MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF

NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS

COMPOSITE

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

M. HARISH KUMAR 913118103010

M. KAWIN 913118103013

M. KRISHNA 913118103015

B. RAM VIGNESH 913118103023

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

VELAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MADURAI-625009

ANNA UNNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

JUNE 2022
 ANNA UNNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “MECHANICAL PROPERTY

ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED
CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITE” is the bonafide work of
“M. HARISH KUMAR (913118103010), M. KAWIN (913118103013),
M.KRISHNA (913118103015), B. RAM VIGNESH (913118103023)”
who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. L.ANDAL M.E., Ph.D., Dr. R. VENKAT SARAVANAN, Ph.D,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Professor and Head, Assistant Professor – I,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Velammal College Of Engineering, Velammal College Of Engineering,
and Technology. and Technology.
Madurai-625009. Madurai-625009.

Submitted for viva voce Examination held at Velammal College of Engineering

and Technology .

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep sense of heartfelt gratitude of our founder
Shri. M.V. MUTHURAMALINGAM, Velammal group of institutions.

We are extremely thankful to Shri. N. GANESH NATARAJAN, Vice-

chairman, Velammal group of institutions and Dr.N.SURESH KUMAR, M.E.,
Ph.D., Principal, Velammal College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai for
having provided very excellent facilities and encouragement for carrying out this
project.

We express our Hearty thanks from bottom of our heart to Dr. L. ANDAL M.E.,
Ph.D., Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Department, who motivate us to
finish our project successfully.

We thank our project guide Dr.R. VENKAT SARAVANAN, Ph.D,., Assistant

Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Velammal College of Engineering &
Technology, Madurai for his inspiring guidance, valuable suggestion and
consistence rendered in carrying out this project.

We also extend our thanks to the faculty members of Civil Department Velammal
College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai for helping us on various factors
throughout the completion of our projects.

We thank our Lab Technicians of Velammal College of Engineering &

Technology, and to our Family for their valuable support towards the completion
of the project

iii
 ABSTRACT

Concrete is a brittle material which is strong in compression but weak in tension. To

improve the behavior of concrete various experiments have been done previously
including the use of fibers. In this study jute fiber was used to observe the changes in
mechanical properties of concrete. The effect of various dosage of jute fiber along with
the change in water-cement ratio on concrete, was measured by compressive strength
and split tensile strength. All the test procedures were done according to standard ISTM
methods. Failure pattern was also observed. From the experiment, it can be stated that
3% treated jute fiber along with water-cement ratio of 0.45 improved the compressive
strength. The split tensile strength of concrete was found maximum at 2% of untreated
jute fibre along with the water cement ration of 0.45. Concrete, with or without jute
fiber underwent similar type of fracture. Jute fiber reduced the cracking level from
macro-level to micro level by bridging the cracks.

iv
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix
1 INTRODUCTION 10
1.1 GENERAL 10
1.2 OBJECTIVE 11
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 11
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
3 METHODOLOGY 15
3.1 METHODOLOGY 15
3.2 MIX PROPORTION 15
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 18
4 FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 21
4.1 GENERAL 21
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FRC 21
4.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FRC 22
4.3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 23
4.3.2 TENSILE STRENGTH 23
4.4 TYPE OF FIBRE USED 24
4.4.1 NATURAL FIBRE 24
5 MATERIAL USED 27
5.1 CEMENT 27
5.2 FINE AGGREGATE 28
5.3 COURSE AGGREGATE 30
5.4 WATER 31
5.5 JUTE FIBRE 31
6 MIX DESIGN 36
6.1 MIX DESIGN 36
6.2 TEST PROCEDURES 38
6.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 38
6.2.2 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST 39
7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41
7.1 EFFECT OF FIBRE PERCENTAGE 41
7.1.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 41

v
8 CONCLUSION 47
REFRENCES 48

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Specimen of size 150*150*150 16

3.2 Specimen of size 100*200 16
4.1 Compression testing machine 23
5.1 Cement 28
5.2 Course aggregate 30
5.3 Jute fibre 32
5.4 Jute fibre mixed with NaOH solution 33

7.1 Compressive strength of cube-plain 42

7.2 Compressive strength of cube-untreated 43
fibre
7.3 Compressive strength of cube-treated 44
fibre
7.4 Split tensile strength of cylinder-plain 44
7.5 Split tensile strength of cylinder- 45
untreated fibre
7.6 Split tensile strength of cylinder-treated 46
fibre

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Total number of specimen used 17

3.2 Weight of materials for batching-plain 17

cube

3.3 Weight of materials for batching-treated and untreated 17

fibre
3.4 Weight of materials for batching-plain cylinder 18

3.5 Weight of materials for batching-treated and untreated 18

fibre
4.1 Physical properties of jute fibre 25

5.1 Properties of cement 27

5.2 Properties of fine aggregate 29

5.3 Properties of course aggregate 30

5.4 Properties of jute fibre 33

7.1 Compressive strength of cube-plain 41

7.2 Compressive strength of cube-untreated fibre 42

7.3 Compressive strength of cube-treated fibre 43

7.4 Split tensile strength of cylinder-plain 44

7.5 Split tensile strength of cylinder-untreated fibre 45

7.6 Split tensile strength of cylinder-treated fibre 46

viii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

FRC - Fibre reinforced concrete

JF - Jute fibre

OPC - Ordinary Portland cement

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is a highly complex heterogeneous material. It consists of coarse

aggregate, fine aggregate and cement paste. The response of concrete to stress
depends on the response of the individual components as well as upon the interaction
between these components. The coarse aggregate is a linear elastic brittle material
having strength above than that of the concrete. The cement paste has higher
compressive strength than concrete but has a lower modulus of elasticity. The
addition of fine aggregates can increase the modulus of elasticity but reduce the
strength of concrete.

Compressive strength is considered one of the most important properties of

concrete. Concrete is even classified based on the compressive strength of the
concrete cube and cylinder. Designs of concrete structures are made based on the
compressive strength of concrete. Comparing to compressive strength, the tensile
strength of concrete is much lower. Cracks can propagate easily under tensile loads.
Thus tensile strength is not usually considered in design. However, it is an
important property as cracking in concrete most generally occurs due to the tensile
stress which develops under loading or due to environmental changes. The failure
of concrete in tension is governed by micro cracking, associated particularly with
the interfacial region between the cement and the aggregate particles.

