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Jungle: Etymology
Jungle: Etymology
Etymology
The word jungle originates from the Sanskrit word jaṅgala (Sanskrit: जङ्गल), meaning
rough and arid. It came into the English language via Hindi in the 18th century.[1]
[2]
Jāṅgala has also been variously transcribed in English as jangal, jangla, jungal,
and juṅgalaAlthough the Sanskrit word refers to dry land, it has been suggested that
an Anglo-Indian interpretation led to its connotation as a dense "tangled
thicket"[3] while others have argued that a cognate word in Urdu derived
from Persian ( جنگلJangal), did refer to forests.[4] The term is prevalent in many
languages of the Indian subcontinent, and the Iranian Plateau, where it is commonly
used to refer to the plant growth replacing primeval forest or to the unkempt tropical
vegetation that takes over abandoned areas.[5]
History[edit]
The jungle is the richest habitat on Earth. Over the intervals of time, different parts of
tropical areas have provided a variety of flora and fauna, together with newer
species discovered annually. Tropical jungles have been the home to indigenous
peoples, who have shaped traditional cultures and civilizations based on the
environment.
Wildlife[edit]
Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous
vegetation and land types in different climatic zones, the wildlife of jungles cannot be
straightforwardly defined.
Varying usage[edit]
As dense and tangled vegetation[edit]
One of the most common meanings of jungle is land overgrown with tangled
vegetation at ground level, especially in the tropics. Typically such vegetation is
sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans, requiring that travellers cut their
way through.[6][7][8] This definition draws a distinction between rainforest and jungle,
since the understorey of rainforests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of
sunlight, and hence relatively easy to traverse. [9][10] Jungles may exist within, or at the
borders of, tropical forests in areas where the woodland has been opened through
natural disturbance such as hurricanes, or through human activity such as logging. [6][11]
[12]
The successional vegetation that springs up following such disturbance, is dense
and tangled and is a "typical" jungle. Jungle also typically forms along rainforest
margins such as stream banks, once again due to the greater available light at
ground level.[9]
Monsoon forests and mangroves are commonly referred to as jungles of this type.
Having a more open canopy than rainforests, monsoon forests typically have dense
understoreys with numerous lianas and shrubs making movement difficult,[6][13][14] while
the prop roots and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties. [15][16]
As moist forest[edit]