What is a Biogeochemical Cycle?

“Biogeochemical cycles mainly refer to the movement of nutrients

and other elements between biotic and abiotic factors.”
The term biogeochemical is derived from “bio” meaning biosphere, “geo” meaning the
geological components and “chemical” meaning the elements that move through a
cycle.
The matter on Earth is conserved and present in the form of atoms. Since matter can neither be
created nor destroyed, it is recycled in the earth’s system in various forms.
The earth obtains energy from the sun which is radiated back as heat, rest all other elements are
present in a closed system. The major elements include:

 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Phosphorus
 Sulphur
These elements are recycled through the biotic and abiotic components of the
ecosystem. The atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere are the abiotic components of the
ecosystem.

Types of Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical cycles are basically divided into two types:

 Gaseous cycles – Includes Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and the Water cycle.
 Sedimentary cycles – Includes Sulphur, Phosphorus, Rock cycle, etc.

Carbon Cycle
Carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon in elemental and combined states on earth. Diamond and
graphite are the elemental forms of carbon and in a combined state, it is found as carbonates in
minerals and as carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere.

Carbon Cycle Definition

Carbon cycle is the process where carbon compounds are
interchanged among the biosphere, geosphere, pedosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the earth.

Carbon Cycle Steps

Following are the major steps involved in the process of the carbon cycle:

1. Carbon present in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.

2. These plants are then consumed by animals and carbon gets bio accumulated into their
bodies.
3. These animals and plants eventually die, and upon decomposing, carbon is released
back into the atmosphere.
4. Some of the carbon that is not released back into the atmosphere eventually become
fossil fuels.
 5. These fossil fuels are then used for man-made activities, which pump more carbon
back into the atmosphere.

Carbon Cycle Diagram

The carbon cycle diagram below elaborates the flow of carbon along different paths.

Carbon Cycle on Land

Carbon in the atmosphere is present in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon enters the atmosphere
through natural processes such as respiration and industrial applications such as burning fossil
fuels. The process of photosynthesis involves the absorption of CO2 by plants to produce
carbohydrates. The equation is as follows:
CO2 + H2O + energy → (CH2O)n +O2
Carbon compounds are passed along the food chain from the producers to consumers. The
majority of the carbon exists in the body in the form of carbon dioxide through respiration. The
role of decomposers is to eat the dead organism and return the carbon from their body back into
the atmosphere. The equation for this process is:
(CH2O)n +O2 → CO2 + H2O

Oceanic Carbon Cycle

This is essentially a carbon cycle but in the sea. Ecologically, oceans take in more carbon than it
gives out. Hence, it is called a “carbon sink.” Marine animals convert carbon to calcium carbonate
and this forms the raw building materials require to create hard shells, similar to the ones found in
clams and oysters.
When organisms with calcium carbonate shells die, their body decomposes, leaving behind their
hard shells. These accumulate on the seafloor and are eventually broken down by the waves and
compacted under enormous pressure, forming limestone.
When these limestone rocks are exposed to air, they get weathered and the carbon is released back
into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Importance of Carbon Cycle

Even though carbon dioxide is found in small traces in the atmosphere, it plays a vital role in
balancing the energy and traps the long-wave radiations from the sun. Therefore, it acts like a
blanket over the planet. If the carbon cycle is disturbed it will result in serious consequences such
as climatic changes and global warming.
Carbon is an integral component of every life form on earth. From proteins and lipids to even our
DNA. Furthermore, all known life on earth is based on carbon. Hence, the carbon cycle, along
with the nitrogen cycle and oxygen cycle, plays a vital role in the existence of life on earth.

Key Points on Carbon Cycle

 Carbon cycle explains the movement of carbon between the earth’s biosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere.
 Carbon is an important element of life.
 Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is taken up by green plants and other photosynthetic
organisms and is converted into organic molecules that travel through the food chain.
Carbon atoms are then released as carbon dioxide when organisms respire.
 The formation of fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks contributes to the carbon cycle for
very long periods.
 The carbon cycle is associated with the availability of other compounds as well.

Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle Definition
“Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process which transforms the
inert nitrogen present in the atmosphere to a more usable form for
living organisms.”
Furthermore, nitrogen is a key nutrient element for plants. However, the abundant nitrogen in the
atmosphere cannot be used directly by plants or animals. Read on to explore how the Nitrogen
cycle makes usable nitrogen available to plants and other living organisms.

What is the Nitrogen Cycle?

Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms,
consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere.
It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay and
putrefaction.
Nitrogen gas exists in both organic and inorganic forms. Organic nitrogen exists in living
organisms, and they get passed through the food chain by the consumption of other living
organisms.
Inorganic forms of nitrogen are found in abundance in the atmosphere. This nitrogen is made
available to plants by symbiotic bacteria which can convert the inert nitrogen into a usable form –
such as nitrites and nitrates.
Nitrogen undergoes various types of transformation to maintain a balance in the ecosystem.
Furthermore, this process extends to various biomes, with the marine nitrogen cycle being one of
the most complicated biogeochemical cycles.

Nitrogen Cycle Explained – Stages of Nitrogen Cycle

Process of the Nitrogen Cycle consists of the following steps – Nitrogen fixation,
Nitrification, Assimilation, Ammonification and Denitrification. These processes take place in
several stages and are explained below:

Nitrogen Fixation Process

It is the initial step of the nitrogen cycle. Here, Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) which is
primarily available in an inert form, is converted into the usable form -ammonia (NH3).
During the process of Nitrogen fixation, the inert form of nitrogen gas is deposited into soils from
the atmosphere and surface waters, mainly through precipitation.
The entire process of Nitrogen fixation is completed by symbiotic bacteria, which are known as
Diazotrophs. Azotobacter and Rhizobium also have a major role in this process. These bacteria
consist of a nitrogenase enzyme, which has the capability to combine gaseous nitrogen with
hydrogen to form ammonia.
Nitrogen fixation can occur either by atmospheric fixation- which involves lightening, or
industrial fixation by manufacturing ammonia under high temperature and pressure conditions.
This can also be fixed through man-made processes, primarily industrial processes that create
ammonia and nitrogen-rich fertilisers.

Types of Nitrogen Fixation

1. Atmospheric fixation: A natural phenomenon where the energy of lightning breaks

the nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, which are then used by plants.
2. Industrial nitrogen fixation: It is a man-made alternative that aids in nitrogen fixation
by the use of ammonia. Ammonia is produced by the direct combination of nitrogen and
hydrogen. Later, it is converted into various fertilisers such as urea.
3. Biological nitrogen fixation: We already know that nitrogen is not used directly from
the air by plants and animals. Bacteria like Rhizobium and blue-green algae transform
the unusable form of nitrogen into other compounds that are more readily usable. These
nitrogen compounds get fixed in the soil by these microbes.

Also Read:

Nitrification
In this process, the ammonia is converted into nitrate by the presence of bacteria in the soil.
Nitrites are formed by the oxidation of ammonia with the help of
Nitrosomonas bacteria species. Later, the produced nitrites are converted into nitrates by
Nitrobacter. This conversion is very important as ammonia gas is toxic for plants.
The reaction involved in the process of Nitrification is as follows:
2NH3 + 3O2 → 2NO2– + 2H+ + 2H2O
2NO2– + O2 → 2NO3–

Assimilation
Primary producers – plants take in the nitrogen compounds from the soil with the help of their
roots, which are available in the form of ammonia, nitrite ions, nitrate ions or
ammonium ions and are used in the formation of the plant and animal proteins. This way, it enters
the food web when the primary consumers eat the plants.

Ammonification
When plants or animals die, the nitrogen present in the organic matter is released back into the
soil. The decomposers, namely bacteria or fungi present in the soil, convert the organic matter
back into ammonium. This process of decomposition produces ammonia, which is further used for
other biological processes.

Denitrification
Denitrification is the process in which the nitrogen compounds make their way back into the
atmosphere by converting nitrate (NO 3-) into gaseous nitrogen (N). This process of the nitrogen
cycle is the final stage and occurs in the absence of oxygen. Denitrification is carried out by the
denitrifying bacterial species- Clostridium and Pseudomonas, which will process nitrate to
gain oxygen and gives out free nitrogen gas as a byproduct.

Nitrogen Cycle in Marine Ecosystem

The process of the nitrogen cycle occurs in the same manner in the marine ecosystem as in the
terrestrial ecosystem. The only difference is that it is carried out by marine bacteria.
The nitrogen-containing compounds fall into the ocean as sediments get compressed over long
periods and form sedimentary rock. Due to the geological uplift, these sedimentary rocks move to
land. Initially, it was not known that these nitrogen-containing sedimentary rocks are an essential
source of nitrogen. But, recent researches have proved that the nitrogen from these rocks is
released into the plants due to the weathering of rocks.

