Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Lecture Handouts
Course Code &Name: :  19EC13301 &Analog Electronic Semester/
Circuits Year
Class : III Semester B.Tech. (I.T) III / II
Faculty Name : M. Sweetline Sonia
Unit : I Lecture No. : 7 Date of lecture:
Topic of Lecture: Norton theorem problems
Introduction :
 Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex,
to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel resistance connected to a
load.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete learning of Topic:
 Requires knowledge in ohm’s law, current division rule and determinants.

Detailed Content of the Lecture:

Example:
Find RN, IN, the current flowing through and Load Voltage across the load
resistor in Fig7.1 by using Norton’s Theorem.

Fig. 7.1

Step 1.
Short the 1.5Ω load resistor as shown in Fig.7.2

Fig. 7.2

Step 2.
Calculate / measure the Short Circuit Current. This is the Norton Current (IN).
We have shorted the AB terminals to determine the Norton current, IN. The
6Ω and 3Ω are then in parallel and this parallel combination of 6Ω and 3Ω
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are then in series with 2Ω.
So the Total Resistance of the circuit to the Source is:- 2Ω +
(6Ω || 3Ω) ….. (|| = in parallel with).
RT = 2Ω + [(3Ω x 6Ω) / (3Ω + 6Ω)] → IT= 2Ω + 2Ω = 4Ω.
RT = 4Ω IT = V / RT
IT = 12V / 4Ω= 3A..
Now we have to find ISC = IN… Apply
CDR… (Current Divider Rule)… ISC =
IN = 3A x [(6Ω / (3Ω + 6Ω)] = 2A.
ISC= IN = 2A.

Fig. 7.3

Step 3.
Open Current Sources, Short Voltage Sources and Open Load Resistor.

Fig. 7.4

Step 4.
Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Norton Resistance (RN)
We have Reduced the 12V DC source to zero is equivalent to replace it
with a short in step (3), as shown in figure (4) We can see that 3Ω resistor is
in series with a parallel combination of 6Ω resistor and 2Ω resistor. i.e.:
3Ω + (6Ω || 2Ω) …..
(|| = in parallel with)
RN = 3Ω + [(6Ω x
2Ω) / (6Ω + 2Ω)]
RN = 3Ω + 1.5Ω
RN = 4.5Ω

Fig. 7.5

Step 5.
Connect the RN in Parallel with Current Source INand re-connect the load
resistor. This is shown in fig (6) i.e. Norton Equivalent circuit with load
resistor.

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 Fig. 7.6

Step 6.
Now apply the last step i.e. calculate the load current through and Load
voltage across load resistor by Ohm’s Law as shown in fig 7.
Load Current through Load Resistor…
IL = IN x [RN / (RN+ RL)]= 2A x (4.5Ω /4.5Ω +1.5kΩ) → = 1.5A
IL = 1. 5AAndLoad Voltage
across Load Resistor… VL = IL
x RL= 1.5A x 1.5Ω = 2.25V

Fig. 7.7

Norton’s theorem is also applied to ac circuits in the same way as they

are to dc circuits. The only additional effort arises from the need to
manipulate complex numbers. The Norton equivalent circuit is illustrated in
Fig.below, where a linear circuit s replaced by a current source in parallel
with an impedance. Keep in mind that the two equivalent circuits are related
as
VTh= ZNIN, ZTh= ZN
just as in source transformation. VTh is the open-circuit voltage while INis the short-circuit
current.

Fig. 7.8

Obtain current Io in Fig. below using Norton’s theorem.

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 Fig. 7.9

Solution:
Our first objective is to find the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b. ZNis
found in the same way as ZTh. We set the sources to zero as shownin Fig. (a).
As evident from the figure, the (8 − j2) and (10 + j4)impedances are short-
circuited, so that
To get IN, we short-circuit terminals a-b as in Fig. (b) and apply mesh
analysis. Notice that meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh because of the
current source linking them. For mesh 1,
-j40 + (18 +j2) I1 - (8 – j2) I2 - (10 + j4) I3 =0 …(1)
For the supermesh,
(13- j2)I2 + (10 + j4) I3 – (18 + j2) I1 = 0 …(2)

Fig. 7.10

At node a, due to the current source between meshes 2 and 3,

I3= I2+ 3 …(3)
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2) gives
−j40 + 5I2= 0 ⇒I2= j8
From Eq. (3),
I3= I2+ 3 = 3 + j8
The Norton current is
IN= I3= (3 + j8) A
Figure (c) shows the Norton equivalent circuit along with the
impedance at terminals a-b. By current division

Outcome / Application:
 It is used to reduce a complex circuit into a simple circuit.
 Norton's theorem is useful to solve problems on parallel generators with unequal emf's and
unequal impedances.
 Norton's theorem can be interchangeably used with thevenin's theorem through proper source
transformations.
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 Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkSN_JxBGt0
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdLA8rntWEY
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqcHtww1QWs
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
 J. Millman & Halkins & Satyebranta Jit, “Electronic Devices & Circuits”, Tata McGraw Hill,
2nd Edition, 2010
 David A. Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition, 2008.
 Robefi T. Paynter, ‘”Introducing Electronics Devices and Circuits”, Pearson
Education, 7th Edition , 2006.
 Adel .S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, “Micro Electronic Circuits”, 6th Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2010
 Salivahanan, “Electronic Devices and Circuits” 2nd edition Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
2011

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