LICEUL TEORETIC “ONISIFOR GHIBU” SIBIU

Lucrare pentru obținerea

Atestatului de competență lingvistică
Limba engleză intensiv

Absolvent :
Tobiaș Horațiu

Profesor coordonator :
Prof. Sabina Andreea Savu

Sibiu, 2022
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 “ONISIFOR GHIBU” THEORETICAL HIGH-SCHOOL SIBIU

An Insight into Artificial Intelligence

Student :
Tobiaș Horațiu

Advisor :
Sabina Andreea Savu

Sibiu, 2022

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 LICEUL TEORETIC “ ONISIFOR GHIBU” SIBIU

O Perspectivă asupra Inteligenței

Artificiale

Absolvent :
Tobiaș Horațiu

Profesor Coordonator :
Prof. Sabina Andreea Savu

Sibiu 2022

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 Table of contents

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
GAMES AND THEOREME DEMONSTRATION .................................................................................................................................................. 8
NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
MYCIN ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN 1975-PRESENT .............................................................................................................................. 10
ROBOTS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Where is Artificial Intelligence Used Today? .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Currently AI is Used is Following Things/Fields: ................................................................................................................................................... 12

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INTRODUCTION

“The question is not whether it will work. The question is, if it does work, how important will it be?”-
Marc Andreessen

Artificial intelligence is used by most people every day, even though some of us may not realize it. Do we
really need it? Is it indispensable? Not really, but it is intended to make our lives easier by saving time,
resources and energy.
Firstly, technology has advanced considerably from the past ten-fifteen years, but not enough to create the
fertile background of the artificial intelligence development, which is really difficult to produce and still not
possible, but enough to simplify a little of our average life. For example, we are commanding our gadgets
only by using the natural language (Siri), children play with interactive toys which talk, dance, laugh or cry
(Furby). We mustn't forget about the really advanced technology device Stephen Hawking uses, because of his
motor neuron disease to communicate by using a small sensor which is activated by a muscle in his cheek. He
uses this sensor to ‘type' characters and numbers on his keyboard. SwiftKey's technology has been integrated
into his current system so that it can accurately predict whole words, rather than just characters. That means
that the time and effort Professor Hawking requires to type is significantly reduced, allowing for a much
easier, speedier experience for him.
Secondly, artificial intelligence will soon be part of our lives more than it is nowadays. Some may think it is
not a really good thing, that the machines could be way more intelligent than we will ever be and they will be
able to take over the world and finally the human race will disappear. I think the future of these clever
devices wouldn't be a dangerous one because we, humans, are the ones that are creating them, we can set
them some rules, like Isaac Asimov first created in his science-fiction books about robots. The laws are: a robot
may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm; a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict
with the First Law, a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict
with the First or Second Laws.
So, artificial intelligence is often used by us nowadays, and, under no doubt, will be an important part of
our lives in the unknown future, when hopefully surviving and living will be a lot easier than it is today.

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Artificial intelligence could be defined as the totality of machines, softwares that can exhibit
intelligence, copied from the human one, but in an algorithmical and logical-based way. John
McCarthy, an American computer and cognitive scientist, was the one who used this term for the first time in 1955 and
he said it was "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".
Allan Turing was considered to be the parent of informatics and theoretical artificial intelligence and
proposed the question: "Can a machine think?" He was also thought to be the most influential personality
in the contribution of informatics due to his Turing Test, elaborated between 1945-1947. His theory could
tell which of the human and the machine was the "robot". His test is the opposite of the 2000 Nicolas
Hopper and John Langford's CAPTCHA program, which tells humans and computers apart automatically.
Since the early twentieth century the research for computer's intelligence never stopped and even so there
are still problems in developing this unnatural cleverness, such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, natural
language processing, perception and the ability of moving and manipulating objects, but also memory.
For difficult problems, most of the algorithms can require enormous computational resources - most
experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes
astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search for more efficient problem-solving
algorithms is a high priority for AI research.
Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgements rather than the conscious,
step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model.1451 AI has made some progress at
imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied agent approaches emphasize the
importance of sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning; neural net research attempts to simulate the
structures inside the brain that give rise to this skill; statistical approaches to AI mimic the probabilistic
nature of the human ability to guess.
There are a large number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization,
logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others. The AI field is interdisciplinary, in
which a number of sciences and professions converge, including computer
science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience, as well as other specialized
fields such as artificial psychology.

