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Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

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 WRITTEN BY ANTOINE ANDARY
RESEARCH, ANALYSIS & OPINION PIECE
TERRORISM AND COUNTER-TERRORISM

Antoine Andary (MR.)

Political Communication and International Affairs,
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

International Association for Political Science Students

The Conflict, Security and Crime Research Committee

Website : www.iapss.org | Email : secgen@iapss.org

Radboud University | Secretariat Political Science
Address : Postbox 9108 | 6500HK Nijmegen | The Netherlands

Month of January
Vol 1 | Year 2021

The world we know today is facing many challenges, one of them

is crime and majorly organized crime. As part of the fight against national and
transnational organized crime, a global phenomenon took place, and it is called ''Terrorism''.

This document is under embargo, must not be reproduced or published by any means,
or even sent to third parties without the permission of the author and the responsible entity.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

The world we know today is facing many challenges, one of them is crime and
majorly organized crime. As part of the fight against national and transnational
organized crime, a global phenomenon took place, and it is called ''Terrorism''.

The society became aware of terrorism, when we saw the deadliest terrorist
strikes in history, the September 11 attacks, often referred to as 9/11. Nations
and specifically the United States response to it, shaped our world today. But
terrorism is nothing new, and as you go forward in time, in the late 19th
century anarchist terrorists killed presidents and prime ministers. In 1914,
state-sponsored terrorists killed the Archduke of Austria-Este Frans Ferdinand.
Moreover, after World War II, we saw terrorism as part of revolutionary
struggles. And if you look around the world today, from Northern Ireland, to the
Middle-East, landing down in Indonesia ''Terrorism remain a constant concern''.

When we think of terrorism, we imagine armed guys in the middle of the desert,
or which shoots all the way shouting ‘’Allahu Akbar’’. Except that terrorism is
not a new case, it responds to a much more complex logic that they would like to
make us believe today. But, as long as there has been terrorism, there have been
people trying to stop it. Thereupon, we are going to examine the counter
terrorism machine and how with the help of its finest tools the intelligence
services and military forces, try to determine who is a terrorist and what they
do with the information on how is being used to fight and prevent terrorism.

One step beyond, terrorism and counter-terrorism research, is an

interdisciplinary academic field, that can be carried out in both military and
civilian contexts. Which seeks to understand the causes of terrorism, also how
to prevent it as it impacts in the broadest sense. Accordingly, the persistence
of terrorism stuns and prevents thinking, there is a very rich academic research
on terrorism, both quantitative and qualitative. It relies in particular on
databases, starting with the most widely used, the Global Terrorism Database -
GTD created and maintained by the University of Maryland. This brings together
data on the 180,000 terrorist attacks that have occurred worldwide since 1970.
Terrorism research can also be based on three specialized academic journals,
Terrorism and Political Violence, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, and third
Critical Studies on Terrorism mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Most of research follows two directions, seeking to explain the causes, or
trying to measure the social effects. These two directions are quite clearly
separated in the academic sphere. While in Europe production is more oriented
towards the second direction, as quantitative work is poorly developed. The fact
remains that in Europe most of the production of books on the subject comes from
essayists rather than academic authors. However, in terms of security, they
should play an important role in terms of media coverage of knowledge towards
the general public, but they make little use of the contributions of academic
knowledge and favor mobilizing discourse.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

Since there is no definition of terrorism that puts everyone in the same

direction, very broadly, terrorism it is the use of armed violence to political
ends in peacetime, of fact terrorism has taken many shapes. There are various
and over hundreds of different definitions of terrorism worldwide, with no
universal agreement about it.

This without generally questioning its definition, terrorism is one of those

terms that we use when we think we agree on its meaning when it escapes a stable
meaning. Not to mention that the emotion aroused by terrorist attacks is all too
often an obstacle to the perception of their origins and their effects. Public
discourse too often sticks to schematizations that do not consider the
contributions of research. Terrorism has preoccupied Europe since the beginning
of the 2000s, in the wake of September 11, 2001. The increase in attacks, many
of them claimed by Al-Qaeda and ISIS during the current decade has made the term
one of the most prevalent in political speeches, media coverage and mainstream
conversations in these geographies, among many others.

In November 2004, the Secretary-General of the United Nations report described

terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to
civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or
compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from
doing any act". The international community took its time to formulate a
universally agreed, legally binding definition of this crime. These difficulties
arise from the fact that the term terrorism is politically and emotionally
charged.

