SMART PARKING SPACE DETECTION USING MATLAB

A Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted by
V. DIVYA
(176N1A05B2)

T. PRANATHI P. VAISHNAVI
(176N1A05B0) (176N1A05A5)

K.S.K. CHAITANYA K.Y. YAMUNA DEVI

(176N1A0586) (176N1A0587)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. R. ANUSHA, M.Tech, (Ph.D)

Associate Professor

SRINIVASA
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to J.N.T. University, Kakinada, A.P)
(ISO 9001:2015 certified institution & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
Cheyyeru (V), AMALAPURAM-533 222
JULY 2021
 SRINIVASA

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “SMART PARKING SPACE DETECTION

USING MATLAB ” is a bonafide work of V. DIVYA, T. PRANATHI, K. S. K. CHAITANYA,

P. VAISHNAVI, and K. Y. YAMUNA DEVI of IV B.Tech. in Computer Science and

Engineering Department, Srinivasa Institute of Engineering & Technology, Amalapuram,
affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada, during the academic
year 2020-2021 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science and Engineering.

Mr. K. Vijay Kumar, M.Tech,(Ph.D) Mrs. R. Anusha, M.Tech(Ph.D)

Head Of The Department Internal Guide

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our sincere gratitude to our esteemed Institute “Srinivasa Institute of

Engineering & Technology”, which has provided us an opportunity to fulfill the most
cherished desire to reach our goal.

We owe our project to Mrs. R. Anusha, Associate Professor, Computer Science

and Engineering Department, who has been our project guide. We sincerely thank him for
the support and guidance which was given to us as without which we would not have made
this effort of ours success.

We express our deep hearted thanks to Mr. K. Vijay Kumar, our beloved Head of
the Department for being helpful in providing us with his valuable advice and timely
guidance.

We would like to thank the Principal, Dr.N.Seshaiah and Management of

“Srinivasa Institute of Engineering & Technology”, for providing us with the requisite
facilities to carry out our project in the campus.

Our deep hearted thanks to all the faculty members of our department for
their value based imparting of theory and practical subjects, which we have put into use in
our project. We are also indebted to the non-teaching staff for their co-operation.

We would like to thank our friends and family members for their help and
support in making our project a success.

DIVYA VASAMSETTI
PRANATHI TUNUGUNTLA
VAISHNAVI POTHURI
KAGITAPALLY YASAWINI YAMUNA DEVI
SRI KRISHNA CHAITANYA KADAMBARI

ii
 CONTENTS

S.NO INDEX PAGE.NO.

Certificate i

Acknowledgement ii

Contents iii

List of Figures vi

List of Tables vii

Abstract viii

1 Introduction 1-4

1.1 Definition of an image 1

1.2 Image processing 2

1.3 Types of images 4

2 Literature survey 5

2.1 Introduction 5

3 Design of automated parking valet 9-19

3.1 Introduction 9

3.2 System Module Description 10

3.3 System Initialization 11

3.4 Image Segmentation 13

3.5 Image Enhancement 15

3.5.1 Feature Extraction 16

3.5.2 Image Detection 17

3.5.3 Computer Vision 18

3.5.4 System Objects 19

iii
4 Software Requirement 20-26

4.1 Introduction 20

4.1.1 Basic Building blocks of MATLAB 20

4.2 MATLAB Window 21

4.2.1 Command Window 21

4.2.2 Works space Window 21

4.2.3 Current Directory Window 21

4.2.4 Command History Window 21

4.2.5 Editor Window 22

4.2.6 Graphics of Figure Window 22

4.2.7 Online help Window 22

4.3 MATLAB Files 22

4.3.1 M-Files 22

4.3.2 MAT – Files 23

4.4 The MATLAB System 23

4.4.1 Development Environment 23

4.4.2 The MATLAB mathematical function 23

4.4.3 The MATLAB language 24

4.4.4 Graphics 24

4.4.5 The MATLAB Application Program Interface(API) 24

4.5 MATLAB working environment 24

4.5.1 MATLAB Desktop 24

4.5.2 Using the MATLAB editor to create M-Files 26

4.5.3 Getting Help 26

iv
 Hardware Requirements 27

5 System Design 27-31

5.1 Introduction 27

5.2 UML Design 27

5.2.1 Use Case Diagram 28

5.2.2 Class Diagram 28

5.2.3 Activity Diagram 29

5.2.4 Sequence Diagram 29

5.2.5 Component Diagram 30

6 Implementation of Code 33-36

7 Result Analysis 37-42

8 Conclusion And Future Scope 43

9 References 44-45

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 Binary Image 4

1.2 Gray Scale Image 4
1.3 Color Image 5
3.1 Block Diagram for IOT Detection 10
3.2 Block Diagram for Smart Parking 11
3.3 System Initialization 11
3.4 Image Shows Car Parking 12
3.5 Difference in Images 13
3.6 Separation Image into RGB 13
3.7 Tracing The Boundaries 15
3.8 Converted Binary Image in RGB channel 14
4.1 Help Window in MATLAB 26

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

3.1 Literature Review And Their Description 8

1.2 System Objects And Their Description 19

vii
 ABSTRACT
One of the major issues in metropolitan cities is searching for a parking space. In this
paper we come up with a novel solution for parking slot detection based on image processing
techniques that can capture and process the image to find empty parking slots. The output
obtained will then be displayed on a console. This system will reduce the time required to find
vacant car slots and reduce wastage of resources. This system will also notify the registered
user through various services over the internet, if a vacant parking slot is available at the
destination. The proposed system has been developed using software.