The modulus of elasticity is a very important mechanical property of

concrete. The higher the value of the modulus, the stiffer the material is. Thus,
comparing a high performance concrete to a normal strength concrete, it is seen
that the elastic modulus for high performance concrete will be higher, thereby
making it a stiffer type of concrete. Concrete may be referred to as a brittle
material. This is because concrete's behavior under loading is completely
different from that of ductile materials like steel.

To enhance the overall performance of concrete, Fiber Reinforcement

Cement Concrete (FRC) is being used widely around the world. The design of a
durable and low cost fiber reinforced cement concrete for building construction
is a technological challenge in developing countries. The types of fiber currently
being used include steel, glass, polymers, carbon and natural fibers.

10
 Economic considerations have restricted the use of carbon fibers in
cementitious composites on a commercial level for their non-ecological
performance. Natural fibers have the potential to be used as reinforcement to
overcome the inherent deficiencies in cementitious materials. Considerable
researches are being done for use of reinforcing fibers like jute, bamboo, sisal,
akwara, coconut husk, sugarcane bagasse in cement composites mostly in case of
building materials. Use of natural fibers in a relatively brittle cement matrix has
achieved considerable strength, and toughness of the composite.

Jute is a vast fibre that is used for sacking, burlap, and twine as a backing
material for tufted carpets. It is a long, soft, shiny fibre that can be twist into
coarse, strong threads. It is one of the cheapest natural fibres. It is composed
primarily of the plant materials cellulose, lignin, and pectin. Both the fibre and
the plant from which it comes are generally called jute. It is a lightly woven fabric
made from natural fibres that is used for soil erosion control, seed conservation,
weed control, and many other agricultural and landscaping uses. Thus, jute is the
most environment-friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fibre, as the
expired fibres can be recycled more than once.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

 To determine the mechanical properties of jute fibre reinforced concrete.

 To compare the mechanical strength with the difference in fiber
percentages and obtain optimum fiber percentage .
 To compare the mechanical strength of concrete by treating the fibres with
alkali treatment.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The natural jute fiber can be the effective material to reinforce concrete
strength which will not only explore a way to improve the properties of
concrete, it will also explore the use of jute and restrict the utilization of
polymer which is environmentally detrimental. Concrete is widely used in
structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and
abundant raw material. But common concrete has two major deficiencies, a
low tensile strength and a low strain at fracture. The tensile strength of
concrete is very low because plain concrete normally contains numerous

11
micro cracks. It is the rapid propagation of these micro cracks under applied
stress that is responsible for the low tensile strength of the material. To
overcome these deficiencies, additional materials are added to improve the
performance of concrete. The current research is done looking for a new
concept to increase the concrete overall performance. This new generation
technology utilizes fibers, which if randomly dispersed throughout the
concrete matrix, provides better distribution of both internal and external
stresses by using a three dimensional reinforcing network. The primary role
of the fibers in hardened concrete is to modify the cracking mechanism. By
modifying the cracking mechanism, the macro-cracking becomes micro-
cracking. The cracks are smaller in width, thus reducing the permeability of
concrete and the ultimate cracking strain of the concrete is enhanced. In this
research jute fiber was used to observe the overall performance of concrete.

12
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Saravana et al., “Effect of flyash in fibre reinforced concrete” (2017)

Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering.
In this paper they inferred that the Fly ash-based jute fiber reinforced
concrete shows a better performance than ordinary concrete. The
replacement of fly ash up to 25% resulted in a better performance under
compression. The maximum 7-day cube compressive strengthobtained was
19.05N/mm², for the mix with a fiber length of 40mm, 10% fly ash and a
fiber content of 0.30% (14.50N/mm²). The maximum 14-day cube
compressive strength obtained was 19.76N/mm², for the mix with a fiber
length of 20mm, 15% fly ash and a fiber content of 0.15% (14.50N/mm²).

2. Er. Ojukwu Martins chubuike et al., “Study on Chemical Treatments of

Jute Fibre for Application in Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites”
(NFRPC), International journal of advanced engineering research and
science.
The purpose of this show the effect of chemical treatment on jute fibre for
use in fabrication of composites. It has help to remove the weak boundary
layer of natural fibre and lower water absorption. The study has
documented that the time of soaking and the amount of chemical solution
and concentration used for treatment which affect the properties of the
produced fibre. And it was observed that the alkali treated specimen
showed good impact strength of 20% compared with untreated fibre.

3. Danish Ansari et al., “An experimental study of jute fibre reinforced

concrete by partial replacement of cement with fly ash with addition
of super plasticizer”,(International journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology).
In this paper they have taken 1% fibre content and different flyash
percentages(10%,20%,30%) and conducted test for 7 & 28 days. In this
they have attained more strength at 7 days from 20% fibre content and at
28 days from 20% fibre content compared to other fibre content.

13
4. Bojan Poletanovic et al., “Influence of the NaOH- treated hemp fibres
on the properties of fly ash based alkali activated mortars prior and
after wet/dry cycles”.
The sodium hydroxide treatment of hemp fibres leads to separation of
fibre bundles and increases the fibre surface roughness which increases
the compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete. The fibre
treated with 6% NaOH shows significant result in compressive strength
while fibre with 9% NaOH solution shows significant results in terms of
energy absorption of mortars.
5. Vijaya Kumar P et al.,“Strength Characteristics of Jute Fiber
Composite Concrete”.
In this study deals with the concept of fiber reinforced concrete using
jute fiber. The incorporation of fiber in concrete is an aboriginal subject.
Concrete made of cement is strong in compression but weak in tension and
also this concrete has little resistance to cracking which limits its use. These
restrictions can be overcome by blending the concrete with fibrous
material, which is termed as fiber reinforced concrete. With the modern
technology, natural fibers like jute, bamboo, wool etc. can be economically
extracted from various vegetables and animals.