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The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, human intelligence
the sapience of Homo sapiens sapiens "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to
simulate it". This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating
artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been explored
by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of tremendous
optimism but has also suffered stunning setbacks. Today AI techniques have become an essential part of
the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging problems in
computer science.

TURING TEST
Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912 in London, UK. He was a computer
scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and theoretical biologist, who proved in
1936 that there cannot exist any universal algorithmic method of determining truth in
mathematics, and that mathematics will always contain undecidable propositions. That
paper also introduced the "Turing machine". His papers on the subject are widely
acknowledged as the foundation of research in artificial intelligence.
He also studied physics, especially as a young man. He read Einstein's theory of relativity as a teenager,
and immediately filled a notebook with his own thoughts and ideas on the subject. He dabbled in quantum
mechanics, a new field at the time, as well as biology, chemistry and neurology after the war. Much of
this work was related to creating machines that could learn and "think", but some of it came out of simple
curiosity about the world.
Science was a considered a second-class pursuit in English public schools in the 1920s. Turing's passion
for science embarrassed his mother, who had hoped he would study the classics, which was the most
acceptable pursuit for gentlemen.
He got bad to mediocre grades in school, followed by many complaints from his teachers. His math and
science grades weren't much better. He was nearly stopped from taking the national School Certificate
exams on the subject, for fear he would fail.

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Alan Turing was responsible for breaking the Nazi Enigma code during World War II. His work gave the Allies
the edge they needed to win the war in Europe, and led to the creation of the computer.

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts, when such behavior was still a criminal act in the UK. He
accepted treatment with DES (chemical castration) as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days
before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death
as suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is equally consistent with accidental poisoning.

The Turing test is an experiment, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator
would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine that is designed to generate human-
like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all
participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such
as a computer keyboard and screen so that the result would not be dependent on the machine's ability to render
words as speech. If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human (Turing originally suggested
that the machine would convince a human 70% of the time after five minutes of conversation), the machine is
said to have passed the test. The test does not check the ability to give correct answers to questions, only how
closely answers resemble those a human would give.

GAMES AND THEOREME DEMONSTRATION

The beginnings of artificial intelligence can be seen immediately after the Second World War, in the first
programs that solve puzzles or play certain games. There were two reasons for which games were among the
first areas of application of artificial intelligence. First, the program's performance is eas y to measure. Then, the
rules are generally simple and few in number, so they can easily be described and used.

Chess and checkers were the most commonly experienced. The idea was very simple - being given a position
on the board, trying to generate all possible sequences of moves from that point on, considering that the
opponent always chooses the best move. If a sequence reached a winning state, then it was the one to follow.
From here, the immediate conclusion was that even when it comes to games, it takes the program to have
additional knowledge (other than rules of the game).

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The other area that has aroused interest in this period of time was the demonstration of theorems.
This area is similar to one of the games that are simple to assess performance. What must describe
computer are set of axioms and inference rules. In this area were created several interesting
programs, including “The Logic Theorist” of Newell, which prove theorems in the first chapter of
the book “Principia Mathematica” by Whitehead and Russell; and Gelernter's program that proves
theorems of geometry.

NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

In the 1965-1975s the world is preoccupied with “understanding”, it wants to make machines
understand natural language, especially stories and dialogues.