The term ''Terroriste'', written in French, meaning "Terrorist" in English, is

first used in 1794 by the French philosopher François-Noël Babeuf, who denounces
Maximilien Robespierre's Jacobin regime as a dictatorship. Most scholars today
trace the origins of the modern tactic of terrorism to the Jewish Sicarii
Zealots who attacked Romans and Jews in 1st-century Palestine. They follow its
development from the Persian Order of Assassins through to 19th-century
anarchists. The term terrorism has generally been used to describe violence by
non-state actors rather than government violence since the 19th-century
Anarchist Movement.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

In that order, what if we stop putting terrorism in a separated and isolated

ideological, political, cultural, psychological and religious context. Rather
than that, we place it in, all together in one combined major context. Then,
from this point on we can start the process of understanding, solving and
preventing the issue.

The main fundamental problem of the Jihadi terrorism today for example, is that
we can imagine it as a patchwork, millions of ideas, individuals and
organizations, all lost in the galaxy. But somehow, they can connect together
and create the apocalypse under an umbrella called transnational organized crime
or terrorism. This patchwork consists more of the ideological and heritage part
of it, in transmitting solid ideologies and convictions from generation to
another.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

UK Fertilizer Bomb Plot :

Five men have been found guilty of plotting to kill hundreds in an al-Qaeda
linked bomb plot. The international conspiracy included links to the 7 July 2005
London bombings. Two other men on trial at the Old Bailey were found not guilty.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

Correspondingly, different types of terrorism exist. The Federal Bureau of

Investigation - FBI for example divides the terrorist threat facing the United
States into two broad categories, domestic and international. Adding on, many
others took place worldwide as, the Jihadi terrorism, the Islamist Extremism,
the Far-Right extremism, the Far-Left extremism, the Cyberterrorism, the Agro-
terrorism, the Economics of terrorism, the Eco-terrorism, the Environmental
terrorism, etc.

First, there is ideological and revolutionary terrorism, its goal is the

overthrow and destruction of the established order, for example theorized by
Russian nihilists and anarchists, has been known in Europe since the end of the
sixth century following numerous politicians’ assassinations and other bomb
attacks. Thus, France knew at that time more than fifty years of attacks on its
territory. Where then, we find revolutionary terrorism in the 70s and 80s with
bands like direct action, the badger gang or the brigades red sacred lands.

Second, there is what we could call identity terrorism, that appeals in

religious community that they are feeling in the genre we think of black people
panthers or in some clan but especially thinking of Jihadist terrorism. Although
the idea on Jihadism is old and was structured in the 80s, from the movement of
Afghan Mujahideen at the time. Terrorism must be mentioned at the one who fights
against foreign occupation in the 20th century. These are organizations like the
Provisional Irish Republican Army – IRA in Northern Ireland, to ETA in the
Basque country or even the Corsican national liberation front who will be
committing at the time numerous atrocities in name of freedom. This brings us to
a very important point in the political rhetoric, is that the definition to the
qualification of any terrorist is always formulated by the winner or the
dominant, is the reason for which the states of the world have never managed to
agree on one universal definition.

The main difficulty of our democracies today, is how far the response to the
threat can go despite the urgent need, then we must not forget that fighting
international terrorism with military means makes many collateral victims and it
feeds the cause that we are fighting against. The results are disastrous, if we
take Afghanistan and Iraq, remember that the chaos generated by the war who
allowed the Taliban in Afghanistan, to reign control of all parts of the
country. That thrive there a few years later in Iraq and Syria, ISIS to grow.
Definitely, these last twenty years, the international counterterrorism struggle
killed three times more than the terrorism itself.

In the light of, this list includes more terrorist organization as :

• al-Qa'ida (AQ) • al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) • al-Qa'ida in the Land of the Islamic
Maghreb (AQIM) • Al-Qa’ida in the Lands of the Two Niles (AQTN) • Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS) • al-Shabaab • Boko Haram • Hamas • Abu Nidal • Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) • al-Nusrah Front (ANF)
• Ansar al-Tawhid (Supporters of the Monotheism) • 15 May (Abu Ibrahim Faction) • Haqqani Network
(HQN) • Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin • Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) • Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) • Lashkar-e-
Tayibba (LeT) • Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA) • Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
• Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) • Tawhid w'al Jihad (TWJ-Egypt)
• To check more Organizations currently officially designated as terrorist by various governments,
read this page : shorturl.at/ehv68
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

Coupled with, when it comes to counter-terrorism, we need to find the need to

incorporates the techniques, strategy, practices and military tactics that
governments, military, law enforcement and intelligence agencies use to combat
or prevent terrorism.

