CERTIFICATE

This is certify that PATIL BHAGYASHRI NIMBA

Roll No.18 studying in
F.Y.B.Pharmacy (Semester II) had been satisfactorily submitted
a report on

“GLOBAL WARMING”

To Poojya Sane Guruji Vidya Prasarak Mandals Collage of

Pharmacy Shahada Affiliated North Maharashtra University
Jalgoan.

Mrs.A.M.Patil Dr.S.P.Pawar
Guided By Principle
KAVAYITRI BAHINABAI CHAUDHARI NORTH
MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY JALGOAN

P.S.G.V.P.MANDAL’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,

SHAHADA, DISTRICT.NANDURBAR

“GLOBAL WARMING”
SUBMITED BY

PATIL BHAGYASHRI NIMBA

ROLL NO. 18

GUIDED BY
MRS.A.M.PATIL

SUBMITTED TO
P.S.G.V.P.MANDAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
SHAHADA, DIST-NANDURBAR
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

This project reports that gives information “GLOBAL

WARMING” Which is a part of social issue and the environment
in this project reporting great efforts in presenting the information
have been taken & believe that always exists a room to make
efforts to take effective steps & shall highly appreciate suggestion
including criticism from the readers.
And wish to put on reports my thanks to Mrs.A.M.Patil for
helping in the guiding report and also to Prof Dr.S.P.Pawar for the
same.

PATIL BHAGYASHRI NIMBA

 Index

Sr.no. Topic Page no.

1 Introduction 1

2 Causes of Global Warming 2-4

3 Effect of Global Warming 5-12

4 Impact of Global Warming on Human 13-15

Health

5 Some easy way to Control Global Warming 16-17

6 Conclusion 18

7 Summary 19

8 References 20
 Introduction

As the Earth warms up, this solar energy is radiated by thermal radiation and
infrared rays, propagating directly out to space thereby cooling the Earth. However,
some of the outgoing radiation is re-absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapors,
ozone, methane and other gases in the atmosphere and is radiated back to the surface of
Earth. These gases are commonly known as greenhouse gases due to their heat-trapping
capacity. It must be noted that this re-absorption process is actually good as the Earth’s
average surface temperature would be very cold if there was no existence of
greenhouse gases. The dilemma began when the concentration of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere was artificially increased by humankind at an alarming rate since the
past two centuries.
As of 2004, over 8 billion tons of carbon dioxide was pumped thermal
radiation is further hindered by increased levels of greenhouse gases resulting in a
phenomenon known as human enhanced global warming effect. Recent observations
regarding global warming have substantiated the theory that it is indeed a human
enhanced greenhouse effect that is causing the planet to heat up. The planet has
experienced the largest increase in surface temperature over the last 100 years. Between
1906 and 2006, the Earth’s average surface temperature augmented between 0.6 to 0.9
degrees Celsius, however out per year. Millions of pounds of methane gas are generated
in landfills and agricultural decomposition of biomass and animal manure. Nitrous
oxide is released into the atmosphere by various nitrogen- based fertilizers including
urea and diammonium phosphate and other soil management utilizations. Once
released, these greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for decades or even longer.
According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide and
methane levels have increased by 35 % and 148 % since the industrial revolution of
1750.
Causes of Global Warming:
1. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants.

Our ever increasing addiction to electricity from coal burning power plants releases enormous
amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 40% of U.S. CO2 emissions come from
electricity production, and burning coal accounts for 93% of emissions from the electric utility
industry .Every day, more electric gadgets flood the market, and without widespread
alternative energy sources, we are highly dependent on burning coal for our personal and
commercial electrical supply. Global Warming Cause: Carbon dioxide emissions from burning
gasolinefor transportation

1. Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation.

Our modern car culture and appetite for globally sourced goods is responsible for about
33% of emissions in the U.S. With our population growing at an alarming rate, the demand
for more cars and consumer goods means that we are increasing the use of fossil fuels for
transportation and manufacturing. Our consumption is outpacing our discoveries of ways to
mitigate the effects, with no end in sight to our massive consumer culture. Global Warming
Cause: Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice paddies, and from Arctic
seabed.
2. Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice Paddies, and from
Arctic seabed.

