Acids Bases Salts

CHAPTER 2
ACIDS, BASES
&
SALTS
ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971 1
Acids
Acids are chemical agents that
release hydrogen ions when added
to water.

Properties of Acids
Acids are:
• Sour to taste.
• They change the colour of blue
litmus to red.

Base
A base is a substance that can accept a
hydrogen ion (H+) from another
substance.

Property of Base
Bases are:
• Bitter to taste.
• They change the colour of red
litmus to blue.

Indicators
Indicators are chemical substances
which give different colours in
acidic or basic.
Litmus paper Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange 8

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Natural Indicators
Litmus, turmeric, red cabbage
leaves, coloured petals of some
flowers.
Litmus paper Turmeric Red Cabbage Colour petals

What happens to a stain of curry on a white
cloth when soap is scrubbed on it?
The stain becomes reddish brown
because soap is basic in nature.

You have been provided with three test tubes A, B and C. One
of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an
acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are
given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the
contents of each test tube?
In each test tube put blue litmus paper. In test tube B it will
turn red but no change will occur in test tubes A and C. Put
litmus paper in test tubes A and C. It will turn blue in C
showing it contains basic solution but no change will occur in
A.
A contains distilled water.
B contains acidic solution.
C contains basic solution.
Red
A knife which is used to cut a fruit was immediately dipped
into water containing drops of blue litmus solution. If the
colour of the solution is changed to red, what inference can
be drawn about the nature of the fruit and why?
The fruit is acidic because acidic solution

changes blue litmus solution red.

Olfactory Indicators
Substances whose odour changes in
acidic or basic media are called
olfactory indicators.
Ex: Onion, vanilla and cloves.

Principle of Olfactory Indicators
An olfactory indicator works on the
principle that when an acid or base
is added, then its characteristic
smell can be detected.

What observation do you notice when few drops of
dilute HCl solution is added a cloth strips with odour
of onion and few drops of NaOH solution is added on
another cloth strip with odour of onion?
Onion has a characteristic smell. When

a base (like NaOH) is added to a cloth
strip treated with onion extract-then
the smell is destroyed. An acid solution
(HCI) does not destroy the smell of
onion.
Take about 5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube
and add a few pieces of zinc granules to it.
e) What do you observe when acids like HCl, HNO3 and

CH3COOH is taken instead of sulphuric acid?
The same observation is seen when sulphuric
acid is replaced with HCl, HNO3 or CH3COOH.
Reaction of metals with acids
Metals combine with an acid to
form salt and hydrogen is displaced
from the acid.
Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas.

Acids react with metals to produce salt
and hydrogen gas.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Acids react with metal carbonates and
metal hydrogen carbonates to give salt
and carbon dioxide.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Acids react with bases to produce salt
and water.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Take two test tubes A and B. Take about 0.5 g of sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3) in test tube A and about 0.5 g of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) in test tube B. Add about 2 ml
of dilute HCl to both the test tubes.
a) What do you observe?
Sodium carbonate on reaction with dilute HCI forms sodium
chloride, water and carbon dioxide. As sodium carbonate is a
basic salt, while hydrochloric acid is an acid neutralization
takes place
Na2CO3 + 2HCI 2NaCI + H2O + CO2

Take two test tubes A and B. Take about 0.5 g of sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3) in test tube A and about 0.5 g of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) in test tube B. Add about 2 ml
of dilute HCl to both the test tubes.
b) What happens when the gas produced in each
test tube is passed through lime water (calcium
hydroxide solution)?
On passing the gas evolved through lime water,
it turn milky with formation of white
precipitate.