6. Rakesh Kumar Saini., ”Behaviour of Concrete with Jute as a Fibre”.

Concrete is a complex material sensible of aggregate bonded together with
fluid cement which hardens over time. It carries a high compressive
strength. It is a corrosion resistance material and atmospheric agent has no
approachable effect on it. In present scenario concrete is widely used in
construction work but as the time passes the cracks may arises due to some
reason like expansion and contraction of concrete with temperature effect.
In order to reduce cracks we provide jute fiber in concrete mixture which
is a cheapest vegetable fiber produced from the skin of the plants. It
increases the tensile strength of the concrete.

7. S. Tiwari et al., “Mechanical Properties and Durability Study of Jute

Fiber Reinforced Concrete”.
Jute fiber is used in research study and carried out an experimental
investigation on the mechanical properties of the jute fiber reinforced
concrete (JFRC). Natural available jute fiber was chopped to the desired
length and it was mixed in concrete to produce JFRC.

14
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY

Concept of using jute fiber in concrete was conceived. Based on the

concept, various papers where referred and a knowledge about the natural fiber,
the jute fiber being used in concrete was obtained. The knowledge on fiber
reinforced concrete referring various journals. Literature review was done and the
concept was finalized. Various tests on Binding Material, fine and coarse
aggregates were carried out and the results were achieved. In order to do find the
value or drawback of any special concrete, it has to be related with conventional
concrete. Therefore, a set of conventional concrete mix specimen is required.

In order to cast a set of conventional concrete mix, primarily the mix design
for M30 grade of concrete has to be done. Tests on fresh concrete were carried
out. Workability was tested by slump test. The water binder ratio and the
percentage of super plasticizer to be added was also firm based on three altered
designs of trail mix. The mix with optimum results were considered for casting
conventional concrete mix. The similar mix ratio which was used to cast
conventional concrete mix specimen, was used to cast special concrete mix
specimens. Special concrete mix specimens are fiber reinforced specimens.

Fiber was cut for aspect ratio. For the aspect ratio, 1%, 2%, 3% of amount
of fiber were added to concrete mix. Special concrete specimens consist of cubes,
cylinders and prisms. OPC grade 53 cement was used in casting. The coarse
aggregate added to the mix was divided into two portions. 50% of 20mm
aggregate and 50% of 12.5mm aggregate was used. Jute Fiber reinforced
Concrete were cast and cured.7 and 14 days testing were carried out to find the
compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths for the concrete.

3.2 MIX PROPORTION

The work on M30 grade of concrete as per IS:456- 2000 for fiber-cement
ratio 1%, 2%, 3% are carried out with fiber length of 30mm chopped. The
conventional mix proportion concrete composed of cement (340.6 kg/m3), fine
aggregate (820.2 kg/m3), coarse aggregates (1114.2 kg/m3) and water to cement
ratio is 0.45. The addition of jute fiber into conventional mix concrete is 1%, 2%,
3% of concrete volume fraction. The curing period of all the concrete mixes was

15
7, 14 days. The Mix ID for corresponding conventional mix, 1% jute fiber +
conventional mix, 1%JF + 10%fly ash replace with cement, 2%JF + 10% fly ash
replace with cement, 3% JF + 10% fly ash replace with cement.

Fig 3.1 Specimen of size 150*150*150

Fig 3.2 Specimen of size 100*200

TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMEN USED

TEST SPECIMEN NO OF
SIZE SPECIMEN

COMPRESSION TEST

plain cube 150*150*150 6

cube with treated jute fibre 150*150*150 18

16
cube with untreated fibre 150*150*150 18

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

TEST
plain cylinder 100*200 6
cylinder with treated fibre 100*200 18

cylinder with untreated fibre 100*200 18

TOTAL 84
Table 3.1 total number of specimen used

WEIGHT OF MATERIALS FOR BATCHING

PLAIN CUBE

S. FLY CEMENT F.A C.A ADMIXTURE FLYASH WATE

N ASH R
O %
1 10 1.008kg 2.99kg 4.58 8.96ml 0.112kg 504ml
kg
Table 3.2 Weight of materials for batching –plain cube

CUBE WITH TREATED AND UNTREATED JUTE FIBRE

S. FL JUT JUTE CEM F. C. ADMI FLY WA

N Y E FIBR ENT A A XTUR ASH TER
O AS FIB E E
H RE CON
% % TENT
1 10 1% 0.010k 0.997 2.9 4.5 8.98ml 0.112 504
% g 9kg 9kg 8kg kg ml

2 10 2% 0.020k 0.988 2.9 4.5 8.98ml 0.112 504

% g kg 9kg 8kg kg ml

3 10 3% 0.030k 0.977 2.9 4.5 8.98ml 0.112 504

% g kg 9kg 8kg kg ml
Table 3.3 Weight of materials for batching –treated and untreated fibre
17
PLAIN CYLINDER

S.N FL CEME F.A C.A ADMIXTU FLYAS WATE

O Y NT RE H R
AS
H
%
1 10 0.468kg 1.39k 2.12k 10.5ml 0.052kg 234ml
% g g

Table 3.4 Weight of materials for batching –plain cylinder

CYLINDER WITH TREATED AND UNTREATED JUTE FIBRE

S. FL JUT JUTE CEM F. C. ADMI FLY WA

N Y E FIBR ENT A A XTUR ASH TER
O AS FIB E E
H RE CON
% % TENT
1 10 1% 0.004k 0.463 1.3 2.1 10.5ml 0.052 234
% g kg 9kg 2kg kg ml

2 10 2% 0.009k 0.458 1.3 2.1 10.5ml 0.052 234

% g kg 9kg 2kg kg ml

3 10 3% 0.014k 0.453 1.3 2.1 10.5ml 0.052 234

% g kg 9kg 2kg kg ml

Table 3.5 Weight of materials for batching –treated and untreated fibre

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

The cubes, cylinders and Prisms were casted and after completion of 7 and 14
days curing the following tests have been conducted.

1. Compressive Strength

18
 The standard cube mould of 150 x 150 x 150mm which are thoroughly
fitted and oiled are used. They are set for 7 and 14 days curing and then
tested in a Compression Testing Machine.

2. Split Tensile Strength

The standard cylinder mould of diameter 100mm and height 200mm

which are thoroughly fitted and oiled are used. They are set for 7 and 14
days curing and then tested in a Compression Testing Machine.