Keywords: Image Processing, Internet of things, MATLAB, Notification Services,

Parking

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An image representation is concerned with characterization of the quantity that each
picture-element (also called pixel or pels) represents. An image could represent luminance of
objects in a scene (such as a picture taken by ordinary camera), the absorption characteristics
of the body tissue (X-ray imaging), the radar cross-section of a target (radar imaging), the
temperature profile of a region (infrared imaging), or the gravitational field in an area (in
geophysical imaging). In general, any two-dimensional function that bears information can be
considered as an image.
1.1Definition of an Image:
The term monochrome image or simply image, refers to a two-dimensional light
intensity function f (x, y), where x and y denote spatial coordinates and the value at any point
(x,y) is proportional to the brightness (or gray level) of the image at that point. A digital
image is an image f(x, y) that has been discretized both in spatial coordinates and brightness.
A digital image can be considered a matrix whose row and column indices identify a point in
the image and the corresponding matrix element value identifies the gray level at that point.
The elements of such a digital array are called image elements or picture elements or pixels or
pels.
As light is a form of energy, f (x, y) must be nonzero and finite, that is 0<f(x, y).The
basic nature of (x, y) may be characterized by two components:
1) The amount of source light incident on the scene being viewed and
2) The amount of light reflected by the objects in the scene.
Appropriately, they are called the illumination and reflectance components, and are
denoted by i (x, y) and r (x, y) respectively. The functions i (x, y) and r (x, y) combine as a
product to form f (x, y): f (x, y) = i (x, y) r (x, y) Where 0 <i (x, y) < 1 and 0 < r (x, y) < 1.
Imagemodelsgivealogicalorquantitativedescriptionofthepropertiesofthisfunction.Thus, an
image can be processed on a computer by representing it as an array of pixels, which can be
stored and can be processed easily.

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1.2 Image processing:

Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some
operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from
it. There are two types of image processing. They're Digital image processing and Analog
image processing. Image is a two-dimensional signal that is photographed. A Video is a
Three-dimensional signal. Video is a sequence of frames.
Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing
on images. As a sub-category or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has
many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms
to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and signal
distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more)
digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems .
1. Work in Digital Image Processing (DIP) began as early as the 1960’s with
NASA programmers of space exploration. Pictures were broadcast(painfully slowly) pixel
by pixel and sometimes the color/intensity map of the image was created by hand by
simply coloring in a square on a very large sheet of paper with the relevant color. Digital
computers were used to correct for the blurring caused by lenses and enhancement
techniques were developed for improving the picture detail. It is interesting to note that
the rise of DIP follows closely the development of picture reproduction and display
devices e.g. laser (dry ink) printing, dye sublimation printing, wax transfer and now inkjet
printing. The last 5 years has seen an explosion in the availability of digital visual devices
and hence digital visual media. Digital Television set top boxes are now available free
from SKY in Ireland; SKY has been broadcasting DTV for about 3 years now. DVD
(Digital Video Disk) sales have outstripped CD sales at a comparable point in their
releases. PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) like Compaq I mode, HP Jornada, Visor,
Palm Pilot now seek to include camera add-on as well as wireless. Webcams have been
available for a long time, and Digital Cameras are getting better. Medical analysis is now
exclusively in the digital domain as it is much easier to manipulate and enhance the
images for diagnosis.

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There are different modalities used for acquiring images at different views. Different imaging
modalities are:
1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
2. Computerized Tomography.
3. Positron emission Tomography.
4. Single photon emission computed tomography.
5. Ultrasound Technology.

Importance and necessity of Image processing:

Importance and necessity of digital image processing stems from two principal
application areas: the first being the Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation and the second being the Processing of a scene data for an autonomous machine
perception.

Applications of Image processing:

Digital image processing has a broad range of applications such as remote sensing, image
and data storage for transmission in business applications, medical imaging, acoustic
imaging, Forensic sciences and industrial automation. Images acquired by satellites are useful
in tracking of earth resources, geographical mapping, and prediction of agricultural crops,
urban population, weather forecasting, flood and fire control. Space imaging applications
include recognition and analysis of objects contained in images obtained from deep space-
probe missions. There are also medical applications such as processing of X-Rays, Ultrasonic
scanning, Electron micrographs, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Imaging, etc. In addition to the above-mentioned applications, digital image processing is
now being used to solve a wide variety of problems. Though unrelated, these problems
commonly require methods capable of enhancing information for human visual interpretation
and analysis. The Image processing Procedures such as Image enhancement and restoration
are used to process degraded or blurred images. Successful applications of image processing
concepts are found in astronomy, defense and biology, medical and industrial applications.

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1.3 Types of Images

There are three types of images. They are

1. Binary Image
2. Gray Scale Image
3. Color Image
1. Binary Image:
Binary images are the simplest type of images and can take on two values, typically
black and white, or 0 and 1. A binary image is referred to as a 1-bit image because it takes
only 1 binary digit to represent each pixel. These types of images are frequently used in
Applications where the only information required is general shape or outline.

Figure 1.1: Binary image

2. Gray scale image:

Gray Scale Image are referred to as monochrome (one color) images. They contain
gray level information, no color information. The number of bits used for each pixel
determines the number of different gray levels available. The typical gray scale image
contains 8 bits per pixel data, which allows us to have 256 different gray levels

Figure 1.2: Gray scale image

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3. Color image:
Color images can be modelled as three band monochrome image data, where each
band of data corresponds to a different color. The actual information stored in the digital
image is gray level information in each spectral band. Typically, color images are represented
as red, green and blue. The color image would have 24 bits per pixel, 8 bits for each of these
colors.

Figure 1.3: Color image

Every day, an enormous amount of information is stored, processed, and transmitted digitally.
Image compression addresses the problem of reducing the amount of data required to
represent a digital image. The underlying basis of the reduction process is the removal of
redundant data. From a mathematical viewpoint, this amounts to transforming a 2-D pixel
array into a statistically uncorrelated data set. The transformation is applied prior to storage or
transmission of the image. At some time later, the compressed image is decompressed to
Reconstruct the original image or an approximation of it.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Literature review and survey papers:

Online parking system that is designed to make it easier for people to book
parking spaces online. Our online reservation system to reserve parking spaces in the
immediate parking, additional services and home purchase will increase your website by
enabling customers to pay or go online. As they need, and to set the period of availability can
add many types of vehicle seats as Online parking system administrator. It is designed to
make it easier for people to book parking spaces online. Availability and prices can add up for
a period of several vehicle types as vehicle parking space reservation system administrators as
they need. In today's parking lots there is no standard system to check for parking spaces.