What happens when excess carbon dioxide is
passed through calcium carbonate?
On passing excess CO2 the white
precipitate disappears as soluble
calcium bicarbonate is formed.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

How do metal carbonates react with
acids?
All metal carbonates and hydrogen-
carbonates react with acids to give
corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and
water.
Metal carbonates / Salt + carbon dioxide
hydrogen carbonates + acid + Water

Take 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and two
drops of phenolphthalein solution is added to it.
a) What is the colour of the solution?
Pink
b) When dilute HCl solution is added to the above
solution drop by drop. Is there any colour change for
the reaction mixture?
If dilute HCI is added to the solution
then the colour of the solution fades.
If we keep on adding HCI, the solution
becomes colourless. ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971 24
Take 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and two
drops of phenolphthalein solution is added to it.
c) Why did the colour of phenolphthalein change after the
addition of an acid?
HCI being a strong acid will neutralize NaOH.
d) Does the pink colour of phenolphthalein reappear?
If few drops of NaOH is added again to

the same solution, the solution become
basic and the pink colour of the
phenolphthalein reappears.
Phenolphthalein

Neutralisation Reaction
Acids react with bases to produce salt
and water.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
NaOH+ HCl NaCl + H2O

A student dropped few pieces of marble in dilute HCl
contained in a test tube. The evolved gas was passed
through lime water.
a) What change would be observed in lime water?
Lime water turns milky.
b) Write balanced chemical equation for the above change.
Ca(OH)2+ CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

Take a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker and
add dilute hydrochloric acid slowly while stirring.
What is the colour of the solution? What happens to
the copper oxide?
The colour of the solution becomes

blue-green and the copper oxide
dissolves. The blue-green colour of the
solution is due to the formation of
copper(II) chloride in the reaction.
Reaction between metal oxide and an acid
Metal oxide + Acid Salt + Water

Reaction between Copper oxide and dilute hydro
chloric acid
CuO+ HCl CuCl2 + H2O

Reaction between Copper oxide and dilute hydro
chloric acid
CuO+ HCl CuCl2 + H2O

Why should curd and sour substances not
be kept in brass and copper vessels?
Curd and other sour substances
contain acids. Therefore, when they
are kept in brass and copper vessels,
the metal reacts with the acid to
liberate hydrogen gas and harmful
products, thereby spoiling the food.

Why these sour substances are
effective in cleaning the vessels?
Lemon or tamarind juice is acidic in
nature and reacts with oxidised
copper to dissolve it into salt and
water. Thus copper vessel is cleaned.

Why these sour substances are
effective in cleaning the vessels?
Lemon or tamarind juice is acidic in
nature and reacts with oxidised
copper to dissolve it into salt and
water. Thus copper vessel is cleaned.

Take solutions of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric
acid, etc. Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in a 100
mL beaker. Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt
battery through a bulb and a switch, as shown in the figure.
Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker
and switch on the current. What do you
observe?
The bulb will start glowing.
Repeat the experiment separately with
glucose and alcohol solutions. What do
you observe now?
Glucose and alcohol solutions do not conduct electricity.
Does the bulb glow in all cases?
The bulb will start glowing in the case of acids (all acids contain
hydrogen but not all compounds
ACTIVE SITEcontaining hydrogen are not acids)35
EDUTECH-9844532971
Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain
hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
Two nails are fitted on a cork and are kept it in a 100 mL beaker. The
nails are then connected to the two terminals of a 6-volt battery
through a bulb and a switch. Some dilute HCl is poured in the beaker
and the current is switched on. The same experiment is then
performed with glucose solution and alcohol solution.
Result:
HCl dissociates into H+ and Cl− ions. These ions conduct electricity in
the solution resulting in the glowing of the bulb. On the other hand,
the glucose solution does not dissociate into ions. Therefore, it does
not conduct electricity.
Conclusion:
From this activity, it can be concluded that all acids contain hydrogen
but not all compounds containing hydrogen are acids. That is why,
though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they are not
categorised as acids. ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971 36
Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous
solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and
glucose do not show acidic character?
The dissociation of HCl or HNO3 to form
hydrogen ions always occurs in the presence of
water. Hydrogen ions (H+) combine with H2O to
form hydronium ions (H3O+).
The reaction is as follows:
Although aqueous solutions of glucose and
alcohol contain hydrogen, these cannot
dissociate in water to form hydrogen ions.
Hence, they do not show acidic character.
What is responsible for the acidic property?
The H+ ions in solution are responsible
for the acidic property of acid.

Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube and set
up the apparatus as shown in figure. Add some concentrated
sulphuric acid to the test tube.
Reaction takes place and
hydrochloric acid gas is
produced.
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl

Test the gas evolved successively with dry an
blue litmus paper.
Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube and set
up the apparatus as shown in figure. Add some concentrated
sulphuric acid to the test tube.
In which case does the litmus
paper change colour?
The gas has no effect on
dry litmus paper but wet
litmus paper turns red.
On the basis of the above Activity, what do you infer about the acidic
character of: (i) dry HCl gas (ii) HCl solution?
Experiment suggests that hydrogen ions in HCl are produced in
the presence of water. The separation of H+ ion from HCl
molecules cannot occur ACTIVE
in the absence of water.
SITE EDUTECH-9844532971 40
Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of
the dry litmus paper?
Colour of the litmus paper is changed by the
hydrogen ions. Dry HCl gas does not contain H+
ions. It is only in the aqueous solution that an
acid dissociates to give ions. Since in this case,
neither HCl is in the aqueous form nor the
litmus paper is wet, therefore, the colour of
the litmus paper does not change.

Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct
electricity?
Acids dissociate in aqueous solutions to
form ions. These ions are responsible for
conduction of electricity.

Why does distilled water not conduct
electricity, whereas rain water does?
Distilled water is a pure form of water
and does not contain any ions. So it
does not conduct electricity. Rain
water, being an impure form of water,
contains many ionic species such as
acids and therefore it conducts
electricity.
Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the
absence of water?
Acids do not show acidic behaviour in
the absence of water because the
dissociation of hydrogen ions from an
acid occurs in the presence of water
only. It is the hydrogen ions that are
responsible for the acidic behaviour.

Base reaction with water
Bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in
water.
H2O
NaOH⎯⎯→Na +
+OH −
KOH ⎯⎯→K
H2O +
+OH
Mg(OH)2 ⎯⎯→Mg +2OH
H 2O 2+

Alkalis
Bases which are soluble in water are
called alkalis.
Characteristics of Alkalis
Alkalis are soapy to touch. They are
bitter and corrosive.
General reaction between acids and bases
H X + M OH ⎯⎯→ MX + HOH
Take 10 mL water in a beaker. Add a few
drops of concentrated H2SO4 to it and
swirl the beaker slowly.
Touch the base of the beaker. Is there a
change in temperature?
The temperature rises.
Is this an exothermic or endothermic process?
Dissolution of acid in water is an exothermic process.
Add sodium hydroxide pellets to 10ml water in a
beaker. What do you observe?
The temperature of beaker increases as sodium
hydroxide dissolves in water.
Acid must be added to water and not vice versa
during dilution.
We should always add acid slowly to
water, keeping the solution continuously
stirred, while preparing dilute solutions of
acid like nitric acid and sulphuric acid. If
water is added to acid, so much heat is
produced during the dilution process that
the container may break. The hot contents
may also cause an explosion and spill on
our clothes and body.
Dilution
The process of mixing an acid or

base with water to decrease the
concentration of ions (H3O+ / OH-)
is called dilution.

How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+)
affected when a solution of an acid is diluted?
When an acid is diluted, the

concentration of hydronium ions
(H3O+) per unit volume decreases.
This means that the strength of the
acid decreases.

How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH−)
affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution
of sodium hydroxide?
The concentration of hydroxide
ions (OH−) would increase when
excess base is dissolved in a
solution of sodium hydroxide.

Universal Indicator
An indicator which shows different

colours at different concentrations of
hydrogen ions in a solution is called
universal indicator.

pH scale
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion

concentration in a solution is called
pH scale.

pH scale
No. Solution ColourofpHpaper pHValue Natureofsubstance
1 Saliva(beforemeal) Lightgreen 7.4 Basic
2 Saliva(aftermeal) Paleyellow 5.8 Acidic
3 Lemonjuice Pinkred 2.5 Acidic
4 Colourlessaerateddrink Paleyellow 6 Acidic
5 Carrotjuice Lightorange 4 Acidic
6 Coffee Orangeyellow 5 Acidic
7 Tomatojuice Darkorange 4.1 Acidic
8 Tapwater Green 7 Neutral
9 1MNaOH Darkblue,violet 13-14 Basic
10 1MHCl Red 1 Acidic

Strong Acid
Acids that give rise to more H+ ions

or acids in which complete
dissociation of hydrogen ion takes
place are called strong acid.
Ex: Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric
acid, nitric acid.