PLAIN CUBE

PLAI CUBE CYINDER

N
DAYS LOAD(KN COMPRESSIV LOAD(KN COMPRESSIV
) E STRENGTH ) E STRENGTH
(N/mm²) (N/mm²)
7 210 9.3 130 4.14
14 390 17.3 140 4.45

UNTREATED METHOD

PLAI JUTE CUBE CYLINDER

N PERCENTA
GE
DAYS LOAD( COMPRESSI LOAD(K SPLIY
KN) VE N) TENSILE
STRENGTH STRENG
(N/mm²) TH
(N/mm²)
7 330 14.6 90 2.8
1%
14 400 17.7 100 3.18

7 2% 210 9.3 100 3.18

19
14 320 14.2 110 3.51
7 200 8.8 90 2.8
3%
3%
14 370 16.5 110 3.5

TREATED METHOD

PLAI JUTE CUBE CYLINDER

N PERCENTA
GE
DAY LOAD(K COMPRESS LOAD(K SPLIY
S N) IVE N) TENSILE
STRENGTH STRENG
TH
(N/mm²) (N/mm²)
7 270 12 90 2.8
1%
14 390 17.3 110 3.5
7 400 17.7 80 2.51
2%
14 440 19.5 100 3.18
7 440 19.5 70 2.2
3%
14 490 21.7 90 2.8

20
 CHAPTER 4
FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

4.1 GENERAL

Concrete containing a hydraulic cement, water, fine or fine and coarse aggregate
and discontinuous discrete fibers is called fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). It may
also contain admixtures commonly used in conventional concrete. Fibers of
various shapes and sizes produced from jute is being used. There is considerable
improvement in the post-cracking behavior of concretes containing fibers.
Although in the fiber-reinforced concrete the ultimate tensile strengths do not
increase appreciably, the tensile strains at rupture do. Compared to plain concrete,
fiber reinforced concrete is much tougher and more resistant to impact. Generally,
the fibers are not added to improve the concrete strength but to control the
cracking of the concrete and to modify the behavior of the materials once the
concrete matrix has cracked. This is done by bridging across the cracks as they
begin to open and fibers provide the post-cracking ductility to the FRC. Plain
concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension and has the disadvantages
of being a brittle material. To overcome these shortcomings, there has been an
increase in the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) since the late 1960s. Their
main purpose is to increase the energy absorption capacity and toughness of the
material, but also increase tensile and flexural strength of concrete.

4.2 Characteristic of FRC

In comparison to conventional reinforcement, the characteristics of fiber

reinforcement are that:

 In FRC crack density is increased, but the crack size is decreased.

 The failure mechanism is by pull-out.
 Fibers slow down the propagation of cracks.
 Concrete mixtures containing fibers possess very low consistencies;
however, the place ability and compatibility of concrete is much better
than reflected by the low consistency.
 Toughness of material can be increased (15-30%).
 Creep results don’t show much difference.
 Drying shrinkage show some difference.
 They are used for cavitation damage.

21
  The fibers are generally distributed throughout a cross-section, whereas
steel bars are only placed where needed.
 The fibers are relatively short and closely spaced, whereas the steel bars
are continuous and not as closely placed.
 It is generally not possible to achieve the same area of reinforcement with
fibers as with steel bars.

4.3 Mechanical properties of FRC

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were completed in this work:

(i)Study of mineral composition, particle size distribution, and physical and

mechanical characteristics of the binders components and fillers for concrete

(ii)Research of the effect of mineral and organic additives on the properties

of composite binders

(iii)Study of the properties of fiber-reinforced concrete, depending on the

characteristics of the composite binder taking into account peculiarities of
structure formation to improve the impermeability and strength characteristics,
research on characteristics of water absorption and gas, water, and vapor
permeability of developed concrete, and experimental industrial testing of the
proposed compositions.

Natural material/fiber should be used in the construction industry as it finds

low cost and improve the properties of the material. Jute fiber is used in research
study and carried out an experimental investigation on the mechanical properties
of the jute fiber reinforced concrete (JFRC). Natural available jute fiber was
chopped to the desired length and it was mixed in concrete to produce JFRC. The
chopped jute fiber added in three different percentages i.e. 1%, 2%, 3% in three
various concrete mixes. Additionally, JFRC concrete specimens cured in the acid
medium and examine the compression strength, split tensile strength, and strength
reduced under acid curing. Workability results indicated that the slump value
(workability) reduced as an increased amount of jute fiber in the concrete
specimens. Also, the compressive strength reduced in the acid curing as compared
to normal curing. Additionally, Jute fiber increased the compressive and tensile
strength of every concrete mix.

22
4.3.1 Compressive strength

Compressive strength of a concrete is a measure of its ability to resist static load,

when the latter one tends to crush it. Testing of compressive strength is the most
common; many desirable characteristics of concrete are related to its strength,
and hence, the compressive strength of concrete in structural design is of utmost
importance. Additionally, the compressive strength gives a good and clear
indication on how the strength is affected with the increase of fiber volume
dosage rate in the test specimens.

With the addition of more fibers, the compressive strength significantly

decreased. The plain concrete had strength of about 6700 psi, while the average
strength with fibers decreased with higher dosage rates to about 5200 psi at a
0.1% by volume dosage. It must be noted that when Soroushian et al. added fibers
they also added a small amount of super plasticizer.

Fig 4.1 Compression testing machine

4.3.2 Tensile strength

The modulus of elasticity of the polymeric fibers is less than that of the concrete
matrix, so the fibers do not take much load until cracking. Once cracking occurs,
sometimes the tensile strength of the fibers bridging the crack is higher than that
of the concrete, causing the ultimate tensile strength to be reached after cracking,
when the fibers alone provide the strength. However, this does not actually
increase the cracking strength of the mix. Ductility is obviously greatly increased.

