SAFETY FAMILIARIZATION

& BASIC TRAINING (BST)

FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING
(FPFF) (STCW VI/1-2)
Saturday, November 07, 2020

(ON-LINE REVALIDATION COURSE)

 BST-FPFF (Rev. - ON LINE)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (FP&FF)
ON-LINE REVALIDATION COURSE
Table A-VI/1-2: Specification of Minimum Standard of
Competence in Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting
Column-1 Column-2
Competence Knowledge, Understanding and Proficiency
1. Minimize the Risk 1. Shipboard Fire-Fighting Organization
of Fire and 2. Location of Fire-Fighting Appliances and Emergency
Maintain a State of Escape Routes
Readiness to 3. The Elements of Fire and Explosion (the Fire Triangle)
Respond to 4. Types and Sources of Ignition
Emergency 5. Flammable Materials, Fire Hazards and Spread of Fire
Situations Involving 6. The Need for Constant Vigilance
Fire 7. Actions to be Taken on board Ship
8. Fire and Smoke Detection and Automatic Alarm Systems
9. Classifications of Fire and Applicable Extinguishing
Agents
 BST-FPFF (Rev. - ON LINE)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (FP&FF)
ON-LINE REVALIDATION COURSE
Table A-VI/1-2: Specification of Minimum Standard of
Competence in Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting
Column-1 Column-2
Competence Knowledge, Understanding and Proficiency
2. Fight and 1. Fire-Fighting Equipment and its Location on board
Extinguish Fires Instruction in:
⍟Fixed Installations
⍟Fire-Fighter’s Outfits
⍟Personal Equipment
⍟Fire-Fighting Appliances and Equipment
⍟Fire-Fighting Methods
⍟Fire-Fighting Agents
⍟Fire-Fighting Procedures
⍟Use of Breathing Apparatus for Fighting Fires and
Effecting Rescues
 BST-FPFF (Rev. - ON LINE)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (FP&FF)
ON-LINE REVALIDATION COURSE
“PRINICIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN FIRE”
The Principles of Survival in Relation to Fire are:
Knowledge of Fire Theory and Fire Precautions
Preparedness For Any Fire Emergency
Regular Training and Drills
Knowledge of Escape Routes
Knowledge of Dangers of Smoke and Toxic Fumes
Regular Inspection and Maintenance of :
Fire Detection Equipment and Fire Alarm
Portable/ Mobile Fire Extinguishers
Fixed Fire Extinguishing Equipment
Fireman’s Outfit (including Breathing Apparatus)
Emergency Escape Breathing Device (E.E.B.D)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
WHAT IS FIRE?
⎈ FIRE is a Chemical Reaction called Combustion Resulting in the
Release of Heat and Light.
⎈ To Initiated and Maintain this Chemical Reaction, there are
Three Factors which must be Present at the Same Time in
Order for a Fire to Occur.
FUEL

Source of
Ignition
(HEAT)

Presence
of Oxygen
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
CONDITION OF FIRE

Wood, Paper, Plastic, etc.

Solid
Metal

Crude Oil, Fuel Oil, Diesel

FUEL Liquid
Oil, Patrol, Kerosene, etc.

Butane, Propane, Natural

Gas
Gas, Acetylene, etc.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
CONDITION OF FIRE
Chemical Heat Energy (Exothermic
Reaction, Decomposition, Combustion,
Source of Spontaneous Combustion & Atomic Bomb)
Ignition
Mechanical Heat Energy (Friction)
(HEAT)
Electrical Heat Energy (Sparks, Heat
Conductors)

Solar Heat Energy (Sun Rays)

Biological (Forest Fire)

Physical (Intentionally or Accidentally

making Fire)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
CONDITION OF FIRE

Presence
of Oxygen

 Air Containing Approx. 21% Oxygen.