Weak Acid
Acids that give less H+ ions or acids

in which there is partial
dissociation of hydrogen ions are
called weak acids.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic
acid (H2C2O4) are examples of weak
acids.
Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes
A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to test tube A,
while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added to test tube B. Amount
and concentration taken for both the acids are same. In
which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and
why?
The fizzing will occur strongly in test tube

A, in which hydrochloric acid (HCl) is
added. This is because HCl is a stronger
acid than CH3COOH and therefore
produces hydrogen gas at a faster speed
due to which fizzing occurs.
Antacid
An antacid is a base which is used to

reduce the pain and irritation caused
by excess production of acid in the
stomach due to indigestion.
Ex: Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of
magnesia)

A person is suffering from indigestion due to the
intake of hot spicy food. What remedy will you
prescribe to the patient? Give the name of a
chemical that can give relief to him.
The person should be given an antacid

like milk of magnesia [Mg(OH)2]

How do antacids reduce the pain and irritation
caused due to indigestion?
Antacids neutralise the excess acid

produced by the stomach during
indigestion.

Tooth-decay
Tooth decay is the corrosion of the
tooth enamel.
When the pH in the mouth is below
5.5, bacteria present in the mouth
produce acids by degradation of sugar
and food particles remaining in the
mouth after eating. This corrodes the
tooth enamel causing tooth decay.
Tooth-decay

Reducing Tooth-decay
The best way to prevent tooth decay is
to clean the mouth after eating food.
Using toothpastes, which are generally
basic, for cleaning the teeth can
neutralise the excess acid and prevent
tooth decay.

How does the enamel undergo damage due to eating of
chocolates and sweets? What should be done to prevent it?
Tooth enamel is chemically calcium phosphate. Sugar
present in chocolates and sweets gets broken to acids
by bacteria present in the mouth. It starts corroding
when pH falls below 5.5, food particles in the mouth
degrade to produce acid which lowers the pH of the
mouth. Doctors advice the use of paste to prevent
tooth decay because these are alkaline and neutralise
the acid produced.

How can the pain and irritation caused by bee sting
be reduced?
Bee-sting leaves an acid which causes
pain and irritation. Use of a mild base
like baking soda on the stung area
reduces the pain and irritation.

Kamala was playing in the garden. She was stung by
a wasp. Her mother immediately applied a coating of
toothpaste on the affected area and then took her to
the doctor.
a) What does wasp sting contain?
Wasp sting contains venom which is acidic.
b) Why did her mother apply toothpaste on the

affected area?
As toothpaste is basic in nature. So on applying
it on the affected area, it neutralises the effect
of acidic wasp sting.
A student accidentally touches a nettle plant while trekking. How can
you help to reduce the pain and irritation caused by it?
The leaves of nettle plant have stinging hair
which releases methanoic acid. We can
neutralise the pain and irritation of the
acid by rubbing the area with the leaf of
the dock plant. Dock plant produces base
which neutralises the acid.

