HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT

Name:Ruzol Celine R.
Subject & Section: CE142P-2/A4 Date Performed:September 27, 2021
Instructor: Date Submitted: October 5, 2021 _

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the coefficient of discharge, velocity, and contraction of a small orifice.

EQUIPMENT:

Hydraulics Bench
Flow Through an Orifice Apparatus
Stopwatch

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DERIVATION:

From the application of Bernoulli’s Equation (conservation of mechanical

energy for a steady, incompressible frictionless flow) :
The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is

vi = (2gh)1/2

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

The actual velocity is

v = Cv(2gh)1/2 ------------------------------------- (1)

Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and,
therefore Cv <1

For the Pitot tube hc = v2/2g ; ie. vi = (2ghc)1/2

Hence Cv = ( hc / ho )1/2

The actual flow rate of the jet is defined as :

Qt = Acv

where Ac is the cross- sectional area of the vena contracta, given by :

Ac = CcAo Cc = ( Ac/ Ao ) = ( dc2/ do2 )

where

Ao is the orifice area and Cc is the coefficient of contraction and, therefore, Cc< 1

Hence

Q t = Ao Cc Cv(2gh)1/2

The product Cc Cv is called the discharge coefficient, Cd, so finally

Q t = Ao Cd (2gh)1/2

If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Qt plotted against ( h )1/2 will be

linear and the slope, S = CdAo ( 2g )1/2

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PROCEDURE:

(EQUIPMENT SET-UP)

1. Position the apparatus across the channel on top of the hydraulic bench and
level it using the adjustable feet and the spirit level on the base. Connect the
flexible inlet pipe to the hydraulic bench snap connector in the top channel.
Place the end of the overflow tube directly into the hydraulics bench overflow
(located in the side wall of the volumetric tank), and adjust the inlet pipe to
the approximate level of the head required for the experiment.

2. Remove the orifice plate from the recess in the cylinder base, by releasing
the two screws (take care not to lose the ‘O’ –ring seal). Check the orifice
profile.

3. Replace the required orifice. The sharp-edged orifice (if used) should be
installed with the sharp edge uppermost.

4. Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level
rises in the reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench
valve to give a water level of 2 to 3 mm above the overflow level, with the
end of the inlet tube fully submerged. This will ensure a constant head and
produce a steady flow through the orifice.

(TAKING A SET OF RESULTS)

In the first part of the experiment, adjust the overflow pipe and inlet pipe as
described above, to obtain a constant head height.

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE

To measure Cd, the discharge is obtained by collection of a known quantity of

water from the orifice in the volumetric tank, and recording the value of the
head ho on the orifice.

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY

To measure Cv, the Pitot tube is inserted into the emerging jet close to the
underside of the tank, and the values of the Pitot head hc and head ho on the
orifice are noted.

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 DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFCIENT OF CONTRACTION (SHARP-EDGED
ORIFICE)

This should be done using the sharp-edged orifice, as there is likely to be

insufficient contraction to obtain a reliable value for the other orifices.

1. Measure Cc it is necessary to find the diameter of the jet at the vena

contracta. This is done by utilizing the fine wire attached to the head of
the Pitot tube, the plane of the wire being normal to the direction of
traverse of the tube. The wire is brought to each edge of the jet in turn,
just below the tank, and the position of the tube as read on the lead
screws and graduated nut read in each case. The difference of the
readings represents the diameter of the jet.

2. The second part of the experiment the inflow to the tank is reduced to
lower the level in the tank in stages, the discharge from the orifice being
measured at each stage. Care should be taken to allow the level to settle
to a steady value after the inflow to the tank has been changed, and it is
advisable to read this level several times while the discharge is being
collected and to record the mean value over the timed interval. About
eight different flow rates should be sufficient to establish the relationship
between discharge and head on the orifice.

APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE:

1. Is it justifiable to assume that Cd is a constant over the range of steady flows

tested?
2. Why are the Cd values significantly less than 1.00?
3. Comparing Cd values for the steady and the falling head tests, which value is
likely to be more reliable?

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 FINAL DATA SHEET

NAME: Ruzol, Celine R. DATE: September 27, 2021

SUBJECT & SECTION: CE142P-2/A4 GROUP NO. 6
SEAT NO.

EXPERIMENT NO.5

FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

Vena Orifice Pitot Flow

Orifice Volume Time Coeff.
Contract Head Head rate Coeff. Of Coeff of
Diameter Of
a Discharge Contraction k
do V t Velocity
Diameter ho hc Qt (Cd) (Cc)
(m) (m3) (sec) (Cv)
dc (m) (m) (m3/s)
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6 0.013 0.0115 0.323 0.319 0.005 18.90 0.000265 0.7931 0.9938 0.7825 0.7776
7
8
9
10
11

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SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Flow rate, Qt
𝑣 0.005 𝑚3 𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝒕 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓
𝑡 18.90 𝑠 𝒔

Coefficient of Discharge, Cd
𝑚3
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑡 𝑄𝑡 0.000265
𝑪𝒅 = = =𝜋 = 𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟏
𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑑𝑜 )2 √2𝑔ℎ𝑜 𝜋 2 𝑚
4 (0.013) √2 (9.81 2 ) (0.319𝑚)
4 𝑠

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 √2 (9.81) (0.319𝑚)
√2𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝑠2
𝑪𝒗 = = = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖
𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 √2𝑔ℎ𝑜 𝑚
√2 (9.81 2 ) (0.323𝑚)
𝑠

Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
𝜋 𝜋
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝑐 )2 (0.0115𝑚)2
𝑪𝒄 = 4
=𝜋 4
= 𝜋 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟓
𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝑜 )2 (0.013𝑚)2
4 4
Coefficient of Discharge, k
𝑲 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 = (0.7825)(0.9928) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟔

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