Searching for a vacant parking space in a metropolitan area is the daily concern for most
people and it is time consuming. The system heavily relies on human interaction with the
physical space and entity. This leads to wastage of human manpower and also parking spaces
at times. It commonly results in more traffic load and air pollution in certain areas only for an
available parking space. Previously, various techniques have been proposed to overcome such
problems.
.

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S.no Paper Name Author Name Year Advantages Disadvantages

1 Smart parking 1.Noor Hazrin Hany 2009 Enhanced security .Cost of

reservation Mohamad Hanif due to password Implementation is
system using requirement. high.
short message 2.Mohd Hafiz System can be
services (SMS). Badiuzzaman used applied any
where due to ease
of usage.
2 Smart Parking 1.Jihoon Yang 2012 Use of android The SMS contains
Service based application entry/exit password
on Wireless 2.Jorge Portilla provides ease of to the parking lot
Sensor usage and better may not be
Networks. interface. received due to
network congestion
3 An Intelligent 1.P.DharmaReddy 2013 By using image User will have to
Parking processing inquire for every
Guidance and 2.A. Rajeshwar Rao technique it slot available
Information identifies car only
System by using but if any object
image other than car is at
processing parking slot it
technique doesn’t considered
that slot is booked.
4 Intelligent 1.Hilal Al-Kharusi 2014 System captures
Parking and processes the Node-to-node
Management 2. Ibrahim AlBahadly image drawn at implementation
System Based parking lot and requires more time
on Image produces the
Processing information of the
empty car parking
spaces.
5 Car Park 1.ElMouatezbillah Karbab 2017 The main advantage No driver guidance
Management with of the gate systems to guide
Networked 2. Djamel Djenouri management model towards the parking
Wireless Sensors is its low cost and lot.
and Active RFID. simplicity over lot
management model.
6 Automated 1.Harmeet Singh 2018 The vehicle is The whole parking
Parking System transported to the lot is to be designed
with Bluetooth 2.Chetan An and parking location with mechanical
access. with the help of a components such as
rack and pinion rack and pinion
mechanism for mechanism.
linear motion.
Table 2.1: Literature Review and their description

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CHAPTER 3

Design of Smart Parking Management System

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In recent years parking is a serious problem due to the increase of
private vehicles. Looking for a parking spot is a waste of time and other resources. For the
driver’s convenience a system needs to be designed which can notify the availability of
parking spots in the area over the internet. This would replace the current manual system and
therefore reduce man power requirement. Counting of free slots manually has created a
problem. In recentyears, much research has been done on improving parking lot detection
systems. Many systems use surveillance which is real time image sequences gathering and
detection of parking slots . Other researches may include keeping tracking and recording the
movement of vehicles for finding the parking lot frees, the authors proposed the subtraction
technique between consecutive images as a method to detect the car moving. The authors
proposed the time differential image as a method to extract moving objects from stationary
objects. However, the moving object is often as many regions in differential images . Thus in
the paper, the parking slot detection to identify if the car is present or not in the area and then
the result is displayed on the console which can be a display unit or on the software screen as
well. MATLAB software is used as a software platform in the project. The system uses a
MATLAB software and compiler for detecting if the car is present or not and the MATLAB
gets its input from the camera which monitors the movement of the vehicles in the parking lot
and gives this image for processing and the image processing techniques are then employed
on image using the software and the output of the same is obtained. The system overview is
shown in Fig.1.

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Fig 3.1 Block Diagram for Parking IOT Detection

3.2 SYSTEM MODULES:

Our project consists of five small units of processing. These blocks are built in the
software which are shown in Fig.2. In the first part the camera and the system is initialized
and a procedure to automatically identify the location of every parking lot in the image.
When the system initializes a reference image with no cars parked is captured and this
image will act as reference image for the processing of other images. The image with cars
parked are refreshed or changed after a certain interval. In the next block image
acquisition is carried out where the images are captured by the camera and this module
gets connected to the system processing unit that runs in the MATLAB program.
After the image is captured then the system performs the operation making the
image clear by filtering of the noise and then handling the image for further processing, in
the next module image segmentation is carried out which separates the required object
from the background and differentiates the pixels having nearby values for improving the
contrast. The image captured by the camera is subtracted with the reference image if there
is a change in the image if the change is noticed then further processing is carried out to
know the changes in the parking lot numbers. The image is converted into black and white
i.e. gray image. The last module is image enhancement. In this module, the noise
generated is removed using morphology functions, which remove pixels that do not belong
to the object of interest. The boundary objects in the image are tracing which is
concentrated on the exterior boundaries. The last module is image detection which is used
to determine the cars present in the image. The overall module is illustrated in Fig.

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Figure 3.2: Block diagram of Algorithm

SYSTEM MODULE DESCRIPTION

3.3 System Initialization:
The module runs only for the first time when the system started. The initial image
is captured which is the reference image is captured as shown in Fig. 3 where zero cars are
present in the car park. The purpose of doing this is to identify each and every parking slot
in the image. The lines separating each slot should be clear, visible and unobstructed for
the reference image to be captured. The camera is assumed to be in the fixed position and
facing a fixed direction all the time. This image is then used to analyze and determine
available parking lot.

Figure 3.3: System Initialization

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Image Acquisition:

Image acquisition is the creation of digital images, such as of a physical scene

or of the interior structure of an object. A digital image may be created directly from a
physical scene by a camera or similar device. Alternatively, a digital image may be
obtained from another image in an analog medium, such as photographs, photographic
film, or printed paper, by an image scanner or similar device. Many technical images
such as those acquired with tomographic equipment, side-scan sonar, or radio telescopes
are actually obtained by complex processing of non-image data. The digitalization of
analog real-world data is known as digitizing and involves sampling (discretization) and
quantization.