23
In a previous study (Balaguru and Khajuria 1996) the splitting tensile strength of
lightweight concrete with polymer fibers was also tested. Fiber reinforced
specimens generally had higher splitting tensile strength. The strengths were not
appreciably different at 28 days though they were slightly higher at 7 days.
However, the increases were not significant. Plain concrete specimens just split
into two pieces, whereas the fiber reinforced specimens held together, even after
the test. From another study (Aydın 2013) it was observed that splitting tensile
strength of the steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete have been
significantly improved by fiber strength. The improvement of mechanical
properties and fracture behavior of high strength concrete by using high strength
fibers was related to the lesser number of broken fibers and increased debonding
process. It was also found that the splitting tensile strength of high-strength steel
FRC improved with increasing fiber volume fraction. The splitting tensile
strength ranged from 19.0% to 98.3% higher for the fractions from 0.5% to
2.0%(Song and Hwang 2004). In another study (Aulia 2002) it was indicated that
some mechanical properties of high-strength concrete can also be improved by
the use of 0.2% polypropylene fibers. Due to their high tensile strength and pull-
out strength, the fibers could reduce the early plastic shrinkage cracking by
enhancing the tensile capacity of the early age 9 concrete to resist the typical
volume changes. The fibers could also act as crack arresters by stopping the crack
propagating or by bridging the cracks. From the thesis conducted at University of
Calabria (Codispoti 2013) that natural fiber like flax and hemp are the materials
that present higher values in terms of tensile strength, followed by sisal, jute and
coir. Moreover, it was observed that the tensile strength of the fiber is inversely
proportional to the linear density

4.4 TYPE OF FIBRE USED

4.4.1 NATURAL FIBRE

A number of natural organic fibers have also been used in FRC, such as sisal,
jute, coir, elephant grass, and sugar cane bagasse. These are all low-modulus
fibers that tend to deteriorate in damp or alkaline environments unless specially
treated. They have been used primarily in the production of low-cost housing
elements in developing areas of the world. Cellulose (wood pulp) fibers, however,
which have a higher elastic modulus and tensile strength than other natural fibers,

24
have been used extensively as a replacement for asbestos fibers. They do,
however, need special processing before they can be used in FRC.

Jute Fiber
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads. It is produced by primarily from plants in the genus corchorus, which
was once classified with the family tiliaceae, and more recently with malvaceae.
The word jute is probably coined from the word jhuta or jota, an Oriya word.

S. NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES VALUES

1 Density(kg/m3 ) 1.4

2 Length (mm) 30

3 Diameter (mm) 0.15

4 Aspect ratio 200

Table 4.1 Physical properties of jute

Why use Jute?

The advantages of jute fibers over the conventional reinforcing fibers like glass,
synthetic (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene and polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol),
carbon, steel etc are:
 Abundant availability.
 Low cost.
 Less abrasiveness.
 Ability to absorb mechanical impact.
 Easy to handle and process and environmental friendliness.
 Can be used in various fields of applications such as permanent
frameworks, paver blocks, wall panels, pipes, long span roofing elements,
strengthening of existing structures and structural building members.

25
  Likely to encounter a range of static overload and cyclic loading due to
possible wind or earthquake loading. When concrete matrix cracks under
load, the fibers bridge the cracks and transfer the loads to its surrounding
bulk as well as absorb a portion of the load by virtue of its flexible nature.

Among various natural fibers, researchers are giving priority to jute fiber. In
India, researchers are experimenting to find out the contribution of jute in the
strength of concrete. Two separate studies, conducted in India, explained the
properties of jute fiber. It was observed that when the raw jute is added in concrete
by 1% weight of cement then the compressive strength of concrete cube increased
by 17.5% and by adding modified jute compressive strength increase by 26.5%.
Reduction in the compressive strength of concrete has been observed at higher
fiber content. Despite the reduction in the compressive strength of jute fiber
reinforced concrete, there is an improvement of ductility after cracking of
concrete through stress transfer across the cracks and the fiber arrests the rapid
crack propagation and prolongs the strain life to continue beyond the ultimate.
The split tensile strength of concrete cylinder increased by 7% and by adding
modified jute split tensile strength increase by 9% when the raw jute is added in
concrete by 1% weight of cement and the flexural strength of concrete cube
increased by 1% and by adding modified jute flexural strength increased by 4%
(Kshatriya et al. 2016; Goel, Usman, and Panchal 2017).

In a study (Sabarinathan et al. 2017) it was found that the compressive strength
and split tensile strength of jute fiber reinforced concrete increased gradually with
the increase in the percentage of fiber. It has been clearly noted that adding fiber
gives good strength with ratio 0.45.
Although in another research (Krishna and Yadav 2016) showed a different
result. Early age of compressive strength of concrete i.e. at 7 and 28 days,
decreases with increase in jute content. For extension in period of curing i.e. 56
and 90 days, the compressive strength increases up to 1% and then decreases with
further increase jute loading. Flexural strength and split tensile strength of
concrete increases up to 1% of jute loading and decreases with further increment.
The mechanical strength properties of concrete with 1% jute content
has attained their maximum strengths for a curing period of 56 days and on further
curing i.e. for 90 days the mechanical strengths decreases. Similar type of results
were obtained in other studies (Warke, Dewangan, and Scholar 2016).

26
 CHAPTER 5
MATERIALS USED

5.1 CEMENT
Ordinary portland cement is a part and parcel of building material. It acts
as binding material in concrete, mortar matrix and with other constituents.
In the current study Ordinary Portland Cement of grade 53 conforming to
IS-10262, IS456-2000.Cement is a binder, a substance used for
construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them
together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and
aggregate together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for
masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete.

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

It is the most common cement used in general concrete construction when
there is no exposure to sulphates in the soil or groundwater. Portland
cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the
world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-
specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in
England in the mid-19th century and usually originates from limestone.
To retard the faster setting time of cement resulted from (C3A) compound
a percentage of raw gypsum (selenite) is added during the grinding of the
clinker. OPC is environment friendly as well as economical.

S. NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES VALUES

1 Density(kg/m3 ) 1.4

2 Length (mm) 30

3 Diameter (mm) 0.15

4 Aspect ratio 200

Table 5.1 Properties of cement

27
 Fig 5.1 Cement

5.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material comprising of finely

divided rock and mineral particles. It is finer than gravel and coarser than
silt. Sand is the fine aggregate whose size is less than 4. 75mm.In this
project, clean and dry river sand which is available locally is used.

Fine aggregate is the essential ingredient in concrete that consists of natural

sand or crushed stone. The quality and fine aggregate density strongly
influence the hardened properties of the concrete.

The concrete or mortar mixture can be made more durable, stronger and
cheaper if you made the selection of fine aggregate on basis of grading
zone, particle shape and surface texture, abrasion and skid resistance and
absorption and surface moisture.

