, known as the NRS Load Research Project, was conducted
between 1994 and 2005 in South Africa. It produced a large volume of domestic customer load data
based on a 5-minute sampling period. From this data source statistically-based load models were
6th SOUTHERN
derived, and areAFRICA REGIONAL
used in CONFERENCE
a probabilistic & JOINT STUDY
design procedure for the COMMITTEE
sizing of LV A2, A3, B3 COLLOQUIUM
feeders. The statistical
description used is a Beta probability density function. While this approach has received nation-wide
approval in South Africa, it does not include the effects of peak-load reduction through the use of hot-
water cylinder (HWC) switching. In this paper we investigate the impact of HWC DSM on the voltage
performance of a LV feeder and the how it affects the choice of load parameters for design. It
describes a procedure for using load data for a community with HWC, but without DSM, and then
predicts the effect it would have on the characteristic loads once the HWCs are restored, subsequent
to load-levelling.
Conference Session 4
PROTECTION AND QUALITY OF SUPPLY
SUBSTATIONS &
HV PLANT
these limitations prevent power quality phenomena from being truly solved and prevent solutions that
will eliminate future recurrence. The paper will highlight case studies of Power Quality trouble
shooting that was not capable of solving the power quality problem with measurements simply taken
to comply with standards. It will further show that by providing engineers with data beyond the
6th SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
standards, and unprecedented number of power quality events can not only be captured, but are
definitely solved.
Conference Session 4
SUBSTATIONS
PROTECTION AND& HVQUALITY
PLANT OF SUPPLY
Other phenomena and equipment are addressed: ITRV, line surge impedance, DC-component in
short-circuit currents, secondary arc extinction, VFTO, high-grade MOSA, HSGS, earthing switches
and disconnectors. A comparison is made between the IEC policy applied for 800 kV (and below) and
the proposals for UHV. Where applicable, the possibilities to reconsider the IEC specifications for 800
kV are given.
P407 IEC61850: UTILIZING GOOSE MESSAGES FOR A FULLY AUTOMATED TEST AND
COMMISSIONING PROCEDURE FOR THE NEW BREAKER-AND-A-HALF SCHEMES
IMPLEMENTED IN THE ESKOM 765KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK
A. DIERKS, C. VENTER
supply network. All 400kV substations, which are double busbar single breaker configuration (in some
cases, with Bypass facility), are key supply points to the distribution network, one of them being
Acacia substation in the Western Cape. Acacia substation has a triple busbar layout that is currently
being used in AFRICA
6th SOUTHERN a double busbar arrangement.
REGIONAL CONFERENCE This paper
& JOINT details
STUDY the primary
COMMITTEE plant
A2, A3, B3, conversion
COLLOQUIUM of
Acacia’s 400kV double busbar arrangement to a breaker and a half configuration.
P407 IEC61850: UTILIZING GOOSE MESSAGES FOR A FULLY AUTOMATED TEST AND
COMMISSIONING PROCEDURE FOR THE NEW BREAKER-AND-A-HALF SCHEMES
IMPLEMENTED IN THE ESKOM 765KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK
A. DIERKS, C. VENTER
Associated with the 765kV system upgrade in Eskom, the implementation of a breaker-and-a-half
substation layout and the introduction of IEC61850 based communication in Eskom Transmission
substations, a new generation protective relay schemes for transmission feeders (both line impedance
and line differential), transformers, reactors and busbars have been developed. One objective of this
development is to improve the efficiency of commissioning and routine maintenance testing in terms of
speed and quality of testing and generation of results. Utilizing a specifically designed ‘Test GOOSE’
message, the need to interfere with the test object, the test equipment and/or test procedure during
the execution of a test procedure is reduced to a minimum. With the test procedure subscribing to
function specificAFRICA
6th SOUTHERN pick-upREGIONAL
‘signals’, CONFERENCE
which are part& of the Test
JOINT STUDY GOOSE message,
COMMITTEE theB3need
A2, A3, to switch
COLLOQUIUM
OFF overlapping functions on the relay is eliminated. Also as the function specific pick-up signals
respond instantaneously, much faster tests are possible compared to triggering to a time delayed trip
signal. Lastly all the pick-up ‘signals’ are available ‘On-line’, eliminating the need to re-wire hardwired
trigger signals during the execution of a test procedure. The result is a fully automatic test procedure
which improves the quality of testing and reduces the overall test time. The paper gives a brief
overview of the new protective relay scheme architecture as well as the advantages of using the
IEC61850 GOOSE messages to communicate between the various IEDs within a scheme. The paper
then describes in detail the test philosophy and how GOOSE messages have been configured to
improve the speed and efficiency of commissioning and routine testing for the various schemes. The
test procedures as well as the test system to achieve a fully automatic test of the various schemes /
IEDs will be presented.