Figure 3.4: Image shows the cars parked in the area

After the first step, the image will be processed in image acquisition module. Here the
steps involved are image capturing and storing of digital images from the video cameras.
The high definition camera is used for this purpose which is connected to the processing
unit and supplies the data for the MATLAB software for processing which is running in
real time situations. The aligning of the camera should be done with great care. The
camera should be at good height to obtain clear and top view of the parking area. The
Fig. 4 shows the image captured by the camera which shows the cars being parked in the
area.

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Figure 3.5: Difference in the Images

3.4 Image Segmentation:

Segmentation subdivides an image into its constituent regions or
objects. The level to which the subdivision is carried depends on the problem being
solved that is, segmentation should stop when the objects of interest in an application
have been isolated For example, in the automated inspection of electronic assemblies
interest lies in analyzing images of the products with the objective of determining the
presence or absence of specific anomalies, such as missing Components or broken
connection paths.

There is no point in carrying segmentation past the level of detail required to identify
those elements.
Segmentation of nontrivial images is one of the most difficult tasks in image
processing. Segmentation accuracy determines the eventual success or failure of
computerized analysis procedures. For this reason, considerable care should be taken to
improve the probability of rugged segmentation

Figure 3.6: Separation of the image into RGB channels

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The image acquired from the camera is in the form of RGB (Red, Green and Blue
or Colored Image) which is further separated into RGB channels which is converted into
gray scale image as shown in Fig. 6 and then creates the binary image in the
segmentation module.
Equation [1] is used to convert RGB to gray scale images.
Grey Image= 0.229R + 0.587G + 0.114B …. [1]
Using the equation [1] the grey level image is obtained, thresholding technique can
be used to obtain the binary image. The binary image contains all the information about
the position and shape of interest. The threshold level is set in such a way that the
objects of interest are made into white and the rest of the image black. This method will
not only reduce the complexity and also
Simplifies the processes in processing the image. Thresholding methods are of various
types such as basic, two band tile, optimal and adaptive. In this paper we have used
basic thresholding technique is used. The thresholding is defined as:
g (x,y) =1 𝑖𝑓𝑥>𝑇
0 𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≤ 𝑇 …. [2]
In equation [2] the threshold value is denoted by T is selected. Here since the RGB
is obtained it is being converted into binary after which we separate them into the
respective channel hence appropriate threshold levels are chosen. The threshold
technique works as follows any value below or equal to T is classified as black (0) and
the above threshold value is classified as white (1).The Fig. 7 shows the converted
binary image in R, G, B channels and the summation of all the channels.

Figure 3.6: Converted binary Image in RGB channels

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3.5 Image Enhancement:

The principal objective of enhancement is to pre-process an image

so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a specific application. The
word specific is important, because it establishes at the outset that the techniques
discussed are very much problem oriented. Image enhancement approaches fall into two
broad categories.
They are:

1. Spatial domain method and

2. Frequency domain method.

The spatial domain refers to the image plane itself, and approach. This approach usually
involves formulating a criterion of goodness that will yield an optimal estimate of the
desired result. By contrast, enhancement techniques basically are heuristic procedures
designed to manipulate an image in order to take advantage of the psychophysical
aspects of the human visual system. For example, contrast stretching is considered as an
enhancement technique because it is based primarily on the pleasing aspects it might
present to the viewer, whereas removal of image blur by applying a de-blurring function
is considered a restoration technique.

Figure 3.7 : Tracing the boundaries

The converted binary image will contain some amount of noise and trace the boundary
of the object. In order to remove the noise which the image has got from the variety of
sources will then be removed using morphological operation namely dilation, erosion,
etc. In the paper we have used open and close operation on the binary image. This
operation is basically used in the most of the image processing operations. The Fig. 8
shows the image after removing noise at detected object (white color). For tracing the
boundaries of the car we focus only on the exterior boundaries. In a binary image, if any

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pixel value is 0 then output is 0. Here the picture is enhanced by adding pixels to cover
the holes and the pixels are removed to remove unwanted objects.

Integral Image

The integral image part is used to sum all the pixels of a particular
box to its left and above ones. The four corner values of the area are to be calculated.
This makes avoid summing of each pixel in the region. This integral image conversion
process is introduced just to speed up the process in calculating pixels.

฀ The calculation of the sum of pixels of part D in the fig.4 is as shown

(1+4) – (2+3)
i.e. [A+(A+B+C+D)] - [(A+B+A+C)] which gives D.

Figure 3.8: Integral image

3.5.1 Feature Extraction
Feature is nothing but the detection of corners, edges. To obtain features we
use the Eigen value theorem . Feature extraction for classification is a search among all
possible transformations for the best one, which preserves class separability as much as
possible in the space with the lowest possible dimensionality (Aladjem,1994). The usual
decision is to use some class separability criterion, based on a family of functions of
scatter matrices: the within-class covariance, the between-class covariance, and the total
covariance matrices. Every person has different features. So feature extraction is used for
classification of the persons.

Types of features:
Apart from the usually visible features in a face that is eyes, nose, mouth, lips,

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forehead there are various other features which are also helpful in verifying someone’s

identity.
Edges: Forms the points where there is a boundary separating or joining two image
regions. Technically speaking points having high gradient magnitude classify as edges.
Usually these are one dimensional.
Corners/internal points: points like features anywhere in the facial image classify as
corners. They are two dimensional unlike the edges. The discovery of corner points was
because of the facts that edges analyzed in the earlier works showed rampant changes in
directions The algorithm was developed to avoid the detail edge detection, It is detected as
high level of curvature in the gradient. The next hurdle at hand was detection of corners on
parts of images which were not true corner points.
Region of interest: Provided the corresponding description in terms of region. The
algorithm employed for detecting the region of interest which were too leveled to be
detected as corner point. Region of interest contained points like center of gravity etc.,
distinguished between a corner and blog becomes difficult if the image is reduced from its
actual size.
3.5.2 Image detection:

When the boundaries are traced, detection of the number of cars present in the image is
implemented. Here we find the eccentricity of the image and then make this to run in the
loop. In this part where the Car is present is detected and marked using square boxes and
image output is produced and the same is Also outputted on the MATLAB software. Fig 9
shows the number of cars that are detected by drawing a Square parking slot. From the
console the IFTTT (If This Then That) application gets triggered and the Sends a SMS to
users and also notifies people on the social media using the internet services.