 Can’t Burn Itself But Give Support To Form a Fire.
 Oxygen is Not Enough (O₂ < 8% of Total Atmosphere
Volume), Fire Can’t Break Out.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
 CONDITION OF FIRE

FUEL

SUFFICIENT
HEAT

OXYGEN
FIRE TRIANGLE

STARTING OF FIRE
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
CONDITION OF FIRE

Chain
Reaction

Fire Chain Fire Square/Fire

Triangle Reaction Tetrahedron

Sustained
Chain
FIRE Fire/Continuous
Reaction
Burning Fire
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
HOW THINGS IGNITE?
When Fire is Held to 2. … Loosened By the 3. The Gas Molecules
Paper: Heat. They Move Combine with Oxygen
1. Molecules that are Further Apart From Molecules in the Air
Bound Closely to One One Another Becoming and the Paper Begins
Another on the Surface a Gas. to Burn.
of the Paper are …
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE

Fire Square/Fire Tetrahedron

FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ Four Phases of Fire Development
 IGNITION
Beginning State (Flash Point)
(Incipient)
 DEVELOPING
Fire Point
(Surface Fire)
 ABSOLUTE FIRE
(Fire in Depth in Chain Reaction
Solid)
 BURNING OUT Burning Temperature is Different in Normal
and Metal Fire. Effect of Temperature Rise
Depends On the Rate of Chain Reaction. i.e.
Fire Intensity.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟FLASH POINT
The Lowest Temperature at which a Liquid Gives Off
Sufficient Vapor to Form Flammable Mixture with Air
Near the Surface of the Liquid, that When an Ignition
Source is Applied a Flash Occurs but Combustion does
not Continue.
‘FLASH POINT IS CHANGE POINT FROM SAFE TO RISK’
FLASH POINT
Low Flash Point Fuel Below 23°C Petrol
Medium Flash Point Fuel 23°C to 66°C Kerosene
High Flash Point Fuel Above 66°C Diesel
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ Flammable (Explosive) Range
Flammable (Explosive) Range is the Limits of
Flammable (Explosive) Range Between the Minimum
& the Maximum Concentration of Vapor in Air which
Forms a Flammable (Explosive) Mixtures.
Flammable Range is Between LFL (Lower Flammable
Limit) and UFL (Upper Flammable Limit).
⍟ Lower Flammable (Explosive) Limit (LFL)/(LEL)
is the Minimum Concentration of Hydrocarbon Gas
necessary to Support its Combustion in the Air.
Below(LFL), the mixture is too “LEAN”, with
Insufficient Hydrocarbon to Burn.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ Upper Flammable (Explosive) Limit (UFL)/(UEL)
is the Maximum Concentration of Hydrocarbon Gas
that will Burn in the Air.
Above (UFL), the mixture is too “RICH”, with
Insufficient Air to Burn.
LFL FR UFL
Methane 5.3% 14.0%
Flammable
Butane 1.9% 8.5%
Range
Propane 2.0% 10.0%
Insufficient
Insufficient
Hydrocarbon
Air to Burn
to Burn
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ AUTO-IGNITION (SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION)
⌛ is the Ignition of a Flammable Materials Without
Assistance of a External Ignition Source.
⌛ Auto-Ignition Temperature is the Temperature at
which a Flammable Material will Ignite Without
Initiation by a Spark or Flame.

Coal Cargo Give Off an Inflammable Gas

Coal Cargo Surface LFL = 5.3% (Methane mix with CO₂)
Ambient Temperature More than 38°C → Auto Ignition
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
FIRE SPREAD
 Fire Spread is Possible When there is Sufficient Fuel and
Oxygen Available.
 Outdoors a Fire Mainly Moves With the Wind.
 With Flames, Smoke Heat and Flammable
Gasses will also be Transported.
 A Fire Can Spread When Nearby Flammable Substances in the
Direct Vicinity are being Heated up.
 CONDUCTION
TRANSMISSION OF
HEAT
 CONVECTION

 RADIATION
HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED?
There are THREE Ways Heat Can Move.
 HOW IS THERE ARE
HEAT THREE
TRANSFER WAYS HEAT
RED? CAN MOVE.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ CONDUCTION
is Transmission Of Heat Through Solid Materials
Metal = Best Heat Conduction Materials

Heat Transfer Through Metal

FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ CONVECTION
Fire Spread at High Level
Due to Upward Travel of
Very Hot Gases.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ RADIATION
Heating up of the Air Space Between a Fire and Other
Flammable Materials.