Acid present in substances
Substance Acid Substance Acid
Sourmilk
Vinegar Aceticacid Lacticacid
(Curd)
Orange Citricacid Lemon Citricacid
Methanoic
Tamarind Tartaricacid Antsting
acid
Methanoic
Tomato Oxalicacid Nettlesting
acid

You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution
A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which solution has
more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is
acidic and which one is basic?
A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic

solution, while greater than 7 indicates a
basic solution. Therefore, the solution with
pH = 6 is acidic and has more hydrogen ion
concentration than the solution of pH = 8
which is basic.
Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal
indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9, respectively. Which
solution is (a) neutral (b) strongly alkaline (c) strongly acidic
(d) weakly acidic (e) weakly alkaline Arrange the pH in
increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.
a) Solution D is neutral (pH=7)
b) Solution C is strongly alkaline (pH=11)
c) Solution A is strongly acidic (pH=4)
d) Solution E is weakly acidic (pH=1)
e) Solution E is weakly alkaline (pH=9)
pH in the increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration is:

pH=11< pH=9< pH=7< pH=4< pH=1
The soil in a field is highly acidic. List any two
materials which can be added to this soil to reduce
its acidity. Give reason.
Calcium carbonate, calcium oxide,

magnesium oxide or magnesium
carbonate can be added to neutralise
the acidity of the soil.

Importance of pH in our daily life
1) Our body works within the pH range of
7-7.8.
2) When pH of rain water is less than 5.6,
it is called acid rain.
3) Acid produced in stomach which
causes pain and irritation.
4) To get rid of this pain, people uses
antacid (mild base) like milk of
magnesia
Importance of pH in our daily life
5) Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth is
lower than 5.5.
6) Using toothpaste (generally basic) tooth
decay can be prevented.
7) Bee sting leaves an acid which cause pain
and irritation. Use of a mild base like
baking soda on stung area gives relief.
8) Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject
methanoic acid causing burning pain.
Rubbing with leaf of dock plant gives relief.
73
The tanks in which milk is stored for retail selling are
cleaned with sodium hydroxide solution every time
fresh milk is filled in them. Give reason for this
practice.
Milk contains lactic acid and its effect remains
in the empty tank. The acidic effect in the tank
can be neutralised by cleaning it with a solution
of a base. It changes the acid into salt which
then gets removed from the tank by cleaning
with water.

Check the solubility in distilled water of the following salts. Find the pH
using a pH paper. Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral? Identify
the acid or base used to form the salt.
Solubility in Acidic/ Basic/ pH Acid Base

Salt
water Neutral Value used used
Sodium chloride Soluble Neutral 7 HCl NaOH
potassium nitrate Soluble Neutral 7 KOH
HNO3
Aluminium
Soluble Acidic <7 HCl Al(OH)3
chloride
Zinc sulphate Soluble Acidic <7 H2SO4 Zn(OH)3
Copper sulphate
Soluble Acidic <7 H2SO4 Cu(OH)3
Sodium acetate Soluble Basic >7 CH3COOH NaOH
Sodium carbonate Soluble Basic >7 NaOH
H2CO3
Sodium hydrogen
carbonate Soluble Basic >7 H2CO3 NaOH

A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda
to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk

from 6 to slightly alkaline because in alkaline
condition, milk does not set as curd easily.
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual

milk, acids produced to set the curd are
neutralized by the base. Therefore, it takes a
longer time for the curd to set.
Difference between Acid and Alkali

Difference between Base and Alkali
Baseisasubstance
whichcontains
hydroxylgroup
Ex:NaOH,KOH, Ex:NaOH,KOH,
Al(OH)3 Ca(OH)2
Rock Salt
Large crystals of sodium chloride are called
rock salts.
Why is rock salt brown in colour?
Rock salt is brown in colour due to
impurities.

Preparation of sodium hydroxide or
Chlor-alkali process
When electricity is passed through an

aqueous solution of sodium chloride,
it decomposes to form sodium
hydroxide.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

Preparation of sodium hydroxide or
Chlor-alkali process

In the chlor-alkali process of manufacture of sodium
hydroxide,
i) Name the gas produced at a) cathode b) anode

i) Chlorine gas is given off at the anode,
and hydrogen gas at the cathode.
ii) At which electrode is sodium hydroxide formed?
ii) Sodium hydroxide is formed at the
cathode.

Uses of chlorine gas
• It is used for water treatment.
• It is used in swimming pools as
disinfectant.
• It is used for manufacture of PVC, CFC’s,
bleaching powder and pesticides.