28
 S. No PROPERTIES M sand

1 Specific gravity 2.65

2 Bulk density 1600kg/m²

Table 5.2 Properties of fine aggregate

Properties of Fine Aggregates

While making the selection for appropriate aggregate to be used in particular

concrete mix, few properties needs to be considered, such as:

 Void content: How much amount of cement paste will be required for
the mix eventually depends on the empty spaces between the aggregate
particles. Always keep in mind that angular aggregates increase the void
content, whereas well-graded aggregate and improved grading
decreases the void content.
 Shape and texture: Size and shape greatly influence the quality of the
concrete mix. For the preparation of economical concrete mix, you
should know that rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles
require more water for the formula. However, you will need less water
to produce workable concrete when the aggregates are smooth, rounded
compact aggregate.
 Absorption and surface moisture: The fine aggregate density depends
on the inside solid material and void content, thus you need to measure
the absorption rate prior to ensure how much water will be required in
the concrete mixture.
 Abrasion and skid resistance: In order to minimize the wear in high
traffic areas, such as heavy duty floors and pavements you can consider
the relative measure when the fine aggregate is rotated in a cylinder
along with some abrasive charge.

29
5.3 COURSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregates are the particles greater than 4.75mm. They range
between 9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can be from Primary,
Secondary or Recycled sources. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse
aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the
remainder. In this project, coarse aggregates of maximum 20mm size and
downsize aggregates which is locally available are used.

S. NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES VALUES

1 Density(kg/m3 ) 1.4

2 Length (mm) 30

3 Diameter (mm) 0.15

4 Aspect ratio 200

Table 5.3 Properties of course aggregate

Fig 5.2 Course aggregate

30
Characteristics Requirements For Good Quality Coarse Aggregate

The aggregates which used in building construction must possess and fulfill the
following requirement. The quality of concrete used for concrete making affect
the grade of concrete.

 Aggregate must be strong and hard enough to resist the crushing action.
 They should not have cover of organic materials, clay, and dust otherwise
it will affect the bonding strength of concrete and aggregate.
 The aggregates used for concrete must be durable.
 Coarse aggregates for concrete should be chemically inactive.
 They should not contain excessive amount of angular, sharp, and hard
particles.
 The aggregate shape should be ideally spherical or cubical.
 It must be chemically inert material.
 They should be free from any hygroscopic slat.
 Aggregate should not have water absorption more than 5% of their actual
weight.
 They should be soft and porous in nature.
 The ideal size of coarse aggregates should be such that it should pass the
through IS 63 mm sieve and retains on 4.75 mm IS sieve.
 Aggregate used for construction must be free from any
disintegrated pieces, alkalis, vegetable matter, etc.

5.4 WATER

Tap water is used in experimental study, in order to avoid any mineral

interference in polymerization reaction. And water is also used for the
preparation of sodium hydroxide solution and small percent by weight of
water is added to concrete at the time of mixing in order to get good
workability.

5.5 JUTE FIBRE

Jute fibres are totally biodegradable and recyclable materials, i.e.,

environmentally friendly materials. Jute fibres have good insulating
properties for both of thermal and of acoustic energies with moderate
moisture regain. The natural jute fibre can be the effective material to

31
reinforce concrete strength which will not only explore a way to improve
the properties of concrete; it will also explore the use of jute and restrict
the utilization of polymer which is environmentally detrimental.
Jute is a vast fibre that is used for sacking, burlap, and twine as a backing
material for tufted carpets. It is a long, soft, shiny fibre that can be twist
into coarse, strong threads. It is one of the cheapest natural fibres. It is
composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose, lignin, and pectin.
Both the fibre and the plant from which it comes are generally called jute.
It is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibres that is used for soil
erosion control, seed conservation, weed control, and many other
agricultural and landscaping uses. Thus, jute is the most environment-
friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fibre, as the expired fibres
can be recycled more than once.

Fig 5.3 Jute fibre

32
 Fig 5.4 Jute fibre mixed with NaOH solution

S. NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES VALUES

1 Density(kg/m3 ) 1.4

2 Length (mm) 30

3 Diameter (mm) 0.15

4 Aspect ratio 200

Table 5.4 Properties of jute fibre

FACTOR AFFECTING PROPERTIES

1. Staple Length

Longer staple cotton gives high strength and this is true even in case of
synthetic staple fibre such as nylon. Low twist factors will give burly
yarn is case of longest fibre.

2. Fibre Fineness

Fine fibre gives strong yarn correlated to coarse fibres which are whirl
into same given count of yarn. This is due to the fact that more number
of fibres in the cross-section and also expanded internal friction
provided by the higher number of fibres in the cross section of the yarn.
Hence the result is superior to yarn strength.

33
3. Fibre Stength

Reasonably speaking fine fibre result in providing strong yarn. In the

Case of cotton fibre, fibres will have abiding length and hence more
number of fine fibre can be achieve in the same cross-section and such
as strength of individual fibre is of no significance. Therefore yarn
strength is the strength.

4. Twist

For a single spun yarn, enhancement in twist gives a higher strength up

to a certain limit and any twist than this optimum will reduced the
strength. The amount of twist for superlative strength depends on the
twist angle and for any given fibre the twist angle for maximum strength
remains constant over a range of yarns.

5. Evenness

Evenness in the yarn or uniformity in the spun yarn influences the yarn
strength. Greater uniformity shows increase in strength and uneven yarn
will show rebate in strength. Investigation has proved that there is a very
close relationship between yarn strength and yarn evenness.

6. Fibre Length Variation And Distribution

Fibre length variation and distribution will also cause the variation.
When spinning cotton, containing more number of short fibres, the
resultant yarn will have lower strength. The presence of short fibres, the
resultant yarn will have lower strength. The existence of short fibres
influence, to a very great extent, the yarn strength. Therefore limitations
have to be introduced while mixing such fibres [3].