Methane is another extremely potent greenhouse gas, ranking right behind CO2. When
organic matter is broken down by bacteria under oxygen-starved conditions (anaerobic
decomposition) as in rice paddies, methane is produced. The process also takes place in
the intestines of herbivorous animals, and with the increase in the amount of
concentrated livestock production, the levels of methane released into the atmosphere is
increasing Another source of methane is methane clathrate, a compound containing
large amounts of methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice. As methane escapes
from the Arctic seabed, the rate of global warming will increase significantly.
 3. Deforestation, especially tropical forests for wood, pulp, and farmland
Global Warming Cause: Deforestation, especially tropical forests for wood, pulp,
and farmland

The use of forests for fuel (both wood and for charcoal) is one cause of deforestation, but in the
first world, our appetite for wood and paper products, our consumption of livestock grazed on
former forest land, and the use of tropical forest lands for commodities like palm oil plantations
contributes to the mass deforestation of our world. Forests remove and store carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere, and this deforestation releases large amounts of carbon, as well as reducing the
amount of carbon capture on the planet

4.Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands.

The last half of the 20th century, the use of chemical fertilizers (as opposed to the historical
use of animal manure) has risen dramatically. The high rate of application of nitrogen-rich
fertilizers has effects on the heat storage of cropland (nitrogen oxides have 300 times more
heat- trapping capacity per unit of volume than carbon dioxide) and the run-off of excess
fertilizers creates ‘dead-zones’ in our oceans. In addition to these effects, high nitrate levels
in groundwater due to over-fertilization are cause for concern for human health.
 Effects of Global

Global warming is expected to have far-reaching, long-lastingand, in many cases, devastating

consequences for planet Earth. Global warming, the gradual heating of Earth's surface, oceans
and atmosphere, is caused by human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Despite
political controversy about climate change, a major report released Sept. 27, 2013, by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that scientists are more certain
than ever of the link between human activities and global warming. More than 197
international scientific organizations agree that global warming is real and has been caused by
human action. Already, global warming is having a measurable effect on the planet. "We can
observe this happening in real time in many places. Ice is melting in both polar ice caps and
mountain glaciers. Lakes around the world, including Lake Superior, are warming rapidly —
in some cases faster than the surrounding environment. Animals are changing migration
patterns and plants are changing the dates of activity," such as trees budding their leaves
earlier in the spring and dropping them later in the fall, Josef Werner, a professor of geology
and environmental science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science. Here is an in-
depth look at the changes wrought by global warming.

