 

2021

       
A0 p n μ m C k M
10-10 m 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 103 106
Q W
 e =  Q = N e = I t = = CV 
N V
Q It 2πr Q 1 t
 N = =
e 
T = = = = 
e V I υ N
N e e V ‫ﺮﻋﺔ‬
I=
Q
= =
e
=
‫ﺳ‬
=  e =
V P
= w =
Pw

t t T 2πr R V R
W W W Pw
V = = = = = P w . R = I R 
Q It N e I

A = πr 2 = = (٥) V = I R 

W V 2 2
 P W = = V I = = I R 
t R

2
P w I R R 1

1 1
 = 2
=
P w 2 I R 2 R 2
 
2
Pw V R R
 P w 
1 2 2
= × 2
=
2 R 1 V R 1
 
V2
  W = V Q = V I t = PW t = t = I 2 Rt 
R
V ρeL ρeL L V2 Pw W Vt Vt ρeL2 ρeVOl
R= = = = = = = = = = = 2 
Ι A πr2 σA Pw I2 IQ Q Ne VOl A
R 1 ρ e1 L 1 A 2 ρ e1 L 1 r 22 σ 2L 1 Α 2
  R =
ρ
= 2
= 
2 e2 L 2 A 1 ρ e2 L 2 r1 σ 1L 2 Α 1
L L 1 RA Rr2 1
  σ= =   e
ρ = = = 
RA Rr2 ρe L L σ
 ρ e1 R 1A 1L 2 R 1 L 2 r 12 σ 2
  ρ = = = 
e2 R 2A 2L 1 R 2 L 1 r 22 σ 1
σ R A L R L 1 r 22 ρ
 σ 
1 2 2 1 2 e2
= = 2

2 R 1 A 1 L 2 R 1 L 2 r1 ρ e1


R1 L1A 2 L21 A 22 r24 I
  = = 2 = 2 = 4 = 2 
R2 L2A1 L2 A1 r1 I1
L A2
  1 = 
L2 A1
 ##
R L 21 I2 12
  1
= = = 
R 2 L 22 I1 22

  1
##
16
4 4
 R 1 = r24 = I 2 = 2 16
R2 r1 I1 1
 
  R = R t R 
N
 Rt = Req + r+=Rt
R  R t = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + .... Rt
NRt=N × R N
   Vt = V1+V2  V3It = I1 = I2 = I3
2
 PW = I R 
-1
1 1 1 1
  R t =  1 + 1 + 1   = + + Rt
 R1 R 2 R 3  R t R 1 R 2 R 3
 It= I1 + I2 + I3 Vt = V1 = V2 = V3
  R t =
R
Rt
N
R R 1R 2
  R t =  R t = 
2 R1 + R2
V 2
  P W = 
R

 I 1 × R 1 = I 2 × R 2 
 V=IRt = IR 

 I1 =
R2
#
I2 R1

  R4
R5
R1$

Req = R2 + R3

  : R1
 KR2
 0=R9
 
=
R6
0= R8
R7
R1$

Req = R2 + R3 

VB
 I =  VB = I(R eq +r)  VB = V + Ir  V = VB - Ir 
Req +r
I =
VB1 + VB2

R e q + r1 + r 2

  I =
V B 1 - V B 2

R t + r1 + r2

  V1 = VB1 - Ir1 

  V2 = VB2 + Ir2 
 

 
 S ‫ب ( ﺑﻨﻘﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ S ‫أ ( ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ ( ﺗﻘﻞ‬VS ) ،،، ‫ ( ﺗﺰداد‬VR ) ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ ( ﺗﺰداد‬VS ) ،،، ‫ ( ﺗﻘﻞ‬VR ) ‫ﻓﺎن‬
S S
VR = I RVRI VR = I RVRI
 VSV = VB - IrV VSV = VB - IrV
 VS = V - VR = VB - I(R+r)  VS = V - VR = VB - I(R+r)
AD
   

 V = VB - I R =30-(5×5) =5V V = VB + I R =30+(5×5) =55V

AD
   

VAD = (-5×5)+30=5V VAD = (5×5)+30=55V

 VDA = (5×5) - 30=-5V VDA =(-5×5)-30=-55V
V = Ir = VB - IReq 

 VB I=I2 Rt=I2 (Req+r) 