Conference Session 5
TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS
Secondly, to get the third party (focusing mainly on his / her own field of study and problems) to accept
and integrate the design for purposes of EMC. This paper discusses the challenges that the design
engineer may face from an EMC and Earthing point of view. Particular examples of challenges,
relevant to theAFRICA
6th SOUTHERN industrial development
REGIONAL in South
CONFERENCE Africa,STUDY
& JOINT are provided
COMMITTEE withA2,
proposed solutions to
A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
overcome these.
Conference Session 5
TRANSFORMERS
Conference Session 6
LINES
LINES - 1
excellent biodegradability properties and the fact that they can be fabricated of renewable resources
the demand for ester fluids is rising. Such environmentally friendly insulating liquids are produced by
several companies. In distribution transformers business they have shown to be reliable in operation.
Even with mineral oil in high voltage applications, every minor change in transformer design or
6th SOUTHERN
transformer AFRICA
material REGIONAL
needs CONFERENCE
to be vetted. & JOINT
Changing STUDY
a crucial COMMITTEE
component suchA2,
asA3,
theB3, COLLOQUIUM
insulating liquid
itself, the impact must be proven most accurately. This paper illustrates issues which must be clarified
in order to successfully operate power transformers filled with these environmentally friendly and
renewable insulating liquids.
Conference Session 6
LINES
P603 A FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE LIMITS IN POWER
SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION
P.H. PRETORIUS, P.T. BHULOSE, A.A. BURGER, D. MUFTIC, A.C. BRITTEN
Recent discussions with the Department of Health alluded to the fact that electric and magnetic field
(EMF) exposure may be regulated in South Africa in future. The exact time that such regulation may
occur is not clear at present. Regulation will be science based and will most likely be based on
considerations of the ICNIRP Basic Restriction (10 mA/m2 in the case of occupational exposure and 2
mA/m2 in the case of public exposure). The exact reason for the action of proposed regulation is not
clear. It appears, however, not to be driven by specific and recent research outcomes. It can be shown
that the ICNIRP Reference Levels are easily exceeded in some occupational and public exposure
situations. These include, public exposure to electric fields within the servitude of 765 kV lines
(exceptional case) and some 400 kV lines; occupational exposure to electric fields inside open air 765
kV substations and occupational exposure to magnetic fields during live line conditions. This paper
proposes that, based on recent local and international research findings and in order to meet the
requirements for the ICNIRP Basic Restriction for public exposure, the design limit of 10 kV/m
(maximum rms level at 1,8 m) is still applicable for overhead power line designs, even at EHV or UHV
level. Specific recommendations are made in meeting the Basic Restriction for occupational
(substation and live line) exposure.
coordination schemes addressing earthing, clearances, surge protection, etc. This paper will address
the need to incorporate measured lightning parameters from modern lightning detection systems and
the need to demand a measurable standard in the delivered data. Consideration will be given to the
impact of commissioning and maintenance constraints on the effectiveness of a defined BIL with
factors such as soil resistivity, footing resistance, conductivity and tower surge impedances. Case
studies will be covered in South Africa reviewing basic ground flash densities determined from flash
counters and comparing aged and generalised lightning flash statistics to the new national lightning
location system and the impact on system reliability. Finally, due consideration will be given to the
application of this new lightning information to all electrical energy stakeholders throughout Southern
Africa. Both as consumers of electricity and producers of electricity and the risk management
procedures required to manage the inevitable threat of system and production interruptions. This
paper concludes that power system designers must apply knowledge from the regional lightning
location systems in the design of new power lines and substations and in upgrades of existing power
systems. Likewise, the systems engineers responsible for the power utility assets must review power
line performance in the light of the actual and forecast storm threat to those systems. Finally that the
lightning stroke density distribution needs to become the internationally recognisable reference of
choice in the future, replacing the present flash density distributions.
LINES - 2
6th SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3 COLLOQUIUM
STUDY COMMITTEE A2
TRANSFORMERS
as the route traverses partly through pristine properties and nature conservation zones in the scenic
Cape Town area. The emphasis was on producing an environmentally friendly line within limited
available land in some areas, which was achieved by the compaction and sharing of servitudes. This
necessitated and number of new compact tower designs, including the first use of steel monopoles for
a6th400kV
SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
line in South Africa. This paper will provide background to the towers used on this line
together with its associated hardware as well as other relevant information. Details will be given on
the “invisible tower” which was a first to be used in South Africa.