Clothing may
be Ignited by
Radiation
When Placed
too Close to a
Source of
Radiated Heat
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Class-A CLASS NATURE OF FIRE
Class-B A Fire involving Solid Materials
Class-C Fire involving Liquids or
B
Class-D Liquefied Solids
Class-F C Fire involving Gases
D Fire involving Metal
F (K) Fires involving Cooking Oils
⌚NFPA= National Fire Protection Association
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
FIRE FIGHTING AGENTS OR MEDIUMS
Fire Fighting Agents or Mediums Effect
Water Cooling
Foam Smothering & Cooling
CO2 Smothering
Dry Chemical Powder Smothering, Inhibiting
Inert Gas, Exhaust Gas Smothering
Steam Smothering
Dry Sand (inside E/R near Boiler) Smothering
Fire Blanket (inside Galley) Smothering
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
 APPROPRIATE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS FOR FIRE
EXTINGUISHING
RECOMMENDATION FOR FIRE INVOLVING
MEDIUMS
Water Wood, Paper, Textile & Similar Materials (Class-A Fire)
Flammable Liquids, Wood, Paper, Textile (Class-A &
Foam
Class-B Fire)
Electrical Equipment, Flammable Liquids, Cooking Oil &
CO2
Fat (Class-B & Class-F)
Flammable Liquids & Gases, Electrical Equipment (Class-
Dry Powder (Standard)
B & Class-C)
Dry Powder (Multiple Flammable Liquids & Gases, Electrical Equipment, Wood,
or General Purpose) Paper, Textile (Class-A, Class-B, Class-C)
Dry Powder (Metal) Combustible Metals (Class-D)
Galley Wet Chemical Galley Fat Fire (Class-F)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
USE OF WATER
⌛ Usually Present in Large Quantities
⌛ Relatively Easy to Use
⌛ Due to its High Capacity as a Thermal Conductor
(High Cooling Effect)
⌛ Steam (Suffocating Effect)
⌛ Very Good Extinguishing Agent for Solid Fires (Class-
A)
⌛ Amount of Water Necessary to Put Out a Fire is
4-l/min/m2
Approx. ________________________.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
FOAM
 Foam Consists of Three Elements:
 Water
 Foam Producing Agent (FPA)
 Air
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
⍟ 3-DIFFERENT CLASSES OF FOAM:
Type of Foam Foam Producing # Used
Light Foam >200 For Confined Areas
In case of Pool or
Medium Foam 20~200
Liquid Fires
In case of Pool or
Heavy Foam <20
Liquid Fires
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOAM
 CHEMICAL FOAM
Chemical Foam is Formed By Mixing Together a
Solution of an Alkali (usually Sodium Bicarbonate), an
Acid (usually Aluminum Sulfate), Water and a
Stabilizer.

 MECHANICAL (AIR) FOAM

Mechanical Foam is Produced By Mixing a Foam
Concentrate with Water to Produce a Foam Solution.
The Bubbles are Formed By the Turbulent Mixing of
Air and the Foam Solution.
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (VI/1-2)
THEORY OF FIRE
FOAM CHARACTERISTICS
⌛ Prevent Radiation
⌛ Suppresses the Formation of Vapour
(Because of Weight of Foam)
(Heavier than the Air but Lighter than Oil & Liquid)
⌛ Cooling Effect (Consists of 94% to 99% Water)
⌛ Chance of Re-Ignition is Very Small
 BST-FPFF (Rev. - ON LINE)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (FP&FF)
ON-LINE REVALIDATION COURSE

ANY QUESTIONS?
 BST-FPFF (Rev. - ON LINE)
FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE FIGHTING (FP&FF)
ON-LINE REVALIDATION COURSE

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