Biomolecules Rham nose ( C Ghizos ) → Carb .

→ About 20 monosaccharides are known

to occur in Nature .

( because
Polysaccharides they
Non
Sugars
→ → -

are not sweet in taste .

Monosaccharides
→
All
→
Reducing
.

mutarota
→ Non

tion
-
Red .

Sugars
Sucrose
do not
undergo
e.g
.
-

,
Abundant Earth
→G#se → Most .

comp . on

atoms in Str Chain Reaction with HI

six
-

- -

C .

yc=o( carboxyl gr ) Rxn with

Hydroxylamine
- -
.
.

HCN .

Rxn with Mild

carbonyl gr Aldehyde
→
- -

. .

such Bra / H2o

Oxidising Agents
as .
 Rxn with Acetic
Presence of
groups
son
-

Anhyride
.

Primary n
group Rxn with HMOs Glucose
-

o -
-

. ,

as well as
gluconic Acid both
give
Saccharic Acid ( 2 COOH ) .

Schiff 's Test

Glucose does not
give
Addition
and does not form hydrogen sulphide
product with Namsos .

with
Penta acetate does not react
Hydroxylamine
of free CMO
group
indicating
absence .

from SON
byatcrystallisation
✗ cone
→ obtained
.
-

of glucose 303k .

B → obtained
crystallisation from Hot
by K
& saturated solution at 371
ag
.

MI →
BI .
g. How to decide ✗ and B ?
✗ → Anomeric -

C oh & last c- on → Different

Anomeric C & last c- on → same

13 → on
-

in Haworth structures .

In
straight
chain structures
During
Hemi acetal
-

formation →

side in ✗
New one 0 → same , Opp .
side in

B.
fructose D- series
belong
→ to .

Laevo
rotatory
-

Sunrise → c- ① of ✗ -
D- Glucose + c-②
of 13
-

fructose .

Maltose → c- ① of ✗ -
D- Glucose + c- ④ of ✗ -
D-

Glucose .

Lactose → c- ① of p -

D- Galactose +

c- ⑧ of B- D- Glucose .
 Starch

↓ ↓

/
(15-201) (80-851)
Amylose Amylopectin
→ water ↳" " ° → °ᵈ→ " "" " °

unbranched → branched chairs

long
→ -

formed (1-4)
by
200-1000 ✗
chain with

Cf ) ( ✗ I 6)
Glucose ( Ci
Branching
x-D
-

. & -

Abundant
Organic
→ most Substance
Cellulite
(B 1,4)
rather
G1ywgen_ →
similar to
Amylopectin ,

it is more Branched .

→
Essential Amino Acids

PIT T HAI
Phenylalanine Tryptophan
Histidine Leucine

Valine Isoleucine
Arginine
Threonine Methionine
Lysine
Acids
Naturally occurring
Most Amino
have L
configuration , represented by writing
side
Nhs
group left
-

on .

Protein → a
polypeptide
with more than 100

amino -
acids residues
having molecular mass

> 10000W .

( Insoluble in water )
fibrous → Keratin ,
Myosin .

Globular → Insulin ,
Albumin . (soluble in water )
✗ -
Helix → Intramolecular H B . .

13 Pleated
-
→ Intermolecular H.B.

Destroyed
'

structures
'

3 →
Denaturation 2 ,

____

but i remain intact .

e.
g. Coagulation of Egg white on
Boiling .

of milk
curdling
-
.

Protein found
Biological
in
N Irote_in
system with
unique 3D
-

structure and
Biological Activity .

'

Main forces which stabilise the 2 :3

Bonds
structure of proteins are → H -

Vanderwall and
Di sulphide
linkages
-

Electrostatic force of Attraction .

Tertiary structure represents overall

chain
of polypeptide
folding rise
.

molecular shapes
-

give
to two
major ,

fibrous and Globular .

water soluble vitamin which

Vi_tBiz →
only
can be stored in
Body .
→ Hit Biz Deff .
→ cause Pernicious Anaemia
( RBC Def in .

Haemoglobin )
→ Hit Bg Def .
→ Convulsions .

& Muscle
⑨
fragility of RBCs
→ Vite Def .
→

weaknesses .

fat soluble it .
→ A ,
D ,
E
,
K

water-Soluble Vit .
→ B ,
C .

Addis son 's Disease →

Symptoms of
Absent
Hypoglycemia Adenine → ◦
=
-

weakness
-

Guanine → = 0 Present .

↑ Stress .

→ to
identify
fingerprinting
used
→ DNA

racial
groups
to rewrite
Biological
E. * ◦ lotion .