LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

CRIMDI7
VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL
MODULE 4

1.

I. DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION

A. DRUG ADDICTION
1. Define ‘ADDICTION’
" Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by
compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences.† It is
considered a brain disorder, because it involves functional changes to brain
circuits involved in reward, stress, and self-control. Those changes may last a
long time after a person has stopped taking drugs "
–and it is also the use of drug contrary to its use.

2. How is Addiction acquired

It could be acquired when you overused illegal drugs , such as
methamphetamine , cannabis , cocaine , etc

B. EFFECT OF DRUG TAKING

1. Habituation
Habituation is defined as a condition result- ing from the repeated
consumption of a drug because of overpowering de- sire, the development of
psydiic dependence, with detrimental effects to the individual.

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

2. Toleration
Tolerance happens when a person no longer responds to a drug in the way
they did at first. So it takes a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same
effect as when the person first used it. This is why people with substance use
disorders use more and more of a drug to get the “high” they seek

3. Dependence
Drug dependence occurs when you need one or more drugs to function.

C. CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Enumerate and explain
Drug Abuse - is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user
consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to
themselves or others. Drug abuse exists when a person continually uses a drug
other than its intended purpose. This continued use can lead to drug addiction
and dependency.

D. DRUG ABUSER
1. How to identify a drug abuser
General Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse
1. Unexpected changes of behavior
2. Significant deterioration of grooming
3. Continually wear long sleeve clothing to hide injection marks
4. Wearing of sunglasses in appropriate time.
5. Weight loss not attributed to proper physical exercises.
6. Association with persons who are known drug abusers
7. Unusual spending of money

E. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG ABUSE

1. Psychological Factors
psychosocial factors have been associated with substance abuse. Particularly,
peer pressure, media portrayal of substance-use by celebrities, lucrative

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

advertisements, attractive packaging and expectations of joy are commonly

associated with harmful use of substances by the young. In general, it is
widely accepted that peers, social environment, family and subjective factors
play a vital role in substance abuse behaviors among the young.

2. Social Factors
5 Social Factors that Cultivate Addiction
1. The Bonding Experience - Especially among contemporary youths, many
individuals struggle to relate to peers.
2. Relief from Stress - Another common reason people overindulge is for the
sense of relief from the stresses of daily life
3. Sense of community - Another social factor that contributes to addiction is
the tendency for drug and alcohol abuse to promote group solidarity and
feelings of community and belonging
4. The allure of rebellion - The abuse of alcohol and drugs, by nature, creates
the sense that one is rebelling against the norms and expectations of society
5. Life style appeal - Sometimes individuals find the lifestyle of the substance
abuser to be appealing, perhaps even glamorous.

F. ILL EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE TO DRUG DEPENDENTS

1. Physical Effects - it might cause physical changes on our physical constitution
2. Psychological Effects - it might cause a psychologyical disturbance on our
present self
3. Social Effects - it could cause a disturbance to our social life where the effect
has an impact to our actions and the effect is unpleasant towards the other
4. Mental Effects - and it also had a mental impact to our mind where we might
develop a so called abnormal mentality , and mental deterioration
5. Economic Effects - and it has a big impact on our economy because your
regular function is totally impaired and halved

II. REHABILITATION PROCESS

A. TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR DRUG ADDICTION
1. Principles of Effective Treatment
Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or
her drug abuse. To be effective, treatment must address the individual’s drug
abuse and any associated medical, psychological, social, vocational, and legal
problems. It is also important that treatment be appropriate to the
individual’s age, gender, ethnicity, and culture.