C110 A PATH-WAY TO COPE WITH THE DILEMMA OF AGEING ASSETS, LIMITED CAPITAL
EXPENDITURE, REDUCED BUDGETS FOR MAINTENANCE AND THE REMAINING NEED
TO SUPPLY ELECTRICITY AT UNCHANGED QUALITY
B. SCHMITZ, A. CHAUDRY, J. MOCKENHAUPT, G. BUCHGRABER, U. THIESS
The TLM concept consists of a comprehensive set of solutions to minimize and avoid any type of
unplanned or pre-mature failures of any brand Power transformers. The reasons for ageing, and
possible failures und unplanned outages will be described. A series of remedial maintenance and life-
cycle techniques will be described as part of the integrative and comprehensive asset management
concept, which is labeled TLM Transformer Lifecycle Management. Single-focused actions for service,
which are aiming to solve individual problems is the most frequently employed maintenance method.
Because Transformers happen to be technically complex assets when it comes to evaluate their
operational availability, perform condition assessments, diagnostics, or any preventative, corrective or
curative maintenance. The TLM Lifecycle Management concept combines a comprehensive and
modular set of solutions, which are always supported with the expertise from well-educated and
experienced transformer experts is the best recommended action path to follow when the operator
intents to maintain the transformers at peak operating condition for well extended periods of service
life.
6th SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3 COLLOQUIUM
STUDY COMMITTEE A3
HV EQUIPMENT
as well as the most sound of all. A special place is given to the expert methods of evaluating the
current operational state of transformers, including the evaluation of the residuary resource in the
whole, and the solid insulation in particular. The main criteria of applicability of this or that method is
their susceptibility to the incompleteness of data and the interference of various factors occurring
6th SOUTHERN AFRICA
simultaneously with theREGIONAL CONFERENCE
operational monitoring &ofJOINT
the STUDY COMMITTEE
equipment technicalA2,condition.
A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
A thorough
examination of this aspect shows that taking this fact into consideration makes it necessary to
reconsider the approach to resource evaluation itself.
C207 USE OF DATA FROM CIGRE HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY SURVEY
F. WAITE, D. KOPEJTKOVA, K. MESTROVIC, J.E. SKOG, C.E. SÖLVER
When undertaking a survey into the reliability of electrical equipment it is important to consider how
utilities/manufacturers/universities apply and benefit from the calculated availability, failure rates and
other parameters in the survey. Electrical networks worldwide have an increasingly aged population of
electrical equipment. The survey’s application helps the owners and operators of these networks to
understand the impact of aged equipment (SF6 breakers, instrument transformers, GIS, disconnectors
and earthing switches) on network performance and helps mitigate the effects through proper
operation, effective maintenance, monitoring, asset refurbishment and asset replacement. For new
and expanding networks, the survey will help to optimise design and help define operation,
maintenance and monitoring of the assets to achieve the desired level of network performance.
Additionally the survey will aid in adopting a more statistical approach to asset management including
maintenance and replacement. A review of survey data applications and benefits is described. Two
case studies are presented, one for network performance and the other for asset (equipment)
performance. Reliability data from the survey will have numerous uses, both when looking at network
and asset (equipment) performance. This data is becoming more important as many electrical
networks have ageing assets and many electrical networks are facing increased development.
STUDY COMMITTEE B3
SUBSTATIONS
case studies are presented, one for network performance and the other for asset (equipment)
performance. Reliability data from the survey will have numerous uses, both when looking at network
and asset (equipment) performance. This data is becoming more important as many electrical
networks have ageing
6th SOUTHERN AFRICAassets and many
REGIONAL electrical&networks
CONFERENCE are facing
JOINT STUDY increased
COMMITTEE A2,development.
A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
C304 THE BREAKER AND A HALF CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR THE ESKOM 765KV AIS
NETWORK
E. NAICKER, A. AMOD
The current Eskom Transmission network boundary voltages range from 220kV to 765kV, and
comprises systems with nominal operating voltage levels of 220kV, 275kV, 400kV and 765kV. The
network spans an area of 1,219,090 km2 with the longest 765kV line of 425 route-kilometres nearing
construction phase. High Voltage substation layouts have historically been based on the single
breaker, double busbar configuration, with or without the breaker bypass facility, or with a transfer
insulators instead of porcelain. In addition switching transients are minimized by means of controlled
switching. Conventional disconnectors are removed by use of disconnecting circuit breakers, which
combine the functions of normal disconnectors and circuit breakers into one single device.