7. Fibre Finish

The man-made fibres, especially synthetic fibres, are treated with

several chemicals to change the processing character. The type and
amount of chemicals will have a definite influence on the strength
properties of yarn and also on the preparing characteristics of staple
fibres

34
APPLICATIONS

Jute is generally used to make cloth for enclose bundle of raw cotton, and to make
sacks and coarse cloth. The fibres are also woven into curtains, chair housing,
carpets, area rugs, hessian cloth, and backing for linoleum. While jute is being
recovered by synthetic materials in many of these uses, some uses take benefit of
jute's biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be deficient. Jute stump the
coarse ends of the plants, are used to make cheap cloth. Habitually jute was used
in conventional textile machineries as textile fibres having cellulose (vegetable
fibre content) and lignin (wood fibre content). But, the major increment came
when the automobile, pulp and paper, and the furniture and bedding industries
started to use jute and its connected fibres with their

non-woven and composite automation to manufacture nonwovens, technical

textiles, and blended. Jute can be used to create a number of fabrics such as.
Manifold jute products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer
today. Concrete with Jute fibre used as a roofing and ceiling, and as wall panels
for the construction of economical-cost housing. Their special acceptance
includes applications where energy absorption is the primary need or where
impact damage is likely to occur such as shatter and earthquake resistant
construction. Other appropriate applications include rafts and beams for cellular
foundation, pavements, slabs and various types of shell structures. All potential
applications of concrete with Jute fibre depend, of course, on the ability of the
designers and the builders taking advantage of the static and dynamic strength
parameters, energy-absorbing characteristics, material performance properties,
acoustic and thermal behaviour

35
 CHAPTER 6
6.1 MIX DESIGN

In many countries, no specific mix design is followed for low rise building.
People rely on masons without consulting any civil engineer and typical ratio
based mix (nominal mix) is used. So, specific strength cannot be obtained from
such design. The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of
a concrete mix is in the terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement
ratio is usually expressed in mass.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

As this research intend to use fiber for various structure including typical low rise
building, mix design was done according to the local practice. A ratio of
1:2.4:3.27 was used, where 1 part cement, 2.4 parts fine aggregate and 3.27 parts
course aggregate was used on basis of their volume.

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their

relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required,
strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the
concrete mix design.

Requirements of Concrete Mix Design

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are:
 The minimum compressive strength required from structural
consideration.
 The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the
compacting equipment available.
 Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give
adequate durability for the particular site conditions.
 Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature
cycle in mass concrete.

Types of Mixes
 Nominal Mixes
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement,
fine and coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which

36
ensures adequate strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and
under normal circumstances, have a margin of strength above that specified.
However, due to the variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a
given workability varies widely in strength.

 Standard Mixes
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in
strength and may result in under or over rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum
compressive strength has been included in many specifications.

 Designed Mixes
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but
the mix proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the
minimum cement content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the
selection of mix proportions with specific materials in mind possessing more or
less unique characteristics. The approach results in the production of concrete
with the appropriate properties most economically. However, the designed mix
does not serve as a guide since this does not guarantee the correct mix proportions
for the prescribed performance.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Mix Proportions

The various factors affecting the mix design are:

 Compressive strength
 Workability
 Durability
 Maximum nominal size of aggregate
 Grading and type of aggregate
 Quality Control

Mix Design Method

There are various mix design methods. Some of the notable mix design methods
are:

37
IS Code Method (IS: 10262-1982)

The bureau of Indian standards, recommended a set of procedures for the design
of concrete mix mainly based on the work done in national laboratories the Mix
design procedures are sentenced in IS 10262-1982. The methods given can be
applied for both medium and high strength concrete.

USBR Method of Concrete Mix Design

In this method of mix design, the water content of air entrained concrete and the
proportions of fine and coarse aggregates are determined for a fixed workability
and grade of fine aggregates.

6.2 TEST PROCEDURES

Two types of tests were carried out in this study to assess the strength of concrete
specimen. At first, standard test for determining compressive strength of concrete
was conducted. This was followed by flexural strength tests respectively.
Detailed description of the testing procedure of each type of tests is as follows .

6.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

The cylindrical specimen having 4 inch diameter and 8 inch height was used for
compressive strength test. The test was done in accordance with the standard test
method as issued by ISTM. The test involved applying a compressive axial load
to molded cylinders or cores at a rate which is within a prescribed range until
failure occurs.
The testing of the cured specimen was carried out shortly after it was removed
from moist storage, to ensure that the compressive strength determined was for
moist condition of specimen. Prior to testing the specimen, it was verified that the
load indicator was set to zero. After the specimen was placed in the testing
machine, load was applied continuously and without shock. The rate of loading
was set 0.15-0.35 MPa/sec. The load application was continued until the
specimen failed, and the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test
was recorded. The type of failure and the appearance of the concrete were also
noted.

38
 6.2.2 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

One of the most common mechanical testing methods, tensile testing, is used to
determine the behavior of a sample while an axial stretching load is applied.
These types of tests may be performed under ambient or controlled (heating or
cooling) conditions to determine the tensile properties of a material.

Tensile testing is performed on a variety of materials including metals, plastics,

elastomers, paper, composites, rubbers, fabrics, adhesives, films, etc.

Tensile testing is commonly used to determine the maximum load (tensile

strength) that a material or a product can withstand. Tensile testing may be based
on a load value or elongation value.

Common tensile testing results include:

 Maximum Load
 Deflection of Maximum Load
 Work at Maximum Load
 Stiffness
 Load at Break
 Deflection at Break
 Work at Break
 Chord Slope
 Stress
 Strain
 Young’s Modulus: This method of testing is used to determine a sample’s
behavior under an axial stretching load. Common tensile test results include
elastic limit, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, and Young’s
Modulus. Young’s Modulus is reported commonly as N/mm2 (lbs/in2), MPA
(psi).

39
  Ductility testing

Ductility testing involves determining the extent by which a material can

withstand deformation without rupture.

Bend test for ductility provides a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials
by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one
continuous bend. With a ductile fracture, there is a considerable amount of plastic
deformation prior to failure. In metals, for example, the fracture shows a typical
cone and cup formation and the fracture surface appears rough and fibrous.
Ductile materials show a measured amount of plastic deformation prior to
fracture.

 Elongation Testing

The increase in a sample’s gauge length measured after a rupture or break divided
by the sample’s original gauge length is referred to as elongation. The greater the
elongation, the higher the ductility or elasticity of the material.

