Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures (Equivalent Lateral Load

Method)
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
2. The design spectral accelerations, represented by the terms SD1
and SDS, may be determined from seismic maps. Such maps provide
the estimated intensities of design earthquakes with T=1 second (SDl)
and with T= 0.2 seconds (SDS).

• The numbers obtained represent proportions of g, the gravitational

acceleration.
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
Where
• Fa= Acceleration based site coefficient
• Fv= Velocity based site coefficient

• For site classification, refer Table 9.4.1.2

EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
• When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to
determine the Site Class, Class D shall be used.
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
3. The response modification factor is used to estimate the ability of a
structure to resist seismic forces.
• Its value varies from 1.25 up to 8 with the high values applicable to
ductile structures and the lower values applicable to brittle
structures.
• For structures with reinforced concrete shear walls, R values of about
4 are used while for structural steel frames and for reinforced
concrete frames with rigid joints, R will equal approximately 8.
• Other values are provided in ASCE 7-02. The larger the R value; the
smaller will be the computed seismic design forces.
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4. The importance factor, I, of a structure provides a measure of the

consequences of failure.
• The higher the number, the more important the structure. For
instance, ASCE 7-02 provides a value of 1.5 for hospitals, police
stations, and other public buildings but only 1.0 for office buildings.
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5. The effective seismic weight of a building, W, includes the total
dead load of the structure plus applicable portions of other loads. For
instance, a minimum of 25% of floor live loads must be included along
with a 10 psf allowance for partitions if they are present. Furthermore,
W must include the total weight of permanent equipment. Also where
flat roof snow loads exceed 30 psf, 20 percent of the snow load is
included in the seismic weight.
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
• W = the effective seismic weight of the structure, including the total
dead load and other loads listed below:
1. In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25% of the floor live load
(floor live load in public garages and open parking structures need not
be included.)
2. Where an allowance for partition load is included in the floor load
design, the actual partition weight or a minimum weight of 10 psf (0.48
kN/m2) of floor area, whichever is greater.
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
3. Total operating weight of permanent equipment.
4. 20% of flat roof snow load where flat roof snow load exceeds 30 psf
(1.44 kN/m2).
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
6. The ASCE 7-02 specification in its Section 9.5.4 provides the
following expression for estimating the total static lateral base shear in
a given direction for a building.
𝑆𝐷𝑆
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅
( ൗ𝐼 )

Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force on the base of the
structure due to seismic activity.
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
𝑆𝐷1
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊
𝑇(𝑅ൗ𝐼 )

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.044𝑆𝐷𝑆 𝐼𝑊
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
7. The portion of the base shear V to be distributed to a particular floor
is determined with the following equation:
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
Where:
• Fx = lateral seismic force to be applied to level x.
• wi and wx = the weights assigned to levels i and x.
• hi and hx = height of levels i and x.
• n = floor level in question.
EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
• k = a distribution exponent related to the fundamental natural period
of the structure in question. If T is 0.5 seconds or less, k = 1.0.
• Should T be > 0.5 seconds and 2.5 seconds, k can be determined
from the expression to follow. If T>2.5 seconds, k = 2.0.
Example
EXAMPLE
Determine the seismic force and seismic shear for six story concrete
special moment-resisting frame building located in the area of high
seismic risk where Ss=1.5g and S1=0.6g, on the soil class B. The story
heights are all 12’ and the story weights are all 1700K. Check the lateral
deformation of the structure. Building elevation is given in next slide.
Front Elevation Isometric view
SOLUTION
•
Story Drift
Displacement of one story with respect to another story

Story Displacement
Displacement of story with respect to base of the structure