Importance of Nitrogen Cycle

The importance of the nitrogen cycle are as follows:

1. Helps plants to synthesise chlorophyll from the nitrogen compounds.

2. Helps in converting inert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants through the
biochemical process.
3. In the process of ammonification, the bacteria help in decomposing the animal and
plant matter, which indirectly helps to clean up the environment.
4. Nitrates and nitrites are released into the soil, which helps in enriching the soil with
the necessary nutrients required for cultivation.
5. Nitrogen is an integral component of the cell and it forms many crucial compounds
and important biomolecules.

Nitrogen is also cycled by human activities such as the combustion of fuels and the use of
nitrogen fertilisers. These processes increase the levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the
atmosphere. The fertilisers containing nitrogen are washed away in lakes, rivers and result in
eutrophication.

Conclusion
 Nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere, but it is unusable to plants or animals unless it is
converted into nitrogen compounds.
 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria play a crucial role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen
compounds that can be used by plants.
 The plants absorb the usable nitrogen compounds from the soil through their roots. Then,
these nitrogen compounds are used for the production of proteins and other compounds in
the plant cell.
  Animals assimilate nitrogen by consuming these plants or other animals that contain
nitrogen. Humans consume proteins from these plants and animals. The nitrogen then
assimilates into our body system.
 During the final stages of the nitrogen cycle, bacteria and fungi help decompose organic
matter, where the nitrogenous compounds get dissolved into the soil which is again used
by the plants.
 Some bacteria then convert these nitrogenous compounds in the soil and turn it into
nitrogen gas. Eventually, it goes back to the atmosphere.
 These sets of processes repeat continuously and thus maintain the percentage of nitrogen
in the atmosphere.

Water Cycle

What is the Water Cycle?

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle,
describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of
the Earth.

Water Cycle Diagram

During this process, water changes its state from one phase to another, but the total number of
water particles remains the same. In other words, if it were possible to collect and boil 100 gms of
water, it will still retain a mass of 100 gms as steam. Likewise, if 100 gms of steam is collected
and condensed, the resultant water would still weight 100 gms.

Water changes its state through a variety of processes from evaporation, melting and freezing, to
sublimation, condensation, and deposition. All these changes require the application of energy.
Stages of Water Cycle
There are many processes involved in the movement of water apart from the major steps given in
the above water cycle diagram. Listed below are different stages of the water cycle.

1. Evaporation
The sun is the ultimate source of energy, and it powers most of the evaporation that occurs on
earth. Evaporation generally happens when water molecules at the surface of water bodies become
excited and rise into the air. These molecules with the highest kinetic energy accumulate into
water vapour clouds. Evaporation usually takes place below the boiling point of water. Another
process called evapotranspiration occurs when evaporation occurs through the leaves of
plants. This process contributes to a large percentage of water in the atmosphere.

2. Sublimation
Sublimation occurs when snow or ice changes directly into water vapour without becoming water.
It usually occurs as a result of dry winds and low humidity. Sublimation can be observed on
mountain peaks, where the air pressure is quite low. The low air pressure helps to sublimate the
snow into water vapour as less energy is utilised in the process. Another example of sublimation is
the phase where fog bellows from dry ice. On earth, the primary source of sublimation is from the
ice sheets covering the poles of the earth.

3. Condensation
The water vapour that accumulated in the atmosphere eventually cools down due to the low
temperatures found at high altitudes. These vapours become tiny droplets of water and ice,
eventually coming together to form clouds.

4. Precipitation
Above 0 degrees centigrade, the vapours will condense into water droplets. However, it cannot
condense without dust or other impurities. Hence, water vapours attach itself on to the particle’s
surface. When enough droplets merge, it falls out of the clouds and on to the ground below. This
process is called precipitation (or rainfall). In particularly cold weather or extremely low air
pressure, the water droplets freeze and fall as snow or hail.

5. Infiltration
Rainwater gets absorbed into the ground through the process of infiltration. The level of
absorption varies based on the material the water has seeped into. For instance, rocks will retain
comparatively less water than soil. Groundwater can either follows streams or rivers. But
sometimes, it might just sink deeper, forming aquifers.

6. Runoff
If the water from rainfall does not form aquifers, it follows gravity, often flowing down the sides
of mountains and hills; eventually forming rivers. This process is called runoff. In colder regions,
icecaps form when the amount of snowfall is faster than the rate of evaporation or sublimation.
The biggest icecaps on earth are found at the poles.
All the steps mentioned above occur cyclically with neither a fixed beginning nor an end.
Implications of Water Cycle
 The water cycle has a tremendous impact on the climate. For instance, the greenhouse
effect will cause a rise in temperature. Without the evaporative cooling effect of the water
cycle, the temperature on earth would rise drastically.
 The water cycle is also an integral part of other biogeochemical cycles.
 Water cycle affects all life processes on earth.
 The water cycle is also known the clean the air. For instance, during the process of
precipitation, water vapours have to attach themselves on to particles of dust. In polluted
cities, the raindrops, apart from picking up dust, also pick up water- soluble gas and
pollutants as they fall from the clouds. Raindrops are also known to pick up biological
agents such as bacteria and industrial soot particles and smoke.