2
 I r= 
 IReq=

 η = Vout V - Ir
× 100 = B × 100 =
IR eq
× 100 =
R eq
× 100 
VB VB I(R eq + r) (R eq + r)

 Vin × 100 =

Ir
× 100 =
r
× 100 
VB I( R e q + r) R eq + r

V‫ﺔ‬ VB
 I =I1I2= ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬
 I = 
R ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬
Req +r
 IR =I1R1= I2R2
 RIRt =

   I = 0  ΣI in = ΣI out 

  V = 0   V =  IR 

B
2
V
  p w = VI = = I 2 R 
R
=
 p w = p w1 + p w2 + p w3 + VB I 
  
 VB
Vab = I R2 - VB + I r+ I R1= I(R1+R2+r)- VB
 Vba = -I R1 + VB - I r- I R2= VB - I(R1+R2+r)
 VB

  Vab = - I R2 - VB - I r - I R1 = - VB - I(R1+R2+r) = -
 Vba = I R1 + VB + I r + I R2 =VB + I(R1+R2+r) = +
 Vabba ##
10V 

 aVab = 3 × (10+4+6) - 30 + 10 = 40 V
 aVba =-3×(6+4+10) -10 + 30 = -40 V
 210 watta , b ##
 Vaba , bVB

 
 VB
{PW=I2R+IVB} | {210=32(10+4+6)+3VB} |{210=180+3VB} |{VB=10V}
30 - 10 + Vab = 3 × (10+4+6)  V B + Vab =  IR 
20 + Vab = 60 Vab = 40v

  Φm = ABsinθ 
  Øm = A B θ = 90o  
 Øm = zero  θ = 0o  
 Øm = A B sin 
 
900=90o
 Øm = A B sin (90 - 
 
 90
  =90o
 Øm=½AB300=sin θ=½  
μI
  B = 
2πd
  
 
 
 
 
 

 I1 I   I2 I 
   = 2 ,,,, = 1  
 d1 d2   X - d1 d1 
 I1 = I2
 
 I2  
 I1  
B 2=
2πd2 B 1=  
 
   2πd1
 
 
 I 2   I1 I2 
  I1 =  ,,,  =  
 d1 d 2 + d1   d1 X + d1 

 d
 Bt = 0
‫ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﻦ ؟‬
  
  
     
  
  
     
μNI
  B = 
2r
B1 μ 1 N 1 I 1 r2
 = . . . 
B2 μ 2 N 2 I 2 r1
θ 
  N =  N = 
360 2πr
 V =
X 2πr
= 
t T
 I=υe =
eV
,, I=
2πr
 
  

 
  180
  B2 = B1 ##
  

  N1 r1 = N2 r2 L1 = L2

 
 I=I



     

   
 

 
 
   
  
     
Bt ‫ = ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻜﻴﻦ‬B1 ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ B2 ‫ = ﺳﻠﻚ‬B1 ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ B2 ‫ = ﺳﻠﻚ‬B1 ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ وﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن ﺗﻴﺎر‬  d ‫ = ﺳﻠﻚ‬r +X   d ‫ = ﺳﻠﻚ‬r ‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬
I2 ‫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬I1 μ IN μΙ μ IN μI
=   =
μIN μ 2r 2 π (r + X ) 2r 2πd
= (I1 - I 2 )
 
IN Ι I
2r 2πd =  NI = 
r π(r + X) π
N μNI
 n =  B = = μnI 
L L
 
 
 
 =
L
 = N = 
2r
 
   
   F=B I L sin θ
 
   
sin 90  sin 
   
  ##
μ I1 I 2 L
  F = 
2πd

 Bt=B1±B2BtB
  F=Bt I L‫ﻧﺠﻤﻊ‬
  LI
μ I2 I L μI I L
F=  F = 1 
  2πd 2πd
 Ft=F1 ± F2
 τ = B IA N sin θ 

  
   
= 
  90
 sin= 0  =0  sin1
    τ = B IA N sinθ


  
 
   

  
 τ = B I A N s in θ F=B I L sin θ Øm = A B sin 
  
  
θ
  I deg/μA 
  = 
Ig Rg Vg
  Ig =
RS
 R S = = 
I RS + Rg I - Ig I - Ig
 R gR Vg VS V
  R 
S
eq = = = =
R g + R S I I I
  1 
3
V V 1 Ig Rs
  Is = = I - I g  I g =  = = 
Rs Rg 3 I Rg + RS
 NI1=I
I g (R g + R S ) I g Rg
  I =  I = + I g 
RS RS
V - Vg V - IgR g
  Rm = Ig

