START AWAL AWAL DISCUSSION MODIFIED STEM (KALAU NAK GUNA)

Modified stem are different from common type of stem such as monocot and dicot. They
have their own modification according to their own adaptation. Some plant species have
modified stems that are especially suited to a particular habitat and environment. A rhizome
is a modified stem that grows horizontally underground; it has nodes and internodes. Vertical
shoots may arise from the buds on the rhizome of some plants, such as ginger and ferns.
Corms are similar to rhizomes, except they are more rounded and fleshy (such as in
gladiolus). Corms contain stored food that enables some plants to survive the winter. Stolons
are stems that run almost parallel to the ground, or just below the surface, and can give rise
to new plants at the nodes. Runners are a type of stolon that runs above the ground and
produces new clone plants at nodes at varying intervals: strawberries are an example.
Tubers are modified stems that may store starch, as seen in the potato. Tubers arise as
swollen ends of stolons, and contain many adventitious or unusual buds (familiar to us as
the “eyes” on potatoes). A bulb, which functions as an underground storage unit, is a
modification of a stem that has the appearance of enlarged fleshy leaves emerging from the
stem or surrounding the base of the stem, as seen in the iris.

WATER LILY (Nelumbo nucifera)

Based on our observation, we cannot classify water lilies as monocot or dicot. It is because,
the arrangement are not scattered and ring. So, the anatomical characteristic of the species
are not dicot. There are some vascular bundles that we can observed between the air
column that consist of xylem and phloem. They all have specialized adaptations to allow
them to rise from the deep muddy bottom up through the water column and into the air. The
air column are for buoyancy that will allow them to float on the water as they are
Hydrophytes that have adapted to living in watery conditions. They have little to no root
systems and have leaves that often help in flotation. The amount of xylem that was observed
are little because of they did not need too much transport of water by xylem because they
can do their own osmosis. But compared to our findings in book, on the parenchymatic
tissue with many small intercellulars is crossed by very large and small air ducts and a few
vascular bundles. They have tissues that enables gas exchange between plant parts. While
fo morphological of this plant, what we had observed are they have rounded and waxy-
coated leaves on long stalks that contain many air spaces and float in quiet freshwater
habitats. The stalks arise from thick, fleshy, creeping underwater stems that are buried in the
mud. The showy, fragrant, solitary flowers are borne at or above the water surface on long
stalks that are attached to the underground stems. Each cuplike flower has a spiral
arrangement of its numerous petals. Compared to our findings in book, it says that their
flowers grown out of water and are constituted by a variable number of sepals, petals and
stamens, which are helically bornThese flowers are solitary, not born grouped, and
hermaphrodites, that is, both male (stamens) and female (ovary) sex organs occur in the
same flower. The perianth parts (petals and sepals) and stamens are free among them,
therefore, they are not united or fused among them, and normally appear in large numbers.

POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

For the anatomical parts of potatoes, which are tuber type of stem, the structure that we
observed are parenchyma and starch grains only. Inside the parenchyma tisuue, we can see
a bunch of starch grains in each of the cells. Starch is made from sucrose, a sugar formed in
the leaves during photosynthesis, which is then transported to the tuber (potato) by the
phloem (vascular tissue). It is used as a store of energy for the later development of buds on
the surface of the potato. But from our findings in book about potato stem, the structure was
described and they has the structure of epidermis cortex and also ray. It also shown that
they have starch grains inside their parenchyma cells. While for the morphological parts,
what we had observed the stem of potatoes are they have stout, erect, slightly hairy,
distinctly winged on the angles. They also has special underground branch with swollen end.
But, based on our findings in book, tuber consist of thick, underground storage stem, from
which arise persistent, woody and aerial branches. The tubers can range in color from yellow
to red or purple depending on the variety. Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in
height and are grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season.