The programs ELIZA and PARRY

In 1966, Joseph Weizenbaum created a program which appeared to pass the Turing test. The
program, known as ELIZA, worked by examining a user's typed comments for keywords. If a
keyword is found, a rule that transforms the user's comments is applied, and the resulting sentence
is returned. If a keyword is not found, ELIZA responds either with a generic riposte or by repeating
one of the earlier comments. In addition, Weizenbaum developed ELIZA to replicate the behavior of
a Rogerian psychotherapist, allowing ELIZA to be “free to assume the pose of knowing almost
nothing of the real world”. With these techniques, Weizenbaum's program was able to fool some
people into believing that they were talking to a real person, with some subjects being “very hard to
convince that ELIZA is not human”. Thus, ELIZA is claimed by some to be one of the programs
(perhaps the first) able to pass the Turing Test, even though this view is highly contentious.

Kenneth Colby created PARRY in 1972, a program described as “ELIZA with attitude”. It attempted
to model the behavior of a paranoid schizophrenic, using a similar (if more advanced) approach to
that employed by Weizenbaum. To validate the work, PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a
variation of the Turing Test. A group of experienced psychiatrists analyzed a combination of real
patients and computers running PARRY through teleprinters. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were
shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the
“patients” were human and which were computer programs. The psychiatrists were able to make the
correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure consistent with random guessing.

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 MYCIN

MYCIN was an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing
severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage
adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many
antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood
clotting diseases.

MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was
written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Bruce G.
Buchanan, Stanley N. Cohen and others. It arose in the laboratory that had created the
earlier Dendral expert system.

MYCIN was never actually used in practice but research indicated that it proposed an acceptable
therapy in about 69% of cases, which was better than the performance of infectious disease experts
who were judged using the same criteria.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN 1975-

PRESENT

It is said that artificial intelligence has become more lucid, more critical about itself, and to a
certain extent, more pragmatic. A lot of robots have been created that are capable to do what
humans do, like: communicating, walking, telling jokes and manipulating some objects. Not only
have humanoids appeared, but also robotic animals.

ROBOTS

Nao is an autonomous, programmable humanoid robot developed by Aldebaran Robotics, a

French robotics company headquartered in Paris. It is capable of moving, hearing, feeling,
speaking, seeing and reproducing human behavior.

Pepper is a human-shaped robot. He is kind, endearing and surprising. It is designed to be a genuine

everyday companion, whose number one quality is his ability to perceive emotions.Pepper is the
first

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humanoid robot capable of recognizing the principal human emotions and adapting his behavior to
the mood of his interlocutor.

Romeo (right) is a 140 cm tall humanoid robot, designed to explore and further research into
assisting elderly people and those who are losing their autonomy. His size was determined so as to
enable him to open doors, climb stairs and reach objects on a table.
ASIMO,an acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, is a humanoid robot designed
and developed by Honda. Introduced on 21 October 2000, ASIMO was designed to be a multi-
functional mobile assistant. With aspirations of helping those who lack full mobility, ASIMO is
frequently used in demonstrations across the world to encourage the study of science and
mathematics. At 130 cm (4 ft. 3 in) tall and 50 kg (110 lb.), ASIMO was designed to operate in real-
world environments, with the ability to walk or run on two feet at speeds of up to 6 kilometers per hour
(3.7 mph).

Curiosity is a car-sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars

as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratorymission (MSL).
The rover's goals are: investigation of the Martian climate and
geology; assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale
Crater has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for
microbial life, including investigation of the role of water; and
planetary habitability studies in preparation for future human
exploration.

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 Where is Artificial Intelligence Used Today?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is brining a drastic changes in technological fields, where it can be implemented to automate
the system for more efficiency and performance. AI is now getting used in multiple fields from simply your mobile phone
to diagnosing the diseases providing a high-performance and accurate system work with efficiency.

Here we will discuss what are major things and fields AI is used and under process to get fully implemented and launched
in up coming years. Here we will discuss mainly about the fields or industries where AI is playing an important role
helping humans to work with better performance and efficiency without help of humans.