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

2. Effective treatment approaches

Treatment needs to be flexible and to provide ongoing assessments of patient
needs, which may change during the course of treatment.
Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical for treatment
effectiveness. The time depends on an individual's needs. For most patients,
the threshold of significant improvement is reached at about 3 months in
treatment. Additional treatment can produce further progress. Programs
should include strategies to prevent patients from leaving treatment
prematurely.
Individual and/or group counseling and other behavioral therapies are critical
components of effective treatment for addiction. In therapy, patients address
motivation, build skills to resist drug use, replace drug-using activities with
constructive and rewarding nondrug-using activities, and improve problem-
solving abilities. Behavioral therapy also facilitates interpersonal relationships.
Medications are an important element of treatment for many patients,
especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies.
Methadone and levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) help persons addicted to
opiates stabilize their lives and reduce their drug use. Naltrexone is effective
for some opiate addicts and some patients with co-occurring alcohol
dependence. Nicotine patches or gum, or an oral medication, such as
bupropion, can help persons addicted to nicotine.
Addicted or drug-abusing individuals with coexisting mental disorders should
have both disorders treated in an integrated way. Because these disorders
often occur in the same individual, patients presenting for one condition
should be assessed and treated for the other.
Medical detoxification is only the first stage of addiction treatment and by
itself does little to change long-term drug use. Medical detoxification manages
the acute physical symptoms of withdrawal. For some individuals it is a
precursor to effective drug addiction treatment.
Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective. Sanctions or
enticements in the family, employment setting, or criminal justice system can
significantly increase treatment entry, retention, and success.
Possible drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously.
Monitoring a patient's drug and alcohol use during treatment, such as through
urinalysis, can help the patient withstand urges to use drugs. Such monitoring
also can provide early evidence of drug use so that treatment can be adjusted.
Treatment programs should provide assessment for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and
C, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and counseling to help patients
modify or change behaviors that place them or others at risk of infection.
Counseling can help patients avoid high-risk behavior and help people who are
already infected manage their illness.

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

Recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and frequently

requires multiple episodes of treatment. As with other chronic illnesses,
relapses to drug use can occur during or after successful treatment episodes.
Participation in self-help support programs during and following treatment
often helps maintain abstinence.

B. MEDICATIONS
1. Define ‘Withdrawal Syndrome’
Withdrawal syndrome, also known as discontinuation syndrome, occurs in
individuals who have developed physiological dependence on drugs or alcohol
and who discontinue or reduce their use of it.
2. What are the common withdrawal syndromes of drug abusers/addicts
Withdrawal symptoms vary depending on the type of drug you were taking.
Some symptoms commonly associated with withdrawal include:

Changes in appetite
Changes in mood
Congestion
Fatigue
Irritability
Muscle pain
Nausea
Restlessness
Runny nose
Shakiness
Sleeping difficulties
Sweating
Tremors
Vomiting
More severe symptoms such as hallucinations, seizures, delirium may also
occur in some instances. The type of drug you were taking, the amount of time
you were taking it, and the dosage you were taking can all have an effect on
the type and severity of the symptoms you experience.
3. Define ‘treatment’

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

Treatment for withdrawal includes support, care, and medications that can
ease symptoms and prevent possible complications.
With some substances, people are able to stop their use abruptly and manage
their withdrawal symptoms on their own. For example, a person may be able
to quit caffeine without assistance and cope with the unpleasant symptoms on
their own until they pass.
But abruptly quitting substances such as benzodiazepines or alcohol can be
potentially dangerous, so always consult your doctor to come up with a detox
plan. Medically-assisted withdrawal can ensure that you are safe and help to
minimize unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.
And it is also called medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury.

4. Give the treatment of the following abused drugs:

i. Opiods
Medications, including buprenorphine (Suboxone®, Subutex®),
methadone, and extended release naltrexone (Vivitrol®), are effective
for the treatment of opioid use disorders. Buprenorphine and
methadone are “essential medicines” according to the World Health
Organization
ii. Tobacco
There are effective treatments that support tobacco cessation,
including both behavioral therapies and FDA-approved medications.
FDA-approved pharmacotherapies include various forms of nicotine
replacement therapy as well as bupropion and varenicline.
iii. Alcohol
Treatment for alcohol use disorder can vary, depending on your needs.
Treatment may involve a brief intervention, individual or group
counseling, an outpatient program, or a residential inpatient stay.
Working to stop the use of alcohol to improve quality of life is the
main treatment goal.

Treatment for alcohol use disorder may include:

Detox and withdrawal. Treatment may begin with a program of

detoxification or detox — withdrawal that's medically managed —
which generally takes two to seven days. You may need to take
sedating medications to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Detox is
usually done at an inpatient treatment center or a hospital.
Learning skills and establishing a treatment plan. This usually involves
alcohol treatment specialists. It may include goal setting, behavior