Most counter-terrorism strategies involve an increase in standard police and

domestic intelligence. The central activities are traditional, as interception
of communications and the tracing of persons. New technology has, however,
expanded the range of military and law enforcement operations. To select the
effective action when terrorism appears to be more of an isolated event, the
appropriate government organizations need to understand the source, motivation,
methods of preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups. Effective intelligence
is at the heart of such preparation, as well as political and social
understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Ideally, one gets
information from inside the group, a very difficult challenge for HUMINT because
operational terrorist cells are often small, with all members known to one
another, perhaps even related. Counterintelligence is a great challenge with
the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but the nearly impossible,
goal is to obtain a clandestine source within the cell. Financial tracking can
play a role, as an communications intercept. However, both of these approaches
need to be balanced against legitimate expectations of privacy.

Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the
targets to prevent the terrorists from hitting their mark or reducing the damage
of attacks. One method is to place Hostile vehicle mitigation to enforce
protective standoff distance outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to
prevent car and truck bombing. Another way to reduce the impact of attacks is to
design buildings for rapid evacuation.

The human security paradigm outlines a non-military approach that aims to

address the enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity.
Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal
access to resources and sustainability for all people. Such activities empower
citizens, providing freedom from fear.

Together with, police, fire and emergency medical response organizations have
prominent roles. Local firefighters and emergency medical personnel have plans
for mitigating the effects of terrorist attacks. Fire departments, perhaps
supplemented by public works agencies, utility providers, for example gas,
water, electricity and heavy construction contractors, are most apt to deal with
the physical consequences of an attack. Again, under an incident command model,
local police can isolate the incident area, reducing confusion, and specialized
police units can conduct tactical operations against terrorists, often using
specialized counter-terrorist tactical units. Bringing in such units will
typically involve civil or military authority beyond the local level.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

Identically, emergency medical services will triage, treat, and transport the
more severely affected victims to hospitals, which will need mass casualty and
triage plans in place. Also, public health agencies, from local to the national
level, maybe designated to deal with identification, and sometimes mitigation,
of possible biological attacks, and sometimes chemical or radiologic
contamination.

Besides various security agencies, there are elite tactical units, also known as
special mission units, whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent
terrorist attacks. Such units perform both in preventive actions, hostage
rescue, and responding to on-going attacks. Countries of all sizes can have
highly trained counter-terrorist teams, tactics, techniques and procedures for
manhunting are under constant development.

The scope for anti-terrorism systems is very large in physical terms, often we
speak about long borders, vast areas, high traffic volumes in busy cities, etc.
As well as in other dimensions, such as type and degree of terrorism threat,
political and diplomatic ramifications, and legal issues. In this environment,
the development of a persistent anti-terrorism protection system is a daunting
task. Such a system should bring together diverse state-of-the-art technologies
to enable persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and
enable potential actions. Designing such a system-of-systems comprises a major
technological project. Within military operational approaches Counter-terrorism
falls into the category of Irregular Warfare. Given the nature of operational
counter-terrorism tasks, national military organizations do not generally have
dedicated units whose sole responsibility is the prosecution of these tasks.
Instead, the counter-terrorism function is an element of the role, allowing
flexibility in their employment, with operations being undertaken in the
domestic or international context.

The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, is a unique global instrument to

enhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism.
Through its adoption by consensus in 2006, all UN Member States agreed the first
time to a common strategic and operational approach to fighting terrorism. The
Strategy does not only send a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable in
all its forms and manifestations, but it also resolves to take practical steps,
individually and collectively, to prevent and combat terrorism. Those practical
steps include a wide array of measures ranging from strengthening state capacity
to counter terrorist threats to better coordinating UN System’s counter-
terrorism activities.