Ig 
V Vg Rg
  t
R = R g + R m =
I g = V R g + Rm 
=

V = I (Rg+Rm)V = Ig (Rg+Rm)

  = VV
Rm × X
  R m\ =  R m\ = R m + X X
Rm + X

   


 
 
  I
  I R g

 
g
I = + I
 
g
R S

R = Rg + Rm  
   R R
  R =
g S

  
eq
R + R g S


  
 
Ig Rg V - IgR g
RS = Rm =
  I-I g
  I g

 IgIg  IIg 

 RRg  RRg
 
  I = VB
 I g =
VB

Rg + R v + Rc + r + RX Rg + Rv + Rc + r

  ‫ﺰﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺟ‬I
=
‫داﺋ ﺮة‬R
R = R g + R v + R c + r 
‫ﻛﻠ ﻲ‬I ‫داﺋ ﺮة‬R + R X
   1 I g = VB
 Rx
3 Rg + R v + Rc + r  R X
vB
  R t = ##
I
vB
 Ig R‫= د‬ 
Ig
 RC=R
vB
 I R t = 
I ‫ﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

 RXR=R
Rg
  
   

 1 #  1 #
 10 10
 10# #
 # 10
 #
 1
 10
  #  1
  1  10
10  9
  #
9
10 10
Rg
  R X = 9R ‫د‬   R m = 9R g   RS =
9


ΔQ AΔB BΔA Δm
  emf = IR =  emf = -N
Δt 
R = -N = -N
Δt Δt Δt
 emf :: 
 
 

Δ Q 2 A B -2 N A μ N I
  R = -N = , , A = π r 2

Δ t Δ t Δ t 2 r

    ¼27090
360 ½180 
0
 ¾
   
  e m f = - N 2A B
 Δ φ m = 2 A B 
  Δt  
  Δφm = zero  
  emf = -N AB  Δφm = AB
emf = 0
emf = 0 Δφm = zero Δt
 Δm Δ I1
 e m f 2 = -N 2
2
= -M 
Δt Δt
Δm ΔI
 e m f = -N = -L 
Δt Δt
ΔI emf
 I= zeroVB=emf = 
Δt L
60
VB VB - I ‫ﺔ‬ R‫ﻟﺤﻈﯿ‬
  = 1 0 0
ΔI
= 40%V=VB - emf
Δt L L

L1 A 1 N 12  2 r12 N 12  2 μN 2A
  =     L = 
L2 A 2 N 22  1 r 22 N 22  1 


  emf‫ﻠﻚ‬ =‫ ﺳ‬IR = -BLVsinθ 

  
  = 00  = 300   = 900
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬300 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
sin 90 = 1 ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬sin 30 = 0.5
emf =- B L V‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
emf = 0 ‫ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬sin  = emf =- ½B L V



Ieff emfeffImax emfmax
 I emfI emf
v
  em f = A B N ω = A B N 2πF = A B N
r 
m ax

em f m ax
 
 em f m ax = I m ax R  I m ax = 
R
 
v
  emf ‫ﺔ‬ =
‫ﻟﺤﻈﯿ‬ emf max sinθ  ABNωsinθ = ABN2πFsin2πFt = ABN sin2πFt 
r
 
em f ins
I ins = I m ax sinθ = I m ax sin ω t = I m ax sin 2π ft =
R
 
 
 
 
  θ = 0O 
  emf ‫ﺔ‬ = emfmaxsin0 = Zero
‫ﻟﺤﻈﯿ‬
emf‫ﺔ‬ = emfmaxsin90 = emfmax θ=90O
‫ﻟﺤﻈﯿ‬


  π =180  θ = ω t = 2 π F t  
 30 
1 θ = 3 6 0 × N  N
12
 emfmax 
 emf =zero  ¼
  = 30 
 30 
 θ= 60  = 30 + 90 = 120
  = t  =  X 3 X 10-3 
 3 ms
  = t + 90/=( X 3 X 10-3)+90
em f m a x
  em f eff = 0 .7 0 7 em f m a x = = em f m a x sin 4 5 
2
emf
I m ax V eff
I eff = 0 .7 0 7 I m a x = = I m axs in 4 5 = 
  2 R
  emf ‫ﻄﺔ‬ = 0.636 - emfmax =
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ‬