Fig 3.10: system objects and the description

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3.5.3 Computer Vision

We humans have a sense of vision, due to which we can see and
perceive different objects, perform different tasks and take decisions. This makes us
intelligent, autonomous and self-controlled. But a man-made computer does not have a
sense of vision in the moonless webs to wit to them. Computer vision represents an
exciting and dynamic part of cognitive and computer science which depicts the abilities of
human vision by electronically perceiving and understanding an image. Computer vision
automates tasks that normally human vision can do by extracting, analyzing and
understanding the valuable information in the frames. Extracting useful information from
images is very challenging, but not impossible.
Challenge for any computer vision algorithm is the complexity of image data. For
example, consider the image which consists of hundreds of objects in a scene with no
change in the image intensity, it is very difficult to determine which objects left the scene
and which objects enter the scene, also it is difficult to differentiate foreground and
background. As a human, one cannot count the number of people, trees, and cars in the
scene if it is crowded but an efficient computer vision algorithm can do this task easily.
Pattern Recognition is the systematic knowledge of machine learning or computer vision
that focuses on recognizing the patterns and categorizes patterns into a number of
categories. The examples of patterns are Disease categorization, Finger Print Verification.
Event Detection, Speech Recognition, Optical Character Recognition, etc. Pattern
recognition focus on providing solutions to all the inputs by matching most likely of the
inputs, considering the variations in it for feature selection and feature extraction .The
feature extraction and classification strategy are commonly found on the availability of the
training set which is already assigned .Supervised learning is a sort of machine learning
for the accomplishment of the input-output relationship of a system. Supervised learning is
a method to construct an unreal system that can learn the function between the input and
the output. But, in unsupervised learning the training data is not labelled. If an algorithm
uses supervised and unsupervised training data, it is called a semi- supervised learning
algorithm.

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3.5.4 System objects

A System object is a specialized MATLAB object .Many tool boxes
include System objects. System objects are designed specifically for implementing and
simulating dynamic systems with inputs that change over time. Many signal processing,
communications, and control systems are dynamic. In a dynamic system, the values of the
output signals depend on both the instantaneous values of the input signals and on the past
behavior of the system. System objects use internal states to store that past behavior,
which is used in the next computational step. As a result, System objects are optimized for
iterative computations that process large streams of data in segments, such as video and
audio processing systems. This ability to process streaming data provides the advantage of
not having to hold large amounts of data in memory. Use of streaming data also allows
you to uses implified programs that use loops efficiently.

For example, you could use System objects in a system that reads data from a file, filters
that data and then writes the filtered output to another file. Typically, a specified amount
of data is passed to the filter in each loop iteration. The file reader object uses a state to
track where in the file to begin the next data read. Likewise, the file writer object tracks
where it last wrote data to the output file so that data is not overwritten. The filter object
maintains its own internal states to ensure that the filtering is performed correctly .Some of
the system objects that are used in MATLAB are shown below.

System objects Description

Rgb to gray()
To convert rectangular rgb to gray, matrix
mat2gray()

Abs() returns the absolute value

gray thresh()
wiener pixel-wise adaptive low-pass Wiener filter
Im2bw() converts the grayscale image I to binary
image BW
Reagion props calculating the distance between each
adjoining pair

Blob measurements To convert rectangular box to points

Gaussian continuous distribution

Table 3.10: system objects and their description

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CHAPTER4

SOFTWARE & HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

MATLAB

4.1 Introduction
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems
and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. MATLAB stands for matrix
laboratory and was written originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by
LINPACK (linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects. MATLAB
is therefore built on a foundation of sophisticated matrix software in which the basic element is
array that does not require pre-dimensioning which to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of time.
MATLAB features a family of applications specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow learning and applying specialized
technology. These are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control system, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation and many others.
Typical uses of MATLAB include: Math and computation, Algorithm development,
Data acquisition, Modeling, simulation, prototyping, Data analysis, exploration,
visualization, Scientific and engineering graphics, Application development, including
graphical user interface building.

4.1.1 Basic building blocks of MATLAB

The basic building block of MATLAB is MATRIX.
The fundamental data type is the array. Vectors, scalars, real matrices and complex matrix
are handled as specific class of this basic data type. The built-in functions are optimized
for vector operations. No dimension statements are required for vectors or arrays.

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4.2 MATLAB window

The MATLAB works based on five windows: Command window,
Workspace window, Current directory window, Command history window, Editor 4

4.2.1 Command window

The command window is where the user types MATLAB commands
and expressions at the prompt (>>) and where the output of those commands is displayed.
It is opened when the application program is launched. All commands including user-
written programs are typed in this window at MATLAB prompt for execution.

4.2.2 Work space window

MATLAB defines the workspace as the set of variables that the user
creates in a work session. The workspace browser shows these variables and some
information about them. Double clicking on a variable in the workspace browser launches
the Array Editor, which can be used to obtain information.

4.2.3 Current directory window

The current directory tab shows the contents of the current

directory, whose path is shown in the current directory window. For example, in the
windows operating system the path might be as follows: C:\MATLAB\Work, indicating
that directory “work” is a subdirectory of the main directory “MATLAB”; which is
installed in drive C. Clicking on the arrow in the current directory window shows a list of
recently used paths. MATLAB uses a search path to find M-files and other MATLAB
related files. Any file run in MATLAB must reside in the current directory or in a
directory that is on the search path.

4.2.4 Command History window

The Command History Window contains a record of the commands a user has
entered in the command window, including both current and previous MATLAB sessions.
Previously entered MATLAB commands can be selected and re-executed from the
command history window by right clicking on a command or sequence of commands. This
is useful to select various options in addition to executing the commands and is useful
feature when experimenting with various commands in a work session.

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4.2.5 Editor window

The MATLAB editor is both a text editor specialized for creating M-files
and a graphical MATLAB debugger. The editor can appear in a window by itself, or it can
be a sub window in the desktop. In this window one can write, edit, create and save
programs in files called M-files.
MATLAB editor window has numerous pull-down menus for tasks such as saving,
viewing, and debugging files. Because it performs some simple check sandal so uses color
to differentiate between various elements of code, this text editor is recommended as the
tool of choice for writing and editing M-functions.

4.2.6 Graphics or Figure window

The output of all graphic commands typed in the command

window is seen in this window.

4.2.7 Online help window

MATLAB provides online help for all it’s built in functions and
programming language constructs. The principal way to get help online is to use the
MATLAB help browser, opened as a separate window either by clicking on the question
mark symbol (?) on the desktop toolbar, or by typing help browser at the prompt in the
command window. The help Browser is a web browser integrated into the MATLAB
desktop that displays Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) documents. The Help
Browser consists of two panes, the help navigator pane, used to find information, and the
display pane, used to view the information. Self-explanatory tabs other than navigator
pane are used to perform a search.

4.3 MATLAB FILES

MATLAB has three types of files for storing information. They are:
M-files and MAT-files.

4.3.1 M-Files

These are standard ASCII text file with ‘m’ extension to the file name and
creating own matrices using M-files, which are text files containing MATLAB code.
MATLAB editor or another text editor is used to create a file containing the same
statements which are

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Typed at the MATLAB command line and save the file under a name that ends in .m.
There are two types of M-files:

1. Script Files

It is an M-file with a set of MATLAB commands in it and is executed by typing

name of file on the command line. These files work on global variables currently present
in that environment.

2. Function Files

A function file is also an M-file except that the variables in a function file are all local.
This type of files begins with a function definition line.

4.3.2 MAT-Files

These are binary data files with mat extension to the file that are created by
MATLAB when the data is saved. The data is written in a special format that only
MATLAB can read. These are located into MATLAB with ‘load’ command.

4.4 The MATLAB system:

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

4.4.1 Development Environment

This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use
MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It
includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and
debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

4.4.2 The MATLAB mathematical functions

This is a vast collection of computational
algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex
arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigenvalues, Bessel
Functions , and fast Fourier transforms.

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4.4.3 The MATLAB Language

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow
statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming
features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty
throw-away programs, and "programming in the large" to create complete large and
complex application programs.

4.4.4 Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs,
as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user
interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

4.4.5 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

This is a library that allows you to
write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for
calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational
engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

4.5 MATLAB working environment

4.5.1 MATLAB Desktop

MATLAB Desktop is the main MATLAB application window. The

desktop contains five sub windows, the command window, the workspace browser, the
current directory window, the command history window, and one or more figure windows,
which are shown only when the user displays a graphic.

The command window is where the user types MATLAB commands and
expressions at the prompt (>>) and where the output of those commands is displayed.
MATLAB defines the workspace as the set of variables that the user creates in a work
session.

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The workspace browser shows these variables and some information about them.
Double clicking on a variable in the workspace browser launches the Array Editor, which
can be used to obtain information and income instances edit certain properties of the
variable.

ThecurrentDirectorytababovetheworkspacetabshowsthecontentsofthecurrent
directory, whose path is shown in the current directory window, For example, in the
windows operating system the path might be as follows: C:\MATLAB\Work, indicating
that directory “work” is a subdirectory of the main directory “MATLAB”; WHICH IS
INSTALLED IN DRIVE C. clicking on the arrow in the current directory window shows a
list of recently used paths. Clicking on the button to the right of the window allows the
user to change the current directory.

MATLAB uses a search path to find M-files and other MATLAB related files, which are
organize in directories in the computer file system. Any file run in MATLAB must reside

in the current directory or in a directory that is on search path. By default, the files
supplied with MATLAB and math works toolboxes are included in the search path.

The easiest way to see which directories are soon the search paths, or to add or
modify a search path, is to select set path from the File menu the desktop, and then use the
set path dialog box. It is good practice to add any commonly used directories to the search
path to avoid repeatedly having the change the current directory.

The Command History Window contains a record of the commands a user has
entered in the command window, including both current and previous MATLAB sessions.
Previously entered MATLAB commands can be selected and re-executed from the
command history window by right clicking on a command or sequence of commands.

This action launches a menu from which to select various options in addition to
executing the commands. This is useful to select various options in addition to executing
the commands. This is a useful feature when experimenting with various commands in a

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4.5.2 Using the MATLAB editor to create M-Files

The MATLAB editor is both a text editor
specialized for creating M-files and a graphical MATLAB debugger. The editor can
appear in a window by itself, or it can be a sub window in the desktop. M-files are denoted
by the extension .m, as in pixelup.m.

The MATLAB editor window has numerous pull-down menus for tasks such as
saving, viewing, and debugging files. Because it performs some simple checks and all
sources color to differentiate between various elements of code, this text editor is
recommended as the tool of choice for writing and editing M-functions.

To open the editor, type edit at the prompt opens the M-file filename. M in an
editor window, ready for editing. As noted earlier, the file must be in the current directory,
or in a directory in the search path.

4.5.3 Getting Help

The principal way to get help online is to use the MATLAB help browser, opened
as a separate window either by clicking on the question mark symbol (?) on the desktop
toolbar, or by typing help browser at the prompt in the command window. The help
Browser is a web browser integrated into the MATLAB desktop that displays hyper text
Markup Language (HTML) documents. The Help Browser consists of two panes, the help
navigator pane, used to find information, and the display pane, used to view the
information. Self- explanatory tabs other than navigator pane are used to perform a search.

>> help Command

Figure 4.1: Help window in MAThLAB

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

DEVICE NAME : Desktop-8S6HBJB

PROCESSOR: 11th Gen intel ® core(TM) i7-1165G7 @ 2.80GHz 1.69GHz

INSTALLED RAM : 12.0 GB(11.7 GB usable)

SYSTEM TYPE : 64-bit operating system,X64-based processor

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CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM DESIGN
5.1. INTRODUCTION

Software design sits at the technical kernel of the software

engineering process and is applied regardless of the development paradigm and area of
application. Design is the first step in the development phase for any engineered product or
system. The designer’s goal is to produce a model or representation of an entity that will
later be built. Beginning once system requirement have been specified and analyzed, system
design is the first of the three technical activities -design, code and test that is required to
build and verify software.

5.2 UML DESIGN:

Fig 6.2: UML Design

UML combines best techniques from data modeling, business modeling, object modeling,
and component modeling. It can be used with all processes, throughout the software
development life cycle, and across different implementation technologies . UML has
synthesized the notations of the Booch method, the Object-modeling technique and Object-
oriented software engineering by fusing them into a single, common and widely usable

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modeling language.

5.2.1 Use Case Diagrams:

Draw use cases using ovals. Label with ovals with verbs that
represent the system's functions.
Actors: Actors are the users of a system. When one system is the actor of another system,
label the actor system with the actor stereotype.

Fig: Use case diagrams

5.2.2 Class Diagram:

Class diagrams are the backbone of almost every object-
oriented method including UML. They describe the static structure of a system.

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Fig 5.2.2: Class Diagram

5.2.3 Activity Diagram:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of Workflows
of stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the
Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and
operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows
the overall flow of control.

5.2.4 Sequence Diagram:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML)
is a kind of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in
what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart.

A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines ("lifelines"), different processes or

objects that live simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged
between them, in the order in which they occur. This allows the specification of simple
runtime scenarios in a graphical manner.

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Fig 5.2.4: Sequence diagram

5.2.5 Component diagram:

Component diagrams are essentially class diagrams that focus on a system's components that
often used to model the static implementation view of a system. It does not describe the

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functionality of the system.

Fig 5.2.5: Component diagram

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CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE

SOURCE CODE

%PROGRAM FOR SMART PARKING SYSYTEM

%made by -
%v.divya T.Pranathi
%P.vaishnavi K.sri krishna chaitanya
%k.yesaswini

image = imread('C:\Users\prana\Downloads\car.jpg'); %To read Cars parked in parking

area.
background = imread('C:\Users\prana\Downloads\bg.jpg'); %To read background image
or initial image of parking area
img = double(rgb2gray(image));%convert to gray
bg = double(rgb2gray(background));%convert 2nd image to gray
[height width] = size(img); %image size?
%ITS WORK FOR WHOLE PARKING SYSTEM
totalslot=36; %Given Total number of slot in the parking area.
%Foreground Detection
thresh=11;
fr_diff = abs(img-bg);
for j = 1:width
for k = 1:height
if (fr_diff(k,j)>thresh)
fg(k,j) = img(k,j);
else
fg(k,j) = 0;
end
end
end
park=sprintf('(Orignal Frame) Parking Area with %d slot',totalslot);
subplot(2,2,1) , imshow(image), title (park);
subplot(2,2,2) , imshow(mat2gray(img)), title ('converted Frame');
subplot(2,2,3) , imshow(mat2gray(bg)), title ('BACKGND Frame ');

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sd=imadjust(fg);% adjust the image intensity values to the color map

level=graythresh(sd);
m=imnoise(sd,'gaussian',0,0.025);% apply Gaussian noise
k=wiener2(m,[5,5]);%filtering using Weiner filter
bw=im2bw(k,level);
bw2=imfill(bw,'holes');
bw3 = bwareaopen(bw2,5000);
labeled = bwlabel(bw3,8);
%Blob measurements
blobMeasurements = regionprops(labeled,'all');
numberofcars = size(blobMeasurements, 1);
cars=sprintf('[FOREGROUND] , Total space available is %d',totalslot-numberofcars);
subplot(2,2,4) , imagesc(labeled), title (cars);
hold off;

%CONDITION TO CHECK THE VACANT SPACE

%IF YES then it divide it itno 6 parts as 6 LANEs are there then for each
%lane image processing is applied as before and lane with vacant space
%comes first with their space.
%LANE number are like
% LANE 1 LANE 2
% LANE 3 LANE 4
% LANE 5 LANE 6

if((totalslot-numberofcars)>0);
fprintf('You can enter into the parking area');
fprintf('\n Number of car present');
disp(numberofcars);% display number of cars
fprintf('Number of vacant space present present');
disp(totalslot-numberofcars);
fprintf('PARKING AREA STRUCTURE with LANE:- \n LANE 1\t\t LANE 2 ');
fprintf('\n LANE 3\t\t LANE4 \n LANE 5\t\t LANE 6');
%These code just divide the image of full parking area into 6 parts as 3
%rows and 2 coloums.
r3=int32(height/3);
c2=int32(width/2);
img1=img(1:r3,1:c2);
img2=img(1:r3,c2+1:end);
img3=img(1+r3:2*r3,1:c2);
img4=img(1+r3:2*r3,c2+1:end);
img5=img(2*r3+1:end,1:c2);

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img6=img(2*r3+1:end,c2+1:end);
imga={img1 img2 img3 img4 img5 img6}; %An Array iscreated which store 6 image.
bg1=bg(1:r3,1:c2);
bg2=bg(1:r3,c2+1:end);
bg3=bg(1+r3:2*r3,1:c2);
bg4=bg(1+r3:2*r3,c2+1:end);
bg5=bg(2*r3+1:end,1:c2);
bg6=bg(2*r3+1:end,c2+1:end);
bga={bg1 bg2 bg3 bg4 bg5 bg6};

% LOOP is taken from LANE 6 to LANE 1 for better understandibilty.

% And again previos process is taken for each lane for vacant space
% detection.
for a=6:-1:1
totalslota=6; %Also all variables are changed by adding a as suffix.
imgb=imga{a};

bgb=bga{a};
[heighta widtha] = size(imgb);
thresha=11;
fr_diffa = abs(imgb-bgb);
for j = 1:widtha
for k = 1:heighta
if (fr_diffa(k,j)>thresha)
fga(k,j) = imgb(k,j);
else
fga(k,j) = 0;
end
end
end

sda=imadjust(fga);% adjust the image intensity values to the color map

levela=graythresh(sda);
ma=imnoise(sda,'gaussian',0,0.025);% apply Gaussian noise
ka=wiener2(ma,[5,5]);%filtering using Weiner filter
bwa=im2bw(ka,level);
bw2a=imfill(bwa,'holes');
bw3a = bwareaopen(bw2a,5000);
labeleda = bwlabel(bw3a,8);

blobMeasurementsa = regionprops(labeleda,'all');

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numberofcarsa = size(blobMeasurementsa, 1);

%If lane is available with vacant slot then this statement is true and car will get its
direction.
if((totalslota-numberofcarsa)>0)
fprintf('\n \nGo to Lane %d',a);
fprintf('\n Number of car present');
disp(numberofcarsa);% display number of cars
fprintf('Number of vacant space present present');
disp(totalslota-numberofcarsa);
figure, subplot(2,2,1), imshow(image), title('Whole parking area');
lane=sprintf('Lane %d is availabe with vacant slot',a);
subplot(2,2,2) , imshow(mat2gray(imgb)), title (lane);
subplot(2,2,3) , imshow(mat2gray(bgb)), title ('BACKGND Frame ');
cars=sprintf('[FOREGROUND] , Total space available in lane %d is %d',a,totalslota-
numberofcarsa);
subplot(2,2,4) , imagesc(labeleda), title (cars);
hold off;
break;
end

end
else
fprintf('\n No space available in parking area.\n Exit');
% If whole parking area is full then this statement will execute.
end

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CHAPTER 7
RESULT ANALYSIS

OUTPUT:

The project was aimed in providing better and efficient way for parking vehicles by
detecting the slots available and intimating the same to the user was successfully performed.
The message posted on the internet social media such as SMS in Fig. A smart parking slot
detection is based on image processing have been tested and proposed. The results include
parking detection until some cars were parked.

Figure 5.1.1: Input Image

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Figure 5.1.2: Reference Image

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Result :

Figure 5.1.3: Output to display

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Figure 5.1.4: Parking structure

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Figure 5.1.5: Extracted Output

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RESULT ANALYSIS:

FIG: 5.1.6: Runtime Analysis

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8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion
This paper proposes the idea of a parking slot detection system based on image
processing that was designed and tested. It is an efficient way of comparing the reference
image and the captured image which simplifies the system. The conceptualization of this
paper is based on software instead of hardware which makes the system cheap to maintain
and implement. This system also makes the system free from wire hassles. The future work
could be complemented in providing secure parking and making the system work in
various environmental conditions. The system can not only be used in cities but can also be
used on highways, malls, etc. The feature of providing the internet messages can serve as
an advantage for the system.

Future scope

Smart Parking Management System using IOT would rely on massive data centers to
migrate, Replicate and store data. Future works should be enhancing the system remote
access using internet and data transmission for further analysis. More parameters can be
taken into account, thereby further improving the process of controlling the traffic. The
monitoring should be linked to the web server through a passive IP address in one port of
the receiving computer, thus making the architecture more scalable and robust..

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9. REFERENCES

[1] G.L.Foresti, C.Micheloni, and L.Snidaro, “Event Classification for Automatic Visual
based surveillance of Parking Lots”Proceeding of the 17th International Conference on
Pattern Recognition, pp. 1051-1081.

[2] C.H Lee, M.G.Wen, C.C Han, and D.C Kou, “An Automatic Monitoring Approach for
Unsupervised Parking Lots in Outdoors” Security Technology, 2005. CCST ’05. 39th
Annual 2005 International Carnahan Conference 11-14 Oct. 2005
Page(s):271 – 274

[3] Masaki, I., “Machine-vision systems for intelligent transportation systems” IEEE
Conference on Intelligent Transportation
System 13-6 P:24 - 31 Nov. 1998

[4] K. Ueda, I. Horiba, K. Ikeda, H. Onodera, and S. Ozawa, (1991). An algorithm for
detecting parking cars by the use of
Picture processing (1981), IEICE Trans. Information and Systems.vol.J74-D-I1. IO, pp.
1379-1389.

[5] M.Yachida, M. Asada, and S. Tsuji. Automatic Analysis of Moving Image. IEEE
Trans. Pattern Anal and Mach.Intell.
vol.PAM1-3(1) pp.12-19.

[6] Ms .Sayanti Banerjee, Ms. PallaviChoudekar and Prof. M. K. Muju. “Real time car
parking system using image processing,”
2011. IEEE, pp. 99-103.

[7] http://www.mathworks.com

[8] Rafael Gonsalves, Richard Woods and Steven Eddins, Digital Image Processing Using
MATLAB ®, 2ndEdition,2016,McGrawHillEducation.

[9] Ching-FeiYang, You-HueiJu, Chung-Ying Hsieh “Iparking -a real-time parking space

monitoring and guidingsystem”,Elsevier,pp.301-305.Apr-2017.

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[10] Fei-Yue Wang, Liu-Qing Yang, Fellow, Jian Yang,” Urban IntelligentParking system
based on Parallel Theory”, IEEE-ICNC, 2016.

[11] Fei-Yue Wang, Liu-Qing Yang, Fellow, Jian Yang, [2016],” UrbanIntelligent Parking
system based on Parallel Theory”, IEEEComputing, Networking and Communications,
Mobile Computing andVehicle Communications.

[12]TarekAlmahdi and chittrurivenkatratnum, [2016]”Intelligent automatedparking System

hacking intimation Features,”IEEE-computing andengineering.

[13] Huey-Der Chu, Yong-QuanYeh, Yi-Cheng Lin, Meng-hung Lai, Yi-JieLin, [2017],”
The Study Intelligent Roadside Park Charging Systems”,IEEE- International Conference
on Applied System Innovation,pp.1064-67.

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Srinivasa Institute Of Engineering And Technology CSE Page 45