The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the form of a resolution and an

annexed Plan of Action is composed of four pillars, namely:
Addressing the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.
Measures to prevent and combat terrorism.
Measures to build states’ capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role
of the United Nations system in that regard.
Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental
basis for the fight against terrorism.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

On the other hand, The International Criminal Police Organization, commonly

known as INTERPOL, by the same token took the fight into a next level, as put in
its priorities :
Identifying Terrorist Suspects : As frontline officers need direct access to
terrorism-related data in order to detect and positively identify members of
transnational terrorist groups. Interpol is working to increase the amount of
biometric data and battlefield information available to police. Fighting
terrorism through biometrics data such as facial images and fingerprints can
lead to the accurate identification of individuals using a false identity,
thereby improving efforts to locate terrorists and carry out successful
investigations and prosecutions.
Preventing Terrorist Travel : Databases are at the heart of Interpol’s
counter-terrorism operations, especially those than can prevent travel.
Interpol databases contain details of around 48,700 foreign terrorist
fighters, making it the world’s largest repository of such information, which
could prove vital in identifying returnees.
Analyzing Social Media : Terrorists use social media for radicalization,
recruitment, funding, planning and execution of terror activities. Interpol
analyze the terrorist use of social media platforms in order to enhance
identification and detection efforts in national counter-terrorism
investigations.
Chemical and Explosives Terrorism : Interpol support member countries to
prevent, prepare and respond to the use of chemicals in terrorist incidents.
Interpol work with them to prevent criminals from diverting, smuggling and
using chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals and explosive
precursor chemicals.
Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism : Tackling the threat of criminals and
terrorists obtaining nuclear or other radioactive materials. Nuclear and
other radiological materials have benefited society in areas of medicine,
agriculture, industry and the provision of energy. There is a risk, however,
in some cases could be used in terrorism or other criminal acts.
Radiological and Nuclear terrorism : Tackling the threat of criminals and
terrorists obtaining nuclear or other radioactive materials. Nuclear and
other radiological materials have benefited society in areas of medicine,
agriculture, industry and the provision of energy. There is a risk, however,
that nuclear or other radiological materials could be used in terrorism or
other criminal acts.
Partnerships Against Terrorism : The United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
has endorsed a number of resolutions recognizing Interpol’s global role in
combating terrorism and specifically against the threat posed by foreign
terrorist fighters. Strategic alliances with regional and international
stakeholders ensure a comprehensive approach to countering terrorism.
Counter-Terrorism Projects : Interpol run a range of projects to support
countries with counter-terrorism activities and capacity building as (Project
Trace, Project Sharaka, Project Scorpius, G5 Sahel, HOTSPOT, etc.).
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO has also developed many tools in
order to combat terrorism. NATO’s work on counter-terrorism focuses on improving
awareness of the threat, developing capabilities to prepare and respond, and
enhancing engagement with partner countries and other international actors.
NATO invoked its collective defence clause (Article 5) for the first and only
time in response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United
States.
NATO’s Counter-Terrorism Policy Guidelines focus Alliance efforts on three
main areas: awareness, capabilities and engagement.
A comprehensive Action Plan is being implemented to enhance NATO’s role in
the international community’s fight against terrorism.
NATO has a Terrorism Intelligence Cell at NATO Headquarters and a Coordinator
oversees NATO’s efforts in the fight against terrorism.
A regional Hub for the South, based at NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples
helps the Alliance anticipate and respond to crises arising in its southern
neighborhood.
NATO is a member of the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and supports it
through AWACS intelligence flights.
NATO develops new capabilities and technologies to tackle the terrorist
threat and to manage the consequences of a terrorist attack.
NATO cooperates with partners and international organizations to leverage the
full potential of each stakeholder engaged in the global counter-terrorism
effort.

In support of national authorities, NATO ensures shared awareness of the

terrorist threat through consultations, enhanced intelligence-sharing and
continuous strategic analysis. Since 2017, the Joint Intelligence and Security
Division at NATO benefits from increased sharing of intelligence between member
services and the Alliance, and produces strategic analytical reports relating to
terrorism and its links with other transnational threats. Intelligence-sharing
between NATO and partner countries’ agencies continues through the Intelligence
Liaison Unit at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, and an intelligence liaison cell
at Allied Command Operations (ACO) in Mons, Belgium. An intelligence cell at
NATO Headquarters improves how NATO shares intelligence, including on foreign
fighters. Where intelligence reporting at NATO is based on contributions from
Allies’ intelligence services, both internal and external, civilian and
military.

When it comes to capabilities, the Alliance strives to ensure that it has

adequate capabilities to protect against terrorist threats :
Operations.
Crisis management.
Countering terrorist misuse of technology.
Countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

To discern, whatever the price is, fighting against terrorism must always be
done while respecting human rights, and cannot infringe international
humanitarian law. It is not by violating these rights and freedoms or the
principles of the rule of law that we will effectively fight terrorism. On the
contrary, mot states must condemn the use of torture in the fight against
terrorism for any reason whatsoever and supports the mandate of the United
Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in tackling terrorism.