Uses of Hydrogen gas
• It is used as fuel.
• It is used in the manufacture of ammonia.
• It is used for manufacture of ghee,
margarine etc.

Uses of sodium hydroxide
• It is used for de-greasing metals.
• It is used in making paper.
• It is used for the manufacture
of soaps and detergents.
• It is used in artificial fibre industry.

Uses of hydrochloric acid
• Hydrochloric acid is used for cleaning steel.
• It is used in the manufacture of ammonium
chloride.
• It is used in the manufacture of medicines and
cosmetics.

Preparation of bleaching powder
Bleaching powder is produced by the
action of chlorine on dry slaked lime
[Ca(OH)2].
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
Bleaching powder is chemically

calcium oxy-chloride. Its formula is CaOCl2.

Uses of bleaching powder
• Bleaching powder is used for bleaching cotton and
linen in the textile industry, bleaching wood pulp in
paper factories, bleaching washed clothes in
laundry.
• It is used as an oxidising agent in many chemical
industries.
• It is used for disinfecting drinking water to make it
free of germs.

Baking soda
• Baking soda is chemically sodium hydrogen
carbonate. Its chemical formula is NaHCO3.
• Baking soda is produced using sodium chloride
as one of the raw materials.
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 NH4Cl + NaHCO3

Effect of heating Baking soda
When baking soda (sodium hydrogen
carbonate) is heated during cooking
sodium carbonate is formed.
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 +H2O+CO2

Uses of Baking soda
• Baking soda is used in the manufacture of baking
powder.
• It is used in antacids to neutralize excess acids in the
stomach and provide relief.
• It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

Baking powder
• Baking powder is a mixture of baking
soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and a
mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.

What happens when baking powder is heated
or mixed with water?
When baking powder is heated or mixed in
water, the following reaction takes place
NaHCO3+ H+ H2O+CO2+ Sodium salt of acid

Why is baking powder used in bakery industry?
When baking powder is used in bakery
products like bread or cake, carbon dioxide
produced makes the products soft and
spongy.
Why does bread or cake become soft and spongy
when baking powder is added to the dough?
When the dough is mixed with baking powder
and water and heated, carbon dioxide is
produced which makes the bread or cake to rise
making them soft and spongy.
Why is baking powder used in bakery industry?

Washing soda
Washing soda is chemically sodium
carbonate. Its formula is Na2CO3.10H2O.
Washing soda Preparation
When baking soda is heated, sodium
carbonate is produced. Re-crystallisation of
sodium carbonate gives washing soda.

Uses of Washing soda
• Washing soda is used in the manufacture
of glass, soap and paper.
• It is used in the manufacture of sodium
compounds such as borax.

Uses of Washing soda
• It is used as a cleaning agent for domestic
purposes.
• It is used for removing permanent
hardness of water.

Water of crystallization
Water of crystallisation is the fixed
number of water molecules present in
one formula unit of a salt.
Copper sulphate CuSO4.5H2O

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10 H2O
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O

Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris is chemically calcium
sulphate hemihydrate.
1
2

Reaction between Plaster of Paris and water
1 1
CaSO4 2 2 4
2 2

Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof
container.
Plaster of Paris (POP) should be stored in a
moisture-proof container because Plaster
of Paris, a powdery mass, absorbs water
(moisture) to form a hard solid known as
gypsum.

Uses of plaster of Paris
• Plaster of Paris is used by doctors for

supporting fractured bones in the right
position.

• It is used for making toys.

• It is used for making materials for

decoration.

• It is used for making surface smooth.