1. Increase In Average Temperatures And Temperature Extremes:

One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global warming is the increase in
temperatures around the world. The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4
degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the past 100 years, according to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).Since record keeping began, in 1895, the
hottest year on record worldwide was 2016, according to NOAA and NASA data. That year
Earth's surface temperature was 1.78 degrees F (0.99 degrees C) warmer than the average
across the entire 20th centuryefore 2016, 2015 was the warmest year on record, globally. And
before 2015? Yep, 2014. In fact, 16 of the 17 warmest years on record have happened since
2001, according to NASA. For the contiguous United States and Alaska, 2016 was the
second-warmest year on record and the 20th consecutive year that the annual average surface
temperature exceeded the 122-year average since record keeping began, according to NOAA.
1. Extreme weather events:
Extreme weather is another effect of global warming. While experiencing some of the
hottest summers on record, much of the United States has also been experiencing colder-
than-normal winters. Changes in climate can cause the polar jet stream — the boundary
between the cold North Pole air and the warm equatorial air — to migrate south, bringing
with it cold, Arctic air. This is why some states can have a sudden cold snap or colder- than-
normal winter, even during the long-term trend of global warming, Werner explained.
"Climate is, by definition, the long-term average of weather, over many years. One cold (or
warm) year or season has little to do with overall climate. It is when those cold (or warm)
years become more and more regular that we start to recognize it as a change in climate
rather than simply an anomalous year of weather," he said. Global warming may also lead to
extreme weather other than cold or heat extremes. For example, hurricane formations will
change. Though this is still a subject of active scientific research, current computer models
of the atmosphere indicate that hurricanes are more likely to become less frequent on a
global basis, though the hurricanes that do form may be more intense. "And even if they
become less frequent globally, hurricanes could still become more frequent in some
particular areas," said atmospheric scientist Adam Sobel, author of "Storm Surge: Hurricane
Sandy, Our Changing Climate, and Extreme Weather of the Past and Future" (Harper Wave,
2014). "Additionally, scientists are confident that hurricanes will become more intense due
to climate change." This is because hurricanes get their energy from the temperature
difference between the warm tropical ocean and the cold upper atmosphere. Global warming
increases that temperature difference. "Since the most damage by far comes from the
most intense hurricanes — such as typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 — this
Means those hurricanes could become overall more destructive," said Sobel, a Columbia
University professor in the departments of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Applied
Physics and Applied Mathematics. (Hurricanes are called typhoons in the western North
Pacific, and they're called cyclones in the South Pacific and Indian oceans.)Lightening is
another weather feature that is being affected by global warming. According to a 2014
study, a 50 percent increase in the number of lightning strikes within the United States is
expected by 2100 if global temperatures continue to rise. The researchers of the study found
a 12 percent increase in lightning activity for every 1.8 degree F (1 degree C) of warming
in the Harper Wave established the U.S. Climate Extremes Index (CEI) in 1996 to track
extreme weather events. The number of extreme weather events that are among the most
unusual in the historical record, according to the CEI, has been rising over the last four
decades. Scientists project that extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts,
blizzards and rainstorms will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity due to
global warming, according to Climate Central. Climate models forecast that global warming
will cause climate patterns worldwide to experience significant changes. These changes will
likely include major shifts in wind patterns, annual precipitation and seasonal temperatures
variations. In addition, because high levels of greenhouse gases are likely to remain in the
atmosphere for many years, these changes are expected to last for several decades or longer,
according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In the northeastern United
States, for example, climate change is likely to bring increased annual rainfall, while in the
Pacific Northwest, summer rainfall is expected to decrease, the EPA said.
 2. Ices melt:
One of the primary manifestations of climate change so far is melt. North America, Europe
and Asia have all seen a trend toward less snow cover between 1960 and 2015, according to
2016 research published in the journal Current Climate Change Reports. According to the
National Snow and Ice Data Center, there is now 10 percent less permafrost, or permanently
frozen ground, in the Northern Hemisphere thanthere was in the early 1900s. The thawing of
permafrost can cause landslides and other sudden land collapses. It can also release long-
buried microbes, as in a 2016 case when a cache of buried reindeer carcasses thawed and
caused an outbreak of anthrax. One of the most dramatic effects of global warming is the
reduction in Arctic sea ice. Sea ice hit record- low extents in both the fall and winter of 2015
and 2016, meaning that at the time when the ice is supposed to be at its peak, it was lagging.
The melt means there is less thick sea ice that persists for multiple years. That means less
heat is reflected back into the atmosphere by the shiny surface of the ice and more is
absorbed by the comparatively darker ocean, creating a feedback loop that causes even more
melt, according to NASA's Operation Ice Bridge. Glacial retreat, too, is an obvious effect of
global warming. Only 25 glaciers bigger than 25 acres are now found in Montana's Glacier
National Park, where about 150 glaciers were once found, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey. A similar trend is seen in glacial areas worldwide. According to a 2016 study in the
journal Nature. Geosciences, there is a 99 percent likelihood that this rapid retreat is due to
human-caused climate change. Some glaciers retreated up to 15 times as much as they
would have without global warming, those researchers found.
 3. Sea levels and ocean acidification:
In general, as ice melts, sea levels rise. In 2014, the World Meteorological Organization
reported that sea-level rise accelerated 0.12 inches (3 millimeters) per year on average
worldwide. This is around double the average annual rise of 0.07 in. (1.6 mm) in the 20th
century. Melting polar ice in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, coupled with melting ice
sheets and glaciers across Greenland, North America, South America, Europe and Asia, are
expected to raise sea levels significantly. And humans are mostly to blame: In the IPCC
report released on Sept. 27, 2013, climate scientists said they are at least 95 percent certain
that humans are to blame for warming oceans, rapidly melting ice and rising sea levels,
changes that have been observed since the 1950s

Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since 1870, according to the EPA, and the rate of
increase is expected to accelerate in the coming years. If current trends continue, many
coastal areas, where roughly half of the Earth's human population lives, will be inundated.
Researchers project that by 2100, average sea levels will be 2.3 feet (.7 meters) higher in
New York City, 2.9 feet (0.88 m) higher at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and 3.5 feet (1.06 m)
higher at Galveston, Texas, the EPA reports. According to an IPCC report, if greenhouse gas
emissions remain unchecked, global sea levels could rise by as much as 3 feet (0.9 meters)
by 2100. That estimate is an increase from the estimated 0.9 to 2.7 feet (0.3 to 0.8 meters)
that was predicted in the 2007 IPCC report for future sea-level rise. Sea level isn't the only
thing changing for the oceans due to global warming. As levels of CO2 increase, the oceans
absorb some of that gas, which increases the acidity of seawater. Werner explains it this way:
"When you dissolved CO2 in water, you get carbonic acid. This is the same exact thing that
happens in cans of soda. When you pop the top on a can of Dr Pepper, the pH is 2 — quite
acidic." Since the Industrial Revolution began in the early 1700s, the acidity of the oceans
has increased about 25 percent, according to the EPA. "This is a problem in the oceans, in
large part, because many marine organisms make shells out of calcium carbonate (think
corals, oysters), and their shells dissolve in acid solution," said Werner. "So as we add more
and more CO2 to the ocean, it gets more and more acidic, dissolving more and more shells of
sea creatures. It goes without saying that this is not good for their health. "If current ocean
acidification trends continue, coral reefs are expected to become increasingly rare in areas
wherethey are now common, including most U.S. waters, the EPA reports. In 2016 and 2017,
portions of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia were hit with bleaching, a phenomenon in
which coral eject their symbiotic algae.
Bleaching is a sign of stress from too-warm waters, unbalanced pH or pollution; coral can
recover from bleaching, but back-to-back episodes make recovery less likely.
4. Plants and animals:
The effects of global warming on the Earth's ecosystems are expected to be profound and
widespread. Many species of plants and animals are already moving their range northward or
to higher altitudes as a result of warming temperatures, according to a report from the
National Academy of Sciences. "They are not just moving north, they are moving from the
equator toward the poles. They are quite simply following the range of comfortable
temperatures, which is migrating to the poles as the global average temperature warms,"
Werner said. Ultimately, he said, this becomes a problem when the rate of climate change
velocity (how fast a region changes put into a spatial term) is faster than the rate that many
organisms can migrate. Because of this, many animals may not be able to compete in the
new climate regime and may go extinct. Additionally, migratory birds and insects are now
arriving in their summer feeding and nesting grounds several days or weeks earlier than they
did in the 20th century, according to the Awarder temperatures will also expand the range of
many disease-causing pathogens that were once confined to tropical and subtropical areas,
killing off plant and animal species that formerly were protected from disease. These and
other effects of global warming, if left unchecked, will likely contribute to the disappearance
of up to one-half of Earth's plants and one-third of animals from their current range by 2080,
according to a 2013 report in the journal Nature Climate Change.
 5. Social effects:
As dramatic as the effects of climate change are expected to be on the natural world, the
projected changes to human society may be even more devastating. Agricultural systems will
likely be dealt a crippling blow. Though growing seasons in some areas will expand, the
combined impacts of drought, severe weather, lack of accumulated snowmelt, greater
number and diversity of pests, lower groundwater tables and a loss of arable land could cause
severe crop failures and livestock shortages worldwide. North Carolina State University also
notes that carbon dioxide is affecting plant growth. Though CO2 can increase the growth of
plants, the plants may become less nutritious. This loss of food security may, in turn, create
havoc in international food markets and could spark famines, food riots, political instability
and civil unrest worldwide, according to a number of analyses from sources as diverse as the
U.S Department of Defense, the Center for American Progress and the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars. In addition to less nutritious food, the effect of global
warming on human health is also expected to be serious. The American Medical Association
has reported an increase in mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever, as well as
a rise in cases of chronic conditions like asthma, most likely as a direct result of global
warming. The 2016 outbreak of Zika virus, a mosquito-borne illness, highlighted the dangers
of climate change. The disease causes devastating birth defects in fetuses when pregnant
women are infected, and climate change could make higher-latitude areas habitable for the
mosquitoes that spread the disease, experts said. Longer, hotter summers could also lead to
the spread of tick-borne illnesses.
Empact of Global Warming On Human Health
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that climate change is responsible for at least
150,000 deaths per year, a number that is expected to double by 2030. The effects of global
warming will cause dire health consequences:

1. Infectious diseases:
IPCC predicts that global warming will worsen human health conditions, especially in tropical
regions. In places like Africa, an increase in temperature signifies an increase in mosquito
populations, thus escalating the risk of malaria, dengue and other insect-borne infections. Other
regions are also affected. The United States experienced varying levels of malaria outbreaks; in
2006, the United Kingdom was plagued by an outbreak of legionnaires' diseases -- a bacterial
lung infection that scientists attribute to global warming. WHO states that global warming will
also cause a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Europe. Countries like Azerbaijan,
Tajikistan and Turkey might already be in the danger zone for mosquito- borne malaria.
However, the ability to tolerate temperature changes differs from region to region. Richer
societies can utilize technological advances; for example, the use of more powerful air
conditioners and the construction of houses minimize heat retention. On the other hand,
developing countries lack not only the technological know-how, but also the resources and
public

2. Asthma and other respiratory diseases:

People suffering from heart problems are more vulnerable to increased temperatures,
especially those living in already warm areas, as their cardiovascular system must work harder
to keep their body cool. Hot temperatures increase the ozone concentration, which can damage
people's lung tissue and cause complications for asthma patients and those with lung diseases.
Increased global warming can also pose a threat to national security, affecting food security,
which, in turn, can lead to resource conflicts. At the UN Security Council debate on energy,
security and climate, British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett introduced global warming as
a security risk. Despite opposition from many Council members, such as the Russian
Federation and China she argued that the loss of basic needs due to climate change in poor
countries can increase the risk of conflicts
Similarly, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni has labelled climate change as "an act of
aggression by the rich against the poor". On a positive note, many countries have now realized
the grave consequences of global warming. The United States Supreme Court ordered the
Federal Government to look into regulating CO2 emissions. Protest participants in many
American cities like Boston and New York have urged the Government to reduce emissions up
to 80 per cent by 2050; some 1,300 protest events have been organized in the United States under
the Step It Up 2007 banner. In Sydney, Australia, businesses and homeowners switched off their
lights to acknowledge the critical issue of global warming. Likewise, corporations are realizing
the need to become environmentally friendly. PepsiCo, a global beverage and snack company,
plans to purchase 1 billion kilowatt hours of renewable energy over the next year. However, the
major impact on reducing the effects of global warming cannot be made without the commitment
of those countries that account for the greatest production of greenhouse gases.

3. Effect on skin:
A variety of skin diseases appear to be worsened by climate change. This includes inflammatory
disorders such as eczema (atopic dermatitis) and pemphigus, an autoimmune blistering disorder.
While the effects of UV exposure, humidity and temperature on eczema are not clear, air
pollution is known to cause eczema flares. Anecdotally, I have seen in my own clinics that the
warmer spring in Seattle, and presumably elevated pollen levels, causes an increased number of
patients with eczema flares. We also know that emotional stress causes conditions such as
eczema, vitiligo and psoriasis to flare. This
Would be expected in communities that have been affected by natural disasters. Infectious
diseases that affect the skin are also on the rise because of global warming. Specifically, an
increase in Lyme disease is thought to be related to warmer environments that are more
favorable to tick survival, as wellas a greater availability of hosts like deer and mice. In our
warming world, a group of temperature-sensitive Vibrio bacteria has now been identified in
Alaskan waters, causing skin injury and in some cases death via exposure to shellfish and
other marine organisms. As a result of warmer temperatures, mosquito-borne viral illnesses
such as dengue, Zika and Chikungunya have been identified in parts of the south and
southwest United States and are expected to increase with time. Increased temperature and
humidity also result in more cases of hand, foot and mouth disease from enter viruses. Valley
fever (coccidioidomycosis) is a fungal infection contracted via inhalation that can cause
disfiguring skin lesions and sometimes death if the fungus spreads throughout the body.
Historically, Coccidioides species wereregularly found in the southwestern United States, but
there are now reported cases in southeast Washington, which has been attributed to climate
change. Finally, elevated temperature and UV light exposure, as well as damage to the ozone
layer, are thought to put people at increased risk for various skin cancers.
Some Easy Way To Control Global Warming:

1. Go Solar:
Many people have caught the energy-efficient bandwagon of solar energy. Having
solar panels installed is something readily possible and available. Incentives and
discounts given by government agencies and energy companies make solar energy
something to look into.11. Use Less Hot Waterbury energy saving geysers and
dishwasher for your home. Avoid washing clothes in hot water. Just wash them in cold
or warm water. Avoid taking frequent showers and use less hot water. It will help in
saving the energy required to produce that energy.