Δφ m ΔBA 2
  emf ‫ﻄﺔ‬ = -N
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ‬ = -N = -4ABNF =  emf max = 0.6364ABNω
Δt Δt π
 emf  emf

3600 2700 1800 900 3600 2700 1800 900

  3 
1

1
 
3

1

1
4 2 4 4 2 4
4 4
  - ABNF   -4ABNF   - ABNF  -4ABNF
3 3
N 1 ω  rad \ s ω  d eg \ s θ  d eg
 F = t
=
T
=
22
=
2π  (180)
=
2π  (180)t F
2π  ( )
7
 m/s V = 2 π F r = ω r 
 r  5 km/h
18
θ V 22
 ω = = 2πF =   π = 
t r 7
   
  
w V e2f f
  p w = = V eff I eff = = I 2
eff R 
t R
2
V eff
  W = p w t = V eff I eff t = 2
t = I eff R t 
R
 t 1 = θ1 
t2 θ2


VP N P I S
VS NS I P  Pws =Pwp VPIP=VSIS) =
= =

 #
   = 
VP NP VP NP
  V
=  =
S1 N S1 VS2 N S2 

  Pws =ηPwp
WS PWS VS I S VS N P NSIS
  η = ×100 = ×100 = ×100 = ×100 = ×100
WP PW P VP I P VP N S NPIP
 #
 Pws1 + Pws2 = ηPwp
IR=  
  I = PW =
V
 VP
 VS
 
  VP=emfmaxVP=emfeff
 

 η (pw)p= (pw)s1+(pw)s2

 


  
 


 emfeffIeff
2
  Z = R + (XL - XC )  I = 
2 V
Z

2
Z = RRLC Z = R + (XL - XC ) 
2


  Z = (X - X ) = X - X LC Z = R 2 + X C2 RC Z = R 2 + X L2 RL
L C
2
L C

 
 V = V R2 + ( V L - V C ) 2 

 V = VL -VC LC V = V R2 + V C2 RC V = VR2 + VL2 RL
V L - V C - X C X L
 ta n θ = V R R
= 

  ta n θ = -V C
=
-X C
RC t a n θ =
VL
=
X L
RL
VR R VR R
 
 
  XL = XC RL
  XL = XC RC
2
Veff
RLCRCRL PW = I 
2
eff R =
R
 
F = 0XL=0
 Z = R2 + X2
L
RL

 

 
 
  V = Vmaxsinθ = Vmaxsinωt R 
Vmax
 I = sinωt  I = I maxsinωt I
R
 

 900V
π
2
VL = Vmax sin (ωt+90) ,,, I = Imax sin (ωt)
VL
 I =  X L = 2 π F L = ω L 
XL
X L1 F1L1 ω1L1
  X = F L = ω L 
L2 2 2 2 2

 
  L t = L 1 + L 2 + L 3 , , , , , , , , , X L t = X L 1 + X L 2 + X L 3 

  L t = nL , , XLt = nXL n

 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  = + + ,,,,,,,,, = + +
L t L 1 L 2 L 3 X Lt X L1 X L2 X L3
L XL
  L t = , , X Lt = n
n n
L 1L 2 X L1X L 2
 L t = L + L , , X Lt =
X L1 + X L 2

1 2


( ‫ )ﺑﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬900 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
. ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬90o ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬

VC = Vmax sin (ωt) ,,, IC = Imax sin (ωt+90)

1 1 Q
  XC = = C =
2πFC ωC  V 
VC
 I =
XC 
XC1 F2C2 ω 2C2
  X = F C = ω C 
C2 1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1
 X Ct = X C1 + X C2 + X C3  = + +
C t C 1 C 2 C 3
C
C
  t = , ., XCt = nXC n
n
 