Conventional current transformers are replaced by optical devices, which may be integrated into the
6th SOUTHERNcircuit
disconnecting AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE & JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE A2, A3, B3, COLLOQUIUM
breaker.
C304 THE BREAKER AND A HALF CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR THE ESKOM 765KV AIS
NETWORK
E. NAICKER, A. AMOD
The current Eskom Transmission network boundary voltages range from 220kV to 765kV, and
comprises systems with nominal operating voltage levels of 220kV, 275kV, 400kV and 765kV. The
network spans an area of 1,219,090 km2 with the longest 765kV line of 425 route-kilometres nearing
construction phase. High Voltage substation layouts have historically been based on the single
breaker, double busbar configuration, with or without the breaker bypass facility, or with a transfer
busbar to provide full transfer facility for feeders only. The original two 765kV substations (Alpha and
Beta) use GIS technology and are configured for double busbar selection with a bypass facility on the
feeder bays that employ a single circuit breaker. However, due to cost amongst other factors, the
current extensions to the 765kV network have employed AIS technology with GIS dead tank circuit
breakers with inbuilt current transformers. Having evaluated the risks to the network using the current
switching philosophy, reliability being the most important criterion, Eskom decided to change the policy
of
6thdouble busbar
SOUTHERN selection
AFRICA with bypass
REGIONAL to the breaker-and-a-half
CONFERENCE arrangement.A2,
& JOINT STUDY COMMITTEE This
A3,paper will discuss
B3 COLLOQUIUM
the application of the breaker-and-a-half (1½ breaker) switching scheme for one of Eskom’s most
strategic power corridors – the 1470km 765kV backbone.
C306 800 KV-AC AND 600 KV-DC BRAZILIAN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EXPERIENCE AND
FUTURE TRENDS
J. AMON, R. A. A. GONÇALVES, C. P. R. GABAGLIA, P. C. FERNANDEZ, S. ESPIRITO, G.
SARCINELLI
This paper is basically divided in two parts and aims to present the Brazilian experience regarding
UHV transmission systems and the foreseen future trends related to the use of such technology. The
first part shows Brazilian knowledge and experience on dealing with UHV transmission systems (800
kV AC and ± 600 kV DC), describing some aspects and faced problems, from planning and operating
experience point of views. FURNAS Centrais Elétricas, as a generation and bulk power transmission
utility, owned by the Brazilian Federal Government, was responsible for developing the transmission
solution in order to integrate Itaipu power plant generation into the Brazilian national transmission
network, performing the planning studies, equipment specification, factory and laboratory tests,
erection on site, commissioning tests (factory and on-site acceptance tests), among other tasks.
FURNAS was created in 1957 and started the operation of the 800 kV AC and ± 600 kV DC systems
in 1982 and 1984, respectively, integrating the Itaipu power plant generation into the ‘Brazilian
National Transmission Network’, and then, being the utility detainer of the Brazilian know-how on UHV
transmission issues [1]. Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is located on Paraná River, at the border
between Brazil and Paraguay and belongs to a company of same name: Itaipu Binacional. It is a
power generation utility owned by both governments of Brazil and Paraguay in equal shares. The
power plant has 20 generating units of 700 MW each, resulting in a 14,000 MW installed power
capacity enterprise enable to produce around 100 TWh of energy per year. As these countries rated
power frequencies are different from each other, the frequency of half of the generating units
belonging to Brazil is 60 Hz, while the other half belonging to Paraguay has a frequency of 50 Hz. This
has been established as a consequence of an international treaty celebrated between both countries.
However, Brazil has agreed, by contract, to buy the whole of 50 Hz energy, except that consumed by
Paraguay, which means that 75 % of the 50 Hz energy, in average, was consumed by the Brazilians in
the last year. In the second part of the paper the Brazilian future trends and challenges regarding the
use of such UHV transmission system technologies are presented, as for the transmission solution
associated to the foreseen planned major hydro power plants in the Amazon region (transfer of high
amounts of power between 6,000 and 10,000 MW across long distances of about 2,400 km. The
consequent impacts on existing network are considered by pointing out the need of reinforcing the
receiving network, as well as the need of investigating procedures for limitation of short-circuit current
levels exceeding existing equipment ratings. Also, the new challenges may demand IEC standards
review, due to the special UHV new equipment withstand requirements.