Terrorism will continue for a long time to come. It is, on the one hand, the
weapon of ideological extremists who prey on the ungodly mob. Moreover, an
asymmetric warfare or the conflict from the weak to the strong constitutes the
weapon of those who do not have the means to fight an equal combat. We can fight
it by judicial and police means, and the example, in 30 to 40 years, Ireland has
managed to get him into a political process. Which brings us to the second
solution, that of negotiation. In a conflict in which the parties claim
territory, there is a place for negotiation, this is, however, impossible with
extremist groups who refuse to enter into such a process.

To be effective, combating terrorism must consider certain factors which

contribute to its expansion or facilitate it. Indeed, a perfect knowledge of the
ideology of the Jihadist doctrine, but also of terrorist groups and even
precisely individuals, is a prerequisite for the fight against national and
international terrorism. Solid knowledge of radicalization and its causes by the
authorities in charge of the repression of Jihadist terrorist acts would also be
an asset to make the fight more effective. For this, a cooperative, coordinated
and inclusive approach must be undertaken at all levels. These include
coordination between national authorities, cooperation between states,
cooperation with relevant international and regional organizations, not to
mention the permanent strengthening of military cooperation.

Finally, the biggest challenge in the fight against terrorism is its

effectiveness, which depends on certain parameters, in particular the speed with
which anti-terrorism cases are processed. Moreover, the involvement and support
of all citizens in counter-terrorism action would undoubtedly make it possible
to combat this scourge which is raging any society and the countries of the
Sahel for example. Taking victims into account in terrorist trials, coupled with
that of the rights of accused persons, would make it possible to succeed in the
fight against the terrorist phenomenon.
Antoine Andary (MR.)
Political Communication and International Affairs
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

References:

1. Daniel Byman, Professor, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University,
retrieved from https://www.edx.org/course/terrorism-and-counterterrorism.
2. "UN Reform". United Nations. March 21, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2007.
Retrieved July 11, 2008.
3. "Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and
Literature Review". The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). March
27, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
4. Palmer, R.R. (2014). "The French Directory Between Extremes". The Age of the Democratic
Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800. The Age of the Democratic
Revolution. Princeton University Press. pp. 544–567. ISBN 9780691161280. JSTOR j.ctt5hhrg5.29.
5. Ken Duncan (2011). "A Blast from the Past Lessons from a Largely Forgotten Incident of State-
Sponsored Terrorism". Perspectives on Terrorism. 5 (1): 3–21. JSTOR 26298499.
6. Dale L. Watson, Executive Assistant Director, Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence Division,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
Washington, DC, February 06 2002, Testimony, Retrieved from
https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/testimony/the-terrorist-threat-confronting-the-united-
states.
7. Feiler, Gil (September 2007). "The Globalization of Terror Funding" (PDF). Begin-Sadat Center
for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University: 29. Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 74.
Retrieved November 14, 2007.
8. Ronchi, E. (2015). "Disaster management: Design buildings for rapid evacuation". Nature. 528
(7582): 333. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..333R. doi:10.1038/528333b. PMID 26672544.
9. Kitzen M. (2020) Operations in Irregular Warfare. In: Sookermany A. (eds) Handbook of Military
Sciences. p. 1-21. Springer, Cham doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_81-1.
10.UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, Retrieved
from https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/un-global-counter-terrorism-strategy.
11.The International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol, Retrieved from
https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Terrorism.
12.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO, Retrieved from
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_77646.htm.
View publication stats

WRITTEN BY ANTOINE ANDARY

RESEARCH, ANALYSIS & OPINION PIECE
TERRORISM AND COUNTER-TERRORISM

Antoine Andary (MR.)

Political Communication and International Affairs,
Counter-Terrorism Research Fellow and Intelligence Analyst

International Association for Political Science Students

The Conflict, Security and Crime Research Committee

Website : www.iapss.org | Email : secgen@iapss.org

Radboud University | Secretariat Political Science
Address : Postbox 9108 | 6500HK Nijmegen | The Netherlands

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Month of January
Vol 1 | Year 2021

The world we know today is facing many challenges, one of them

is crime and majorly organized crime. As part of the fight against national and
transnational organized crime, a global phenomenon took place, and it is called ''Terrorism''.

This document is under embargo, must not be reproduced or published by any means,
or even sent to third parties without the permission of the author and the responsible entity.