2. Use Less Hot Water:

Buy energy saving geysers and dishwasher for your home. Avoid washing clothes in
hot water. Just wash them in cold or warm water. Avoid taking frequent showers and
use less hot water. It will help in saving the energy required to produce that energy

3. Install a Programmable:
Thermostat a programmable thermostat doesn’t cost much, and its cost can be
recovered from the amount that you save by reducing energy. The easiest and most
cost-effective advice is simply adjusting your thermostat up 1 degree down in the
winter and up by 1 degree in the summer. Lower your thermostat 2 degrees in the
winter. Instead of making your home a burning furnace, try putting on extra layers

4. Use Clean Fuel:

Electric, smart cars, cars that run on vegetable oil, etc.…are great examples of using
renewable energy. Supporting companies that provide these products will help the rest
of the mainstream manufacturing companies convert over.

5. Look for Renewable Fuel Options:

If you can’t afford an electric car, buy the cleanest gasoline as possible. When car
shopping, look at the benefits of options that provide renewable fuel. Although it may
be a pretty penny now, you’re on the ground level of forwarding thinking.

6. Save Energy:
When you consume less, less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Setting
your thermostat using your Smartphone or changing the type of light bulb you use is a
great start.16. Wrap
7. Wrap your water heater in an Insulation:
By keeping the energy in the water heater condensed, less energy is emitted into the
air. This not only helps the earth but your pocketbook as well.17. Check Your Gas
Capac loose, cracked, or damaged gas cap allowing gas to escape from your tank as
vapor wreaks havoc on the environment. It also wastes fuel and your hard-earned gas
money. Turn the gas cap until it clicks a few times.

8. Insulate:
Making our homes more efficient can substantially cut the energy needed to heat and
cool. Adding insulation, weather stripping, and caulking around your home can reduce
energy bills by more than 25%.See also 50+ Littering Quotes and Slogans to Save the
World From Trash

9. Replace Filters on Air Conditioner and Furnace:

If you still haven’t, then you are wasting energy but breathing in dirty air. Cleaning a
dirty air filter can save several pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

10. Go Green:
Using energy star appliances will not only save money but also the amount of energy
wasted in your home. Have a look at various ways to go green.
 Conclusion

The scientific and environmental community is on the same page regarding the bitter reality
of global warming and the involvement of human factor in it. The paper discussed here has
only dented the surface of what is a very intricate line of scientific and engineering
exploration. Global warming is a big hazard and appropriate measures must be taken
to tackle this serious problem. This problem is not only causing trouble to the human
beings but also to animals and plants. Melting of polar ice caps will lead to floods
which can cause mayhem everywhere. Rise of sea levels will devastate agricultural
and fishing activities. To embark upon these problems, some remedial steps must be timely
taken which include but are not limited to the use of renewable sources of energy and
stopping deforestation. Innovative solutions must be brought forward to end this hazard
once and forever.
 Summary

Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth's atmosphere as a result of human activities,

causing surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures
are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due
to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also
a reflection of natural variability. Human- induced warming and associated sea level rises
are expected to continue through the 21st century. Secondary effects are suggested by
computer model simulations and basic physical reasoning. These include increases in rainfall
rates and increased susceptibility of semi-arid regions to drought. The impacts of these
changes will be critically dependent on the magnitude of the warming and the rate with
which it occurs. The mid-range model estimate of human induced global warming by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is based on the premise that the growth
rate of climate forcing 1 agents such as carbon dioxide will accelerate. The predicted
warming of 3°C (5.4°F) by the end of the 21st century is consistent with the assumptions
about how clouds and atmospheric relative humidity will react to global warming.
This estimate is also consistent with inferences about the sensitivity 2 of climate drawn from
comparing the sizes of past temperature swings between ice ages and intervening warmer
periods with the corresponding changes in the climate forcing. This predicted temperature
increase is sensitive to assumptions concerning future concentrations of greenhouse gases
and aerosols. Hence, national policy decisions made now and in the longer-term future will
influence the extent of any damage suffered by vulnerable human populations and
ecosystems later in this century. Because there is considerable uncertainty in current
understanding of how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of
greenhouse gases and aerosols, current estimates of the magnitude of future warming should
be regarded as tentative and subject tofuture adjustments
 References

1. www.who.int.World Health Organization.

2. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;327/5964/454
3. Allan,R and B.Soden,2008:Atmospheric Warming and Amplification of
Precipitation Extremes. Science 2008.VOL321 NO.5895pp. 1481-
1481DOI:
10.1126/science.1160787
4.www.google.com
5. BOOK-Evaluting Climate Change Action for sustainable
Development