2a Units Review - Full Page Slides

Units Of Measure
Review
Orson P. Smith, PE, Ph.D.
Arctic Engineering
Henry David Thoreau (1817–62). Walden, “The Pond in Winter” (1854).
“If we knew all the laws of Nature, we should need only one
fact, or the description of one actual phenomenon, to infer
all the particular results at that point. Now we know only a
few laws, and our result is vitiated, not, of course, by any
confusion or irregularity in Nature, but by our ignorance of
essential elements in the calculation.”
2
Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review
Learning Objectives
 Review
 Physical parameters of use to
cold regions engineers
 English vs. SI units of measure
Orson Smith, PhD, PE,

Professor Emeritus
3
Mass and Density
 Mass (M)
 British: slugs
 “English Engineering”: lbm “pound mass”
 SI (metric): kilograms (kg), grams (g), micrograms (g)
 Density (, M/L3)

 British: slugs/ft3
 SI: kg/m3, g/cm3
4
Specific Gravity

SG 
 H O@4 C
2


•British: SG 
1.94 slugs
ft 3

•SI: SG 
1000 kg
m3
5
Force
 Force (ML/T2)
 Newton’s 2nd Law: F = ma
 British: pounds (lb or lbf), tons (2000 lb)
 English Engineering:
lbm  a lbm  ft
lbf  g c  32.174
lbf  sec 2
gc
 SI: 1 Newton (N) = 1 kg-m/sec2
 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/sec2
6
Weight and Specific Weight
 Weight: force = mass x acceleration of gravity
 Specific weight (M/T2L2):  = g

lb
 British:   3
ft
Newton
 SI:  
m3
7
Pressure
 Pressure (M/T2L): force per unit area
 British: psi, psf, feet (head), atmospheres
 SI:
 1 Pascal = 1 Newton/m2
 1 bar = 105 Pa (approximately 1 atmosphere)
 1 millibar (mb) = 100 Pa
 1 kiloPascal (kPa) = 103 Pa
8
Pressure (continued)
 Pressure
 1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 x 105 Pa
= 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
 Gauge pressure, pg is measured above (or
below) atmospheric pressure.
 Absolute pressure, pa includes atmospheric
pressure.
 pa = pg + patm
.
9
Work and Power
 Work (M/T2): force applied over a distance; a
measure of mechanical energy transfer
 British: ft-lb
 SI: 1 joule (J) = 1 Newton-m
 Power (M/T3): work per unit time
 British: 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec
 SI: 1 watt (W) = 1 joule/sec;
 1 kilowatt (kW)= 103 watts
10
Temperature
 Temperature: a measure of the energy (motion
or vibration) of an object’s component particles
 Fahrenheit (F):
 fresh water freezes as 32F and
 boils at 212F (standard atmospheric pressure)
 Celsius (C), also called centigrade:
 fresh water freezes at 0C and
boils at 100C
T ( C )  T ( F )  32 

9  5 
T ( F )  T ( C )  32
5 9
 
11
Temperature (continued)
 Absolute Temperature
 Rankine scale (R)

 R = F + 459.67
 Kelvin scale (K, “Kelvins”)

K = C + 273.15
12
Heat Energy
 Heat: a form of energy transferable
between substances through contact and
radiation
 BTU: amount of heat to raise the temperature
of 1 lb of water by 1F
 Calorie: amount of heat to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water by 1C
 Kilocalorie: amount of heat to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C
13
Heat Capacity
 Specific heat capacity: amount of heat
needed to change the temperature of a
unit quantity by 1C.
 Cp = heat capacity at constant pressure.
 Cv = heat capacity at constant volume.
14
Heat Capacity of Water
Water has the highest heat capacity of all natural
substances:
CH2O=4.185 kJ/kg-C =1 kcal/kg-C =1 Btu/lb-F
CFe=0.11 kcal/kg-C
Ice and water vapor have a lower heat capacities than
liquid water:
Cice=2.09 kJ/kg-C =0.50 kcal/ kg-C =0.5 Btu/lb-F
Cwv=2.01 kJ/kg-C =0.48 kcal/ kg-C =0.48 Btu/lb-F
15
Sensible Heat
Heat energy shed or absorbed by an object that
results in a change of temperature is sensible by
temperature sensors.
The relationship of sensible heat Q to temperature
change T from T1 to T2 for an object of mass M
Q  M  C  T  M  C  T2  T1 
and heat capacity C is:
Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review 16