Exercise (MCQ)

1. A solution turns red litmus blue, its
pH is likely to be
(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 10

2. A solution reacts with crushed egg-
shells to give a gas that turns lime-
water milky. The solution contains:
(a) NaCl
(b) HCl
(c) LiCl
(d) KCl

3. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found
to be completely neutralised by 8 mL of a
given solution of HCl. If we take 20 mL of
the same solution of NaOH, the amount of
HCl solution (the same solution as before)
required to neutralise it will be:
(a) 4 mL
(b) 8mL
(c) 12 mL
(d) 16 mL ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971
110
4. Which one of the following types of
medicines is used for treating
indigestion?
(a) Antibiotic
(b) Analgesic
(c) Antacid
(d) Antiseptic

5. What happens when a solution of an
acid is mixed with a solution of a base
in a test tube?
(i) The temperature of the solution increases
(ii) The temperature of the solution decreases
(iii) The temperature of the solution remains
the same
(iv) Salt formation takes place
(a) (i) only
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iv) ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971 112
6) An aqueous solution turns red litmus
solution blue. Excess addition of which of the
following solution would reverse the change?
(a) Baking powder
(b) Lime
(c) Ammonium hydroxide solution
(d) Hydrochloric acid

7) During the preparation of hydrogen
chloride gas on a humid day, the gas is usually
passed through the guard tube containing
calcium chloride. The role of calcium chloride
taken in the guard tube is to:
(a) absorb the evolved gas

(b) moisten the gas
(c) absorb moisture from the gas
(d) absorb Cl– ions from the evolved gas
114
8) Which of the following salts does not
contain water of crystallisation?
(a) Blue vitriol
(b) Baking soda
(c) Washing soda
(d) Gypsum

9) Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is
a salt of:
(a) strong acid and strong base
(b) weak acid and weak base
(c) strong acid and weak base
(d) weak acid and strong base

10) Calcium phosphate is present in tooth
enamel. Its nature is:
(a) basic
(b) Acidic
(c) Neutral
(d) amphoteric

11) A sample of soil is mixed with water and
allowed to settle. The clear supernatant
solution turns the pH paper yellowish-orange.
Which of the following would change the
colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue?
(a) Lemon juice

(b) Vinegar
(c) Common salt
(d) An antacid
12) Which of the following gives the correct
increasing order of acidic strength?
(a) Water <Acetic acid <Hydrochloric acid

(b) Water <Hydrochloric acid <Acetic acid
(c) Acetic acid <Water <Hydrochloric acid
(d) Hydrochloric acid <Water <Acetic acid

13) If a few drops of a concentrated acid
accidentally spills over the hand of a
student, what should be done?
(a) Wash the hand with saline solution
(b) Wash the hand immediately with plenty of
water and apply a paste of sodium hydrogen
carbonate
(c) After washing with plenty of water apply
solution of sodium hydroxide on the hand
(d) Neutralise the acid with a strong alkali
14) Sodium hydrogen carbonate when added
to acetic acid evolves a gas. Which of the
following statements are true about the gas
evolved?
(i) It turns lime water milky
(ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter
(iii) It dissolves in a solution of sodium
hydroxide
(iv) It has a pungent odour
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
15) Common salt besides being used in kitchen
can also be used as the raw material for
making
(i) washing soda (ii) bleaching powder
(iii) baking soda (iv) slaked lime
(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
END

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CHAPTER 2

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Litmus paper Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange 8

Litmus paper Turmeric Red Cabbage Colour petals

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The fruit is acidic because acidic solution

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Onion has a characteristic smell. When

e) What do you observe when acids like HCl, HNO3 and

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Na2CO3 + 2HCI 2NaCI + H2O + CO2

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CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

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If few drops of NaOH is added again to

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NaOH+ HCl NaCl + H2O

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Ca(OH)2+ CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

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The colour of the solution becomes

Metal oxide + Acid Salt + Water

CuO+ HCl CuCl2 + H2O

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CuO+ HCl CuCl2 + H2O

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2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl

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The process of mixing an acid or

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When an acid is diluted, the

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An indicator which shows different

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A scale for measuring hydrogen ion

ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971 53

No. Solution ColourofpHpaper pHValue Natureofsubstance

1 Saliva(beforemeal) Lightgreen 7.4 Basic

2 Saliva(aftermeal) Paleyellow 5.8 Acidic

3 Lemonjuice Pinkred 2.5 Acidic

4 Colourlessaerateddrink Paleyellow 6 Acidic

5 Carrotjuice Lightorange 4 Acidic

6 Coffee Orangeyellow 5 Acidic