1 1 1 1
 X =
X C1
+
X C2
+
X C3
 C = C1 + C 2 + C 3
Ct

XC
 C = nC ,,X =
n n
t ct

RL 

V
V V R V
 I = = = L

Z R X L

 V = V R2 + V L2 V

  Z = R 2 + X 2
L

VL XL
  ta n θ = V = R IVθ
R
 
  I =
VB
,,,,,,,,,X L = 0,,,,,,,,,Z = R 
R
RC 

V
V V R V
  I = 
C
= =
Z R X C

2
  V = V R + V C2  V

  Z = R 2 + X 2 
C
-VC -XC
 
tanθ = =
VR R IVθ
 I = 0, , , , , , , , , X C = , , , , , , , , , Z =  
 
RLC

 I =
V
=
V R
=
V L

V C

Z R X L X C

 V = V R2 + ( V L - V C ) 2 
2 2
  Z = R + (XL - XC ) 
 VRVθ
VL - VC IX L - IX X - X
  t a n θ = = C
= L C

VR IR R


C 1 1
 f =  ω =  F = 
λ LC 2π L C
F1 L 2C2
 L1 = L2  F =
L1C1 
2

F1 L2 F C
  =  C1 = C2  1 = 2

F2 L1 F2 C 1

V
  XL =XC ,,VL =VC ,,Z=R ,,I= ,,θ=0 ,,V‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠ‬ =VR 
R


E hν h PL
 m = = = = ( k g ) 
C2 C2 λC C
hν E h
  P L = m C = = = ( k g.m \ s ) 
C C λ
hC
  E = h ν = = m C 2
= P L C ( j) 
λ
h h C
 λ == = ( m ) 
p L m C υ
ΔP 2mc 2EφL 2hνφL 2h 2P
 F = L = = 2mcφL == = φL = W (N) 
Δt Δt C C λ C
hC hC
 P w = h ν Φ L = E Φ L = Φ L = ( w a t t ) 
λ λt
P t PW
  N = φ L t  W  φ L = 
hν hν
  E = mC2
273= λ m1 × T1 = λ m2 × T2 


E = Ew + KE
hc hc 1
hυ hυ c m eV 2 eV
λ λc 2 
hC 1 hC 1
  E W = h υ c = = E - K E = hυ - m eV 2 = - m e V 
λc 2 λ 2
 
1 C C
 K E =
2
m v  E - E w = hν - hνc = h ν - νc = h( - )
2 λ λc
hc 1 hc 1
  E = hυ = = E w + KE = hυc + m e V 2 = + m e V 2 
λ 2 λc 2
  (E  E W )‫ ( او‬υ  υC ) 
hc hC
 E =  EW = 
λ λc

 
 m c + m e v = m \c + m e v \

1 2 \ 1 2 \
h υ + m v = h υ + m v
  2
e
2
e 
 E=EKE
 hυ=hυ\½mev2
  =

1 m v2  v = 2eV
  KE = eV 
2 e me
h h
 λ = = (m) 
PL mv

  λ = h B  v = 2eV A
mv me
 
 
 
nλ nh

2πr = nλ ,,r = = 
2π 2πm ev
1 3 .6
  En = - .e V 
n2

hc
 
E = E 2 - E1 = hν = 
λ
hc
  Δ E = E - E = h ν =
λ m a x 
n +1 n m in

hc
    ΔE = E  - En = 0 - E n = = hυmax 
λ min
   =

  E = E
hc 1
m eV 2
 E hυ
λ
KE
2
eV

hc hc hc
  λ = λ = =
ΔE  E ev


I
  N = 
e
 vIt

hc hc
 
eV =  E =
λm λ m 
C
  ν =
λ m 
λ2 λ3
hc hc
  E = E =
λ 3  λ 2 


360 2π
 λ × 
 

  n × p = ni2
 ND+  NA-

n2 n2
  n = i    p = i+   
N- A
N D

 n = P = ni 


( P - type ) ( n - type )

  P  n  N-
A
  n  P  N+ D

n 2 n 2
p = NA-
i
 n = N -  n = ND+ i
 p = N + 
A
D

 n . p = ni2 n NA- =ni2  n . p = ni2 ND+ P=ni2

ND+ = NA- 

   IE = IC + IB
 I =
V
 Ic βe
R  α e = =
  IE 1 + β e α e 
I=0 Ic αe
βe = =
  IB 1-αe  βe 

Vcc= Vc E+ IcRc
1 3 7 14 28 57 ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 57
0 1 3 7 14 28
1 1 1 0 0 1   (111001)2 


  1 1 1 0  0 1  
  25   24   23   22   21 20  
57  32 16 8  0 0 1  