Latent Heat Energy
•Heat exchange required to produce a change of state in a
substance
•e.g., freezing water from liquid to solid
•Does not result in a temperature change
•Observable only in the change of state
•Water at freezing temperature requires additional heat loss
to change from liquid to solid state.
•Once frozen, ice temperature can then decrease by
sensible heat loss.
Latent Heat for Fresh Water
H2O - Latent heat of fusion (liquid to solid, or reverse):
Lf = 335 kJ/kg = 80 kcal/kg = 144 Btu/lb
H2O - Latent heat of vaporization (liquid to gas, or reverse):
Lv = 2260 kJ/kg = 540 kcal/kg = 972 Btu/lb

Latent Heat Illustration

Latent Heat – Example Problem
How much heat must be removed to 200 lb of water at 34
F to cause it to freeze?
Q  M  C  T  M  L f
Q  200lb 1   34 F  32 F   200lb 144

Btu Btu
lb  F lb
 
Q  2.92 10 Btu

4

Latent Heat – 2nd Example
How much ice at –10°C is needed to lower the
temperature of 0.5 kg of water from 20°C to 0°C?
Assume heat gained by ice equals that lost by liquid water.
M ice  Cice  Tice  M ice  L f  M H 2O  C H 2O  TH 2O
M H 2O  C H 2O  TH 2O
M ice   0.12kg
Cice  Tice  L f
Ideal Gas Law
pv = RT, or p =  RT
 p is pressure (Pa or lbs/ft2)

 v is specific volume (m3/N or ft3/lb).
  is specific weight (N/m3 or lbs/ft3).
 R is a gas constant particular to a given gas.
 (m/K or ft/R).
 T is absolute temperature (K or R)
22
Ideal Gas Law (continued)
 In terms of density, the ideal gas law can
also be stated:
p = RT
 R has different units for this form of the ideal

gas law, since it incorporates specific weight
ft  lb joules
or
slug  R kg  K
23
Viscosity
Viscosity: frictional resistance to flow of fluids along
a fixed boundary
du
 
dy
  (M/T2L) = shear stress (force per unit area)
  (M/T2L)= dynamic viscosity
 u (L/T) = fluid speed in the x direction at a
distance y from a fixed boundary
24
Viscosity (continued)
du
 
dy
Fluids with this linear relation of shear stress to

current variation (rate of shearing strain) are
known as Newtonian fluids.
Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units 25

Review
Compressibility
dp dp
Ev   
dV d
V 
Ev = bulk modulus of elasticity (units of pressure, e.g., Pa)
dp = change in pressure
dV = change in volume
d = change in density
26
Conclusion

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Units Of Measure

Orson Smith, PhD, PE,

 Density (, M/L3)

 Specific weight (M/T2L2):  = g

 Rankine scale (R)

 Kelvin scale (K, “Kelvins”)

 Cp = heat capacity at constant pressure.

 Cv = heat capacity at constant volume.

Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review 16

Lf = 335 kJ/kg = 80 kcal/kg = 144 Btu/lb

H2O - Latent heat of vaporization (liquid to gas, or reverse):

Lv = 2260 kJ/kg = 540 kcal/kg = 972 Btu/lb

Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review 18

Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review 19

Q  200lb 1   34 F  32 F   200lb 144

Q  2.92 10 Btu

Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review 20

M ice  Cice  Tice  M ice  L f  M H 2O  C H 2O  TH 2O

 p is pressure (Pa or lbs/ft2)

 R has different units for this form of the ideal

Fluids with this linear relation of shear stress to

Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units 25

Arctic Engineering Module 2a - Units Review 27

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