Currently AI is Used is Following Things/Fields:

1. Virtual Assistant or Chatbots

2. Agriculture and Farming

3. Autonomous Flying

4. Retail, Shopping and Fashion

5. Security and Surveillance

6. Sports Analytics and Activities

7. Manufacturing and Production

8. Live Stock and Inventory Management

9. Self-driving Cars or Autonomous Vehicles

10. Healthcare and Medical Imaging Analysis

11. Warehousing and Logistic Supply Chain

Alexa, Siri and Google Assistance are the major examples of virtual assistance services while automated bots answering
the questions of customers are the example of AI-based chatbots working with best performance.

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In agriculture sector Autonomous Tractors and Drone Monitoring are used to enhance the productivity and
crop yield of farm lands. Robots and automated machines are also used in these fields to monitor the health
condition of crop and harvesting.

Autonomous Vehicles or Self-driving Cars are the other examples of AI, fully integrated into such system to
make the machine work automatically while understanding the nearby surroundings and real-life scenario of
the environment.

AI-based face recognition and biometric system helping to keep track the humans beings and provide them a
safe zone to live. Security cameras and other surveillance equipments are widely used to keep the cities and
habitat safe.

Automated warehousing and supply chain management is reducing the manpower and helping storage
companies to manage the huge amount of stock or inventory with proper management and supply system.
This system is also helping ecommerce sector to operate with better efficiency and improve their operating
margins.

AI-based automated warehousing management system is not only getting benefits but machine learning is
improving the online shopping experience of the customers. This technology is also providing the insights or
the customers to companies using the sentiment analysis services to understand their customer’s sentiments
and offer them better products and services to gain more market share in the industry.

Similarly, in healthcare sector, AI is playing a vital role in empowering the machines to diagnosis, analyze
and predict the various types of diseases, monitor the patients health conditions and help scientists to explore
the new drug discoveries and medicine development helping people to get well soon and avoid health
problems in their life.

However, AI is possible into these things only when a model is well-trained through right machine learning
training data using the suitable algorithms for make it fully functional into their relevant fields. And training
data for AI is basically available for computer vision training through image annotation for creating a label
data.

AI is now getting integrated into multiple fields, and further there is too much scope to penetrate new fields
and industries to improve their efficiency and productivity. Again everything depends on the availability of
training data of related fields to train the algorithms and develop the right AI model can work flawlessly in
respective field.
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Cogito is the ground breaker in generating high-quality training data for AI and machine learning
development. It has squad of annotators to create such data with best level of accuracy with high volume of
data at best pricing for all types of AI models. It is also specialized in supplying the labeled data for medical
imaging analysis produced by qualified and highly experienced doctors to ensure the accuracy.

Countries that use AI

In the race to acquire and develop the most efficient and ingenious technologies, countries worldwide have been setting guidelines
and investing immensely in the field of AI. Following are the statistics of the global AI readiness Index conducted by Oxford
Insights and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in 2019. The index covers 194 countries and territories and
ranks them according to their preparedness to implement AI in the delivery of public services and internal operations. Each country
is allocated a score that considers 11 input metrics under 4 clusters: governance, infrastructure and data, skills and education, and
government and public services. The report suggests that the rankings are dominated by countries that have robust economies, an
abundance of data and information, and a government with a strong vision.

12. Singapore comes first in the list of artificial intelligence readiness with a score of 9.186.
13. The top 20 positions are acquired by Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and some European countries, and Asian countries.
China, currently 21st in the global rankings will improve in the upcoming years because of the government’s inclination to
optimize data and artificial intelligence.
14. Most of the countries in North America were awarded higher ranks in the list while the African and Asia-Pacific regions
were the worst performers.

Country Rank Score

Singapore 1 9.186

United Kingdom 2 9.069

Germany 3 8.810

United States of America 4 8.804

Finland 5 8.772

Sweden 6 8.674

Canada 6 8.674

France 8 8.608

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Denmark 9 8.601

Japan 10 8.582

1. India stands third in the Asia Pacific region after Singapore and Hong Kong and 19th in the global index overall. According
to surveys, it is one of the most prepared economies with regard to government readiness to artificial intelligence. But
despite this availability, it lacks creativity, innovation, and awareness which are the reasons behind Indian start-ups lagging
behind those of the American and other developed countries. 76% of start-ups in India believe that there is a dearth of
skilled professionals in the field of AI and hence hesitate from using these technologies in their business. But the established
companies like Amazon, Google, and Apple are employing AI technologies like deep learning, language processing, and
machine learning and are acquiring start-ups to provide new and improved experiences across their services.

