in

Microbes Human
Welfare Methanogens
-

anaerobically -
cellulose -

in
produce cHu+Wz+Hz
proteinaceous mettahobaeteeiuns
found
°
Prions -

eg
:
sludge ; rumenoftaule
Bacteria show
flagella 50, ooo × tank
biogas plant ( 10-15feet deep>
-

Adenovirus
respiratory infection added
swag
drag tech Indies
-
-
as .

Rod Indian Research Inst

Biogen Ngaio
Tobacco MV 1100700 450.000 " die -6 IARI
shaped
-

- -
- - .

lactobacillus Vit But check & KUC Khadi &

Village Industries Common
LAB
pathogens stomach
-
- -

health
Bakers Yeast -
Sau . . . cerevisiae
faunas believe -

biodiversity furthers .

checks
Toddy system balances
south India create &
ferment palm sap
-
-
-

shohrnahi '
chemicals
Swiss cheese Propionic bacterium
_
conventional
fawning _ kill microbes using
Roquefort
cheese
fungi penicillium roquefort
-

Camembert
ladybird
-
kill aphids
cheese
Camembert
Dragonflies mosquitoes
" " "
- -

Brewers Yeast -
Sach .
Arenivas
thuringiensisdried (Bt) butterfly
Bacillus -
-
cattapillaes
Ethanol -

ferment
malt cereal
feuit Juice e-
spores sprayed
on
fruited
brassieres ,

by laewaeioninorkdgut
wine beer - without distillation ↳ eaten

only kills caterpillars

with
whisky brandy , ,
rum -
"
↳

Penicillium
Alexander Flaming staphylococci trichoderma for plant disease treatment
Fugue
- notation - -

not
glow -
penicillin -
Ernest chain ,
Howard Florio ↳ common in root
systems
1945 Baculovoiuees attack insects and other
prize pathogens
All 3 - nobel -

Cbalibhanei) , diphtheria
plague whooping arthropods
•
couch .

cgalghota leprosy Cknshtroes) genus Nucleopolytedioreus

baculovieuses
Majority
ale
,

Acid producers - -
best
for species-specific narrow spectrum ,

Aten acid
Aspergillus nigel insecticidal applications veimpactonaontageti.at
"

fringe
- - _
no -

Acetic acid -
Autoloader aceti -
bacteria - desirable
for saving
insects

> peogeaame
beneficial CIPM
butyric
acid Clostridium bytyliaum bacteria
for Management
Integrated pest
.
- -

Lactobacillus - Lactic acid -

n or
treating ecologically sensitive old

organism .( bacteria fungi cyanobacteri)

Biofeetihéees root nodules a
stain
lipases detergent oily
-
+ are , ,

pectinate proteases clarify juices Rhizobium leguminous plants

}
-

Not
-

Agospirillum Agotobactoer flee living

-9
streptokinase Steeptocoeus -

modified by aartcñngr ,
in soil -

organicforms
myocardial infarction Glomus
clot in patient plants
Mycorrhiza Fungi Genus
- bustier -
+

cyclosporine A- Trichoderma
pohgsporuonlfutg'D absorbs 'd
Phosphorous ↓
↳
immunosuppressive agent organtransplant
-
patients soil b-
plant such associates show
statins Monarcas cholesterol resistance to root bovine pathogens
yeast purpureus lower
-
-
• ,

b- &
by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis enzyme
.
• tolerance
salinity drought
& sedimentation overall
Primary treatment
filtration increase in plant geooth .

- •

a
debrief Oscillation
floating grit (soil pebbled ,
Nhabaeha, Nostoc ,
-

fin No Cyanobacteria
→

solids settle -10 sludge supernatant effluent used in

paddy fields £
-

add
2° / Biological determent Blue
green algae organic matter
soil
- -

cellular
idli
fomentation
→
coz
flocs
bacteria
fungi dosa
ÑÑᵈʰ
+ -
→
""
-

Bop Biochemical demand miieovbes

Sewage
T Plants
ioaygen > 100
yean
. .
.

_ -
_

BOD a
polluting potential want water d

Activated
sludgechest -

baeletialflocsedimeets
taken to iaaaehobie
sludge
.

Microbes kill pests called biocontrol .

↳
nfteeuioculwm ,

digesters
Biogas Utu Hzs , coz
-

Ministry of Environment and Faults started

Action Plan
•

•
Ganga
lfahlllhll ''
' I

bulid ( sewage treatment Plaits

large
-
no .
HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
good
Acquired eniihruhetg pathogen specific -

Hippocrates Kumar hypothesis

Indian
nyuived Bilymphiocytes T
lymphocytes
-

, -

Blood circulation William

Harvey -
Nui
body
molecule 4 peptide -
-2 small light chain
-

neural endocrine immune

maid
influences syftem talk into
long heavy
dad
-
-
-
-

in and ↓
Health creates
longevity Infant &mataᵈ↓
antibody His
-

cancer
major cause
of death
Types IgA IgM IgE Iga
.
-
-

, , ,

parasites morphological functional

bacteria damage
aahd blood Pohl
-

antibodies humoral -
- immune see

Salmonella
typhi typhoid -
- -
small intake 1-
lymphocytes
-
cell mediated response CcMI)
contaminated )
through food , Huo ,
attained
high fever 708°C yellowish
fluid adulterant - initial
days
lactation
IgA
②weakened constipation ④headache of appetite to
fetus ltuaglo placates
•
,
Antibody
intestinal
perforation & death Antibodies -
Ahtitoaih -
tetanus