Elongation cannot be used to predict the behavior of materials subjected to

sudden or repeated loading. Some non-rigid materials like rubber and some
plastics have very high elongations prior to break. Cross-head travel can be used
to measure elongation of specimens with uniform width dimensions. If the
specimen is in a dog-bone or dumb-bell shape with a reduced cross-sectional
region called gage length, an extensometer will be required to measure elongation
within the gage length region by attaching it directly to the specimen and tracking
movement as the material is stretched to failure.

40
 CHAPTER 7
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Results obtained from the current experiment can be discussed from two points
of views. Effect of fiber percentage (1%, 2%, 3%) in treated and untreated fibre
i.e., with NaOH solution and without NaOH solution . Three fiber percentages
were used in each flyash as 10% .The failure pattern can also indicate the change
in characteristics of concrete with or without NaOH solution.

7.1 EFFECT OF FIBRE PERCENTAGE

Fiber dosage doesn’t follow any specific patterns in changing the various
strengths such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete.
However, some trends can be found in specific strength criteria of concrete. For
example, change in compressive strength can be observed from various fiber
percentages and optimum dose for higher compressive strength can be found
though this optimum fiber dose may not give higher value of split tensile or
flexural strength.

7.1.1 Compressive strength

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE-PLAIN CONCRETE

From the figure 7.1,it is seen that the compressive strength of concrete increases
in plain concrete.

S.NO DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CUBE(N/mm2)
1 7 9.3
2 14 17.3

Table 7.1 Compressive strength of cube-plain

41
 CUBE
6

compressive Strength N/mm2

5

0
7 14
No. of Days

Fig. 7.1 Compressive strength of cube-plain

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE- UNTREATED JUTE FIBRE

From the table7.2, it is noted that compressive strength of jute fibre decreases
with increase in fibre percentage. For example, 1% of jute fibre the compressive
strength is 14.6 N/mm2 and for 2% the compressive decreases by 9.3N/mm2.
From the fig 7.2 it is seen that without adding NaOH solution the compressive
strength decreases as the percentage of fibre is increases.

S.NO PERCENTAGE
OF JUTE FIBRE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH(N/mm 2)
DAYS 7 14
1 1% 14.6 17.7
2 2% 9.3 14.2
3 3% 8.8 16.5
Table 7.2 Compressive strength of cube –untreated fibre

42
 UNTREATED JUTE FIBRE
4

Compressive strength N/mm2

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1% 2% 3%
Percentage of Jute fibre

7 Days 14 Days

Fig.7.2 Compressive strength of cube –untreated fibre

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE- TREATED JUTE FIBRE

From the table7.3, it is noted that compressive strength of jute fibre increases with
increase in fibre percentage. For example, 1% of jute fibre the compressive
strength is 12 N/mm2 and for 2% the compressive increases by 17.7N/mm2.
From the fig 7.3 it is seen that with adding NaOH solution the compressive
strength increases as the percentage of fibre is increases.

S.NO PERCENTAGE OF COMPRESSIVE

JUTE FIBRE STRENGTH(N/mm 2)
DAYS 7 14
1 1% 12 17.3
2 2% 17.7 19.5
3 3% 19.5 21.7
Table 7.3 Compressive strength of cube – treated fibre

43
 TREATED JUTE FIBRE
4

Compressive strength N/mm2

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1% 2% 3%
Percentage of Jute fibre

7 Days 14 Days

Fig 7.3 Compressive strength of cube – treated fibre

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER- PLAIN CONCRETE

From the figure 7.4,it is seen that the split tensile strength of concrete increases
in plain concrete.

S.NO DAYS SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER(N/mm 2)

1 7 4.14
2 14 5.09
Table 7.4 Split tensile strength of cylinder- plain

CYLINDER
6
split tensile strength N/mm2

0
7 14
No. of Days

Fig 7.4 Split tensile strength of cylinder- plain

44
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER-UNTREATED JUTE FIBRE

From the table7.5, it is noted that split tensile strength of jute fibre slightly
increases with increase in fibre percentage. For example, 1% of jute fibre the
split tensile strength is 2.8 N/mm2 and for 2% the split tensile strength
3.18N/mm2 for 7days strength. From the fig 7.5 it is seen that without adding
NaOH solution the split tensile strength increases as the percentage of fibre is
increases.

S.NO PERCENTAGE OF
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2)
JUTE FIBRE
DAYS 7 14
1 1% 2.8 3.18
2 2% 3.18 3.5
3 3% 2.8 3.5
Table 7.5 split tensile strength of cylinder- untreated fibre

UNTREATED JUTE FIBRE

4
split tensile strength N/mm2

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1% 2% 3%
Percentage of Jute fibre

7 Days 14 Days

Fig 7.5. Compressive strength of cylinder- untreated fibre

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDER-TREATED JUTE FIBRE

From the table7.6, it is noted that split tensile strength of jute fibre decreases with
increase in fibre percentage. For example, 1% of jute fibre the split tensile
strength is 2.8 N/mm2 and for 2% the strength decreases by 2.5N/mm2. From the

45
fig 7.6 it is seen that with adding NaOH solution the split tensile strength
decreases as the percentage of fibre is increases for 7 and 14 days strength.

S.NO PERCENTAGE OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

JUTE FIBRE (N/mm2)
DAYS 7 14
1 1% 2.8 3.5
2 2% 2.5 3.18
3 3% 2.2 2.8
Table 7.6 Split tensile strength of cylinder-treated jute fibre

TREATED JUTE FIBRE

4
split tensile strength N/mm2

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1% 2% 3%
Percentage of Jute fibre

7 Days 14 Days

Fig 7.6 Split tensile strength of cylinder-treated jute fibre

46
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

Following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the tests conducted.

Compressive Strength

 Compressive strength increased with increase in treated jute fiber

percentages (upto 3% ) then decreased with further addition of fiber after
obtaining a maximum value.
 For no fiber content, compressive strength decreased with the same w/c
ratio.
 The compressive strength was maximum for 3% fiber dosage and 0.45
w/c.

Split Tensile Strength

 With the increased amount of untreated fiber (upto 2%), tensile strength
firstly increased and obtain the maximum value, after that tensile strength
started to fall slowly.
 Without any fiber content, tensile strength rapidly increased and then
started to climb up with the decrease in fiber percentages.
 The split tensile strength was maximum for 2% fiber dosage and 0.45
w/c.

47
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