QM (UM20MB502) - Unit 1; Introduction to Statistics – Formulae

QM (UM20MB502) - Unit 1

Introduction to Statistics – Formulae

Measures of Central tendencies

Individual Data Discrete Data Continuous Data
Arithmetic Direct
Mean ∑x ∑ fx ∑ fm
Formulae x̅ = x̅ = x̅ =
N ∑f ∑f

If N is Odd N+1 ℎ 𝑁
Number M=( ) term 𝑀 = 𝑙 + [ − 𝐶𝐹]
2
N+1 𝑓 2
Median M= ( ) term
2
If N is Even
N N
( 2 ) term +( 2 +1) term
CF = Cumulative frequency
Number M=
2

Lower ℎ 𝑁
Quartile N+1 N+1 𝑄1 = 𝑙 + [ − 𝐶𝐹]
𝑓 4
Q1 = ( ) term Q1 = ( ) term
4 4 CF = Cumulative frequency
Quartiles
Upper N+1 N+1 ℎ 3𝑁
Quartile Q3 = 3 ( ) term Q3 = 3 ( ) term 𝑄3 = 𝑙 + [ − 𝐶𝐹]
4 4 𝑓 4
CF = Cumulative frequency
Individual Data Discrete Data Continuous Data
Decile Dx
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 QM (UM20MB502) - Unit 1; Introduction to Statistics – Formulae

N+1 N+1 ℎ 𝑥𝑁
Dx = x ( ) term Dx = x ( ) term 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑙 + [ − 𝐶𝐹]
10 10 𝑓 10
CF = Cumulative frequency
ℎ 𝑥𝑁
N+1 N+1 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑙 + [ − 𝐶𝐹]
𝑓 100
Percentile Py Py = y ( ) term Py = y ( ) term
100 100
CF = Cumulative frequency
fm − fm−1
Z = Term with Highest Z = Term with Highest Z = l + h( )
Mode 2fm − fm−1 − fm+1
Frequency Frequency
Empirical Formula of
Z = 3M − 2 x̅
Mean, Median and Mode

Measures of Dispersion
Absolute Measures Relative Measures

R= L−S L−S
Range Coef. of R =
L+S

Inter Quartile Range Q 3 − Q1

IQR = Q 3 − Q1
(IQR) Coef. of IQR =
Q 3 + Q1
Semi Inter Quartile Q 3 − Q1 Q 3 − Q1
Range (SIQR) or SIQR = Coef. of (SIQR) QD =
2 Q 3 + Q1
Quartile Deviation (QD)

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 QM (UM20MB502) - Unit 1; Introduction to Statistics – Formulae

Individual Data Discrete / Continuous Data

Absolute Measures Relative Measures
Individual Data Discrete / Continuous Data
σ
∑(x − x̅)2 ∑ f(x − x̅)2 Coef. of S. D (σ) =
σ= √ σ= √ x̅
N ∑f
Standard Deviation
Coef. of Variation (%)
σ
CoV = ∗ 100
x̅
Variance V = σ2
Measures of Skewness

Absolute Measures Relative Measures

x̅ − Z
Coef of SK P =
σ
Karl Pearson’s Skewess SK P = x̅ − Z
(SKP) 3(x̅ − M)
Coef of SK P =
σ

3|Page Compiled by: Prof. K S Deepika, MBA Dept., PES University

 QM (UM20MB502) - Unit 1; Introduction to Statistics – Formulae

4|Page Compiled by: Prof. K S Deepika, MBA Dept., PES University