Oxygen Cycle
As we all know, the air is a mixture of gases. The air in the atmosphere is composed of different
gases, namely nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon and other trace gases (1%).
According to the earth’s history, oxygen gas was first introduced by cyanobacteria through the
process of photosynthesis. Earlier, around 4.6 billion years ago, there was no life on planet earth
because the atmosphere was devoid of oxygen. Later, there was a gradual increase in the
oxygen levels and by the Carboniferous Period- 299 million years ago, oxygen reached the levels
that were similar to today’s estimates.
Today, oxygen is freely available in the air and also dissolved in water. It is the second most
abundant gas present in the atmosphere and also the most common element of the human body. It
plays an essential role in most life forms on earth and also serves as an essential element in
biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids.
Read on to explore more about oxygen, its uses, production and how it is recycled in a cyclic
pattern.

What is Oxygen Cycle?

Oxygen cycle, along with the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle plays an essential role in the
existence of life on the earth. The oxygen cycle is a biological process which helps in maintaining
the oxygen level by moving through three main spheres of the earth which are:

 Atmosphere
 Lithosphere
 Biosphere
This biogeochemical cycle explains the movement of oxygen gas within the atmosphere, the
ecosystem, biosphere and the lithosphere. The oxygen cycle is interconnected with the carbon
cycle.
The atmosphere is the layer of gases presents above the earth’s surface. The sum of Earth’s
ecosystems makes a biosphere. Lithosphere is the solid outer section along with the earth’s crust
and it is the largest reservoir of oxygen.

Stages of the Oxygen Cycle

The steps involved in the oxygen cycle are:
Stage-1: All green plants during the process of photosynthesis, release oxygen back into the
atmosphere as a by-product.
Stage-2: All aerobic organisms use free oxygen for respiration.
Stage-3: Animals exhale Carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere which is again used by the
plants during photosynthesis. Now oxygen is balanced within the atmosphere.

Uses of Oxygen
The four main processes that use atmospheric oxygen are:
Breathing – It is the physical process, through which all living organisms, including plants,
animals and humans inhale oxygen from the outside environment into the cells of an organism and
exhale carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Decomposition: It is one of the natural and most important processes in the oxygen cycle and
occurs when an organism dies. The dead animal or plants decay into the ground, and the organic
matter along with the carbon, oxygen, water and other components are returned into the soil and
air. This process is carried out by the invertebrates, including fungi, bacteria and some insects
which are collectively called as the decomposers. The entire process requires oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide.
Combustion: It is also one of the most important processes which occur when any of the organic
materials, including fossil fuels, plastics and wood, are burned in the presence of oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Rusting: This process also requires oxygen. It is the formation of oxides which is also called
oxidation. In this process, metals like iron or alloy rust when they are exposed to moisture and
oxygen for an extended period of time and new compounds of oxides are formed by the
combination of oxygen with the metal.

Production of Oxygen
Plants: The leading creators of oxygen are plants by the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a biological process by which all green plants synthesize their food in the
presence of sunlight. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, carbon dioxide to create
energy and oxygen gas is liberated as a by-product of this process.
Sunlight: Sunlight also produces oxygen. Some oxygen gas is produced when the sunlight reacts
with water vapour in the atmosphere.
Some Interesting Facts about Oxygen
 Phytoplankton is one of the most significant producers of oxygen, followed by terrestrial
plants and trees.
 Oxygen is also produced when the sunlight reacts with water vapour present in the
atmosphere.
 A large amount of oxygen is stored in the earth’s crust in the form of oxides, which
cannot be used for the respiration process as it is available in the combined state.

Importance of Oxygen Cycle

As we all know, oxygen is one of the most essential components of the earth’s atmosphere. It is
mainly required for:

 Breathing
 Combustion
 Supporting aquatic life
 Decomposition of organic waste.
Oxygen is an important element required for life, however, it can be toxic to some anaerobic
bacteria (especially obligate anaerobes).
The oxygen cycle is mainly involved in maintaining the level of oxygen in the atmosphere. The
entire cycle can be summarized as, the oxygen cycle begins with the process of photosynthesis in
the presence of sunlight, releases oxygen back into the atmosphere, which humans and animals
breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, and again linking back to the plants. This also
proves that both the oxygen and carbon cycle occur independently and are interconnected to each
other.

Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle Definition
“Phosphorus cycle is a biogeochemical process that involves the movement
of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.”

What is Phosphorus Cycle?

Phosphorus is an important element for all living organisms. It forms a significant part of the structural
framework of DNA and RNA. They are also an important component of ATP. Humans contain 80% of
phosphorus in teeth and bones.
Phosphorus cycle is a very slow process. Various weather processes help to wash the phosphorus
present in the rocks into the soil. Phosphorus is absorbed by the organic matter in the soil which is used
for various biological processes.
Since phosphorus and phosphorus-containing compounds are present only on land, atmosphere plays
no significant role in the phosphorus cycle.

Steps of Phosphorus Cycle

Following are the important steps of phosphorus cycle:

1. Weathering
2. Absorption by Plants
3. Absorption by Animals
4. Return to the Environment through Decomposition
Weathering
Phosphorus is found in the rocks in abundance. That is why the phosphorus cycle starts in the
earth’s crust. The phosphate salts are broken down from the rocks. These salts are washed away
into the ground where they mix in the soil.

Absorption by Plants
The phosphate salts dissolved in water are absorbed by the plants. However, the amount of
phosphorus present in the soil is very less. That is why the farmers apply phosphate fertilizers on
agricultural land.
The aquatic plants absorb inorganic phosphorus from lower layers of water bodies. Since
phosphate salts do not dissolve in water properly, they affect plant growth in aquatic ecosystems.

Absorption by Animals
The animals absorb phosphorus from the plants or by consuming plant-eating animals. The rate of
the phosphorus cycle is faster in plants and animals when compared to rocks.

Return of Phosphorus Back to the Ecosystem

When the plants and animals die they are decomposed by microorganisms During this process,
the organic form of phosphorus is converted into the inorganic form, which is recycled to soil
and water.
Soil and water will end up in sediments and rocks, which will again release phosphorus by
weathering. Thus, the phosphorus cycle starts over.

Human Impact on Phosphorus Cycle

A number of human activities, use of fertilizers, artificial eutrophication, etc. has a great impact
on the phosphorus cycle.
The phosphorus fertilizers increase the level of phosphorus in the soil. Overuse of these
fertilizers reduces the fertility of the soil and is also harmful to the microorganisms present in the
soil. When these are washed away into the nearby water bodies, they are hazardous to aquatic
life.
During the shipping of food from farms to cities, the amount of phosphorus that is washed away in
water causes eutrophication. This leads to the growth of algae. These form algal blooms or die,
which is toxic to the aquatic ecosystem.

Sulphur Cycle
Sulphur is one of the most abundant elements on the earth. It is a yellow, brittle, tasteless, odourless
non-metal. Sulphur is present in all kinds of proteins. Plants directly absorb sulphur-containing amino
acids such as methionine, cystine, and cysteine.
Sulphur is released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, volcanic activities, and
decomposition of organic molecules.
On land, sulphur is stored in underground rocks and minerals. It is released by precipitation,
weathering of rocks and geothermal vents.

Sulphur Cycle
The process of sulphur cycle is explained below:
  The sulphur is released by the weathering of rocks.
 Sulphur comes in contact with air and is converted into sulphates.
 Sulphates are taken up by plants and microbes and are converted into organic forms.
 The organic form of sulphur is then consumed by the animals through their food and
thus sulphur moves in the food chain.
 When the animals die, some of the sulphur is released by decomposition while some
enter the tissues of microbes.
 There are several natural sources such as volcanic eruptions, evaporation of water, and
breakdown of organic matter in swamps, that release sulphur directly into the
atmosphere. This sulphur falls on earth with rainfall.

Steps of Sulphur Cycle

Following are the important steps of the sulphur cycle:

Decomposition of Organic Compounds

Protein degradation releases amino acids that contain sulphur. Sulphates are reduced to H2S
by the action of Desulfotomaculum bacteria.

Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulphide to Elemental Sulphur

Hydrogen sulphide oxidises to produce elemental sulphur. Certain photosynthetic
bacteria from the families Chlorobiaceae and Chromatiaceae initiate the oxidation
process.

Oxidation of Elemental Sulphur

Elemental sulphur present in the soil cannot be utilized directly by the plants. Therefore, it is
converted into sulphates by chemolithotrophic bacteria.

Reduction of Sulphates
Sulphates are reduced to hydrogen sulphide by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. This occurs in two
steps:

 Firstly, the sulphates are converted to sulphites utilizing ATP.

 Secondly, the reduction of sulphite to hydrogen sulphide.