Present and expected Scenario

China, USA, Japan, United Kingdom, and Germany are the leading countries in AI research. China recently announced its intention
to become ‘a principal world center of artificial intelligence innovation’ by 2030. And America’s distinct pool of research
technology knowledge and business market power will contribute to helping them achieve their AI development objectives.
Although the United States remains highly invested in AI and the latest technologies, it seems likely that China might win over
America in the race. Despite having the 5 tech-giants – Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Google, and Microsoft, it looks as if the US will
be lagging behind developing countries like China. In the US, the resources are available in ample amounts but are fragmented and
the potential isn’t utilized efficiently. Also, the national leadership is quite weak and there is a lack of systematic vision.
On the other hand, China apart from having the latest computers, smartphones, gadgets and other electronic devices is now focusing
on system-wide AI. This includes robotics, advanced medical equipment, and autonomous vehicles (AVs). China’s growing internet
economy and shift of industries towards data analytics and AI trends will be a major contributing factor in its AI boom. Some
examples of Chinese AI companies that are developing are UBTECH Robotics which is developing humanoid robots and
SenseTime which is building facial recognition technology.
Thus, although the United States still remains ahead of others in the AI industry, if China implements the policies and strategies
effectively, it will soon manage to replace the USA. Therefore, from the increasing demand and usage of AI-driven technologies, it
can be concluded that AI, machine learning, and data science will thrive as the most in-demand skills in the near future.
Singapore’s artificial intelligence industry will be booming in the upcoming decade. Singapore is one of the first countries to
announce a national AI strategy in 2017. One of the most effective ideas that were put into action by the government of Singapore to
achieve this was the establishment of the AI Ethics Advisory Council. This council has been established to assist the government to
develop standards and guidelines and issue practical guidance for the voluntary adoption of AI in businesses and organizations.
Singapore is a trailblazer in the Asia-Pacific region when it comes to accepting new technologies. Singapore has chosen five big AI-
driven development projects that address national challenges keeping into consideration the impact on society and economy with an
aim to become the global hub of AI technologies. Also, educational institutions there have increased emphasis on fields such as
mathematics, statistics, computer science, and information technology to allow students to understand the significance and trend
of data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Business and management organizations too are focusing on

data trends as well apart from their regular curriculum (Analyze data and build stunning reports using our services). UAE
and Singapore were trendsetters in bringing AI decision-making at the cabinet-level. They have justified the strengths and strategies
that have the potential to make these countries the leading producers of AI technologies.

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THOUGHTS ON THE FUTURE

Professor Stephen Hawking told: "The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the
human race." His warning came in response to a question about a revamp of the technology he uses to
communicate, which involves a basic form of AI. Professor Hawking says the primitive forms of artificial
intelligence developed so far have already proved very useful, but he fears the consequences of creating
something that can match or surpass humans.
“It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever increasing rate”, he said. “Humans, who are
limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't compete, and would be superseded”.
But others are less pessimistic. “I believe we will remain in charge of the technology for a decently long
time and the potential of it to solve many of the world problems will be realized”, said Rollo Carpenter,
creator of Cleverbot. Cleverbot's software learns from its past conversations, and has gained high scores
in the Turing test, fooling a high proportion of people into believing they are talking to a human.
Mr. Carpenter says we are a long way from having the computing power or developing the algorithms
needed to achieve full artificial intelligence, but believes it will come in the next few decades. “We cannot
quite know what will happen if a machine exceeds our own intelligence, so we can't know if we'll be
infinitely helped by it, or ignored by it and sidelined, or conceivably destroyed by it”, he says. But he is
betting that Al is going to be a positive force.
In the short term, there are concerns that clever machines capable of undertaking tasks done by humans
until now will swiftly destroy millions of jobs.

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