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

change techniques, use of self-help manuals, counseling and follow-up

care at a treatment center.
Psychological counseling. Counseling and therapy for groups and
individuals help you better understand your problem with alcohol and
support recovery from the psychological aspects of alcohol use. You
may benefit from couples or family therapy — family support can be
an important part of the recovery process.
Oral medications. A drug called disulfiram (Antabuse) may help
prevent you from drinking, although it won't cure alcohol use disorder
or remove the compulsion to drink. If you drink alcohol, the drug
produces a physical reaction that may include flushing, nausea,
vomiting and headaches. Naltrexone, a drug that blocks the good
feelings alcohol causes, may prevent heavy drinking and reduce the
urge to drink. Acamprosate may help you combat alcohol cravings
once you stop drinking. Unlike disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate
don't make you feel sick after taking a drink.
Injected medication. Vivitrol, a version of the drug naltrexone, is
injected once a month by a health care professional. Although similar
medication can be taken in pill form, the injectable version of the drug
may be easier for people recovering from alcohol use disorder to use
consistently.
Continuing support. Aftercare programs and support groups help
people recovering from alcohol use disorder to stop drinking, manage
relapses and cope with necessary lifestyle changes. This may include
medical or psychological care or attending a support group.
Treatment for psychological problems. Alcohol use disorder commonly
occurs along with other mental health disorders. If you have
depression, anxiety or another mental health condition, you may need
talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications or other treatment.
Medical treatment for health conditions. Many alcohol-related health
problems improve significantly once you stop drinking. But some
health conditions may warrant continued treatment and follow-up.
Spiritual practice. People who are involved with some type of regular
spiritual practice may find it easier to maintain recovery from alcohol
use disorder or other addictions. For many people, gaining greater
insight into their spiritual side is a key element in recovery.
5. Behavioural Treatments
Behaviour therapy or behavioural psychotherapy is a broad term referring to
clinical psychotherapy that uses techniques derived from behaviourism and/or
cognitive psychology
6. Residential Treatments

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

A residential treatment center, sometimes called a rehab, is a live-in health

care facility providing therapy for substance use disorders, mental illness, or
other behavioral problems. Residential treatment may be considered the
"last-ditch" approach to treating abnormal psychology or psychopathology

C. TREATMENT WITH PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1. Rehabilitation Procedures
i. Requirements prior to confinement
Drug Dependency Examination (DDE)
Drug dependents may directly set an appointment with a DOH-
Accredited Physician for DDE. (Please be advised that the directory for
accredited physician is being updated. For further inquiries, kindly
contact Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program
(DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02) 651-7800 loc. 2971 / 2973)
He/she may also secure a referral form for DDE from the Legal Division
of the Dangerous Drugs Board.
If a drug dependent resides outside Metro Manila, he/she may
coordinate with the nearest Treatment and Rehabilitation Center or
Anti-Drug Abuse Council in his/her place of residence.
Philippine National Police (PNP) Clearance
Certificate of No Pending Case from the Regional Trial Court (RTC)
and/or Municipal Trial Court (MTC).
If a minor drug dependent has a pending case, secure a Certification of
suspension of proceedings from the RTC or MTC where the case was
filed.
If an adult drug dependent, secure a Certification of Dismissed Case
from RTC or MTC where the case was filed or Certificate that the
proceeding is suspended.
ii. Methods of referral, through who
Secure referral form and other requirements for Drug Dependency
Examination (DDE) at the Legal Affairs Division, Dangerous Drugs
Board
DDE is conducted by a DOH-accredited physician. (Please be advised
that the directory for accredited physician is being updated. For
further inquiries, kindly contact Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention
and Treatment Program (DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02)
651-7800 loc. 2971 / 2973)
For voluntary confinement, submit the result of the Drug Dependency
Examination together with the other requirements to the Legal
Division of the Dangerous Drugs Board.

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

The DDB Legal will process the petition for confinement (pre-signed by
DDB Authorized Representative) prior to the release of petition filed
by applicant with the RTC.
The release of Petition is made either to the applicant and/or
authorized representative.
In case of compulsory confinement, the parent(s)/spouse/relative(s)
shall execute and submit a statement/affidavit providing information
as to the drug taking habit of alleged drug dependent.
iii. Modality of treatment through:
Treatment Modality - Drug treatment modality is the model or
approach in the treatment of drug dependents utilized by treatment
and rehabilitation centers.

A. Multidisciplinary Team Approach is a method in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug

dependents which avails of the services and skills of a team composed of psychiatrist, psychologist,
social worker, occupational therapist and other related disciplines in collaboration with the family and
the drug dependent.

B. Therapeutic Community Approach views addiction as a symptomatic manifestation of a more

complex psychological problem rooted in an interplay of emotional, social, physical and spiritual
values. It is a highly structured program wherein the community is utilized as the primary vehicle to
foster behavioural and attitudinal change. The patient receives the information and the impetus to
change from being a part of the community. Role modelling and peer pressure play significant parts in
the program.

The goal of every therapeutic community is to change the patients’ self-destructive thinking and
behavioural pattern, teach them personal responsibility, positivize their self-image, create a sense of
human community and provide an environment in which human beings can grow and take
responsibility and credit for the growth.

C. Hazelden-Minnesotta Model views addiction as a disease, an involuntary condition caused by

factors largely outside a person’s control. The program consists of didactic lectures, cognitive-
behavioural psychology, Alcoholic Anonymous principles / Twelve Steps Principles and biblio-
theraphy. It aims to treat patients with chemical dependency, endorsing a set of values and beliefs

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

about the powerlessness of people over drug taking and turning to a Higher Power to help them
combat the disease. In this modality, counsellors and patients collaborate in defining the path to
recovery.

D. Spiritual Approach uses the Bible as the primary source of inspiration to change. It views drug
addiction as a sin and encourages the patients to turn away from it and renew their relationships with
the Lord.

E. Eclectic Approach aims at applying a holistic approach in the rehabilitation program. The spiritual
and cognitive components of the Twelve Steps complement the behavioural aspects of the
Therapeutic Community. The skills and services of rehabilitation professionals and paraprofessionals
are made available. In doing so, different personality aspects of drug dependants are well addressed
geared towards their rehabilitation and recovery.

2. Phases/Stages of Treatment
i. Phase I
At this point in treatment, the goal is to help the individual decide to
actively participate in treatment and accept that abstinence is the
goal.1 To accomplish this, a substance abuse counselor may help the
individual do the following:

Look at the damaging effects of addiction

Explore feelings of denial with regards to the problem
Help the person become motivated to recover
During this stage of treatment, an individual's alcohol and drug use
history will be taken, the treatment program will be introduced, and
the counselor will work with the individual to develop an
individualized treatment plan
ii. Phase II
Once you have made a commitment to continue treatment for your
substance abuse problem, you will enter the second stage of rehab,
known as early abstinence. Early abstinence from alcohol is
significantly associated with positive treatment outcomes.3 This can
be the toughest stage to cope with because of many factors, including:

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

Continued withdrawal symptoms

Physical cravings
Psychological dependence
Triggers that can tempt you into a relapse
Challenges at this stage of treatment include cravings, social pressure
to drink, and high-risk situations that can trigger alcohol consumption.
It is during this early abstinence stage that your trained addiction
counselor will begin to teach you the coping skills that you need to
lead a sober lifestyle. The tools that you learn to use now will help you
throughout your recovery.
iii. Phase III
After approximately 90 days of continuous abstinence, you will move
from the early abstinence stage of recovery to the third stage,
maintaining abstinence. If you started in a residential treatment
program, you will now move to the continuing or follow-up counseling
phase of your rehab program on an outpatient basis.

One focus of this stage of rehab is obviously to maintain abstinence by

avoiding a relapse. You will learn the warning signs and the steps that
can lead up to a relapse.

Also during this stage of your rehabilitation, you will learn to put the
tools that you learned in early abstinence to use in other areas of your
life, so that you can continue to live a truly sober lifestyle. You will
discover that your future quality of life depends on more than simply
not using.

You will learn new coping skills and tools to help you:
Avoid substituting addictions
Build healthy relationships
Develop a drug-free lifestyle
Learn employment and money management skills
Manage anger
Utilize exercise and nutrition
iv. Phase IV
After approximately five years of abstinence, you will reach the fourth
and final stage of your rehab: advanced recovery. It is that this point
that you take all the tools and skills that you have learned during your
rehab counseling and put them to use living a satisfying, fulfilling life
Strategies that can help at this point include:

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 LYCEUM NORTHERN LUZON
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
MacArthur Highway, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Tel No: (075) 568-7963

Creating long-term goals

Establishing a consistent daily schedule
Forming social relationships with people who do not drink4
Participating in recreational activities that do not involve alcohol
Finding ways to reach beyond oneself in order to seek happiness and
fulfillment, whether it involves religion, spirituality, community work,
or social activism
Learning to implement these strategies not only will help you remain
sober, but you will also have the skills to become a healthier person, a
better spouse and parent, a productive member of society, and a good
neighbor and citizen. Recovery is much more than merely staying
sober. It's learning to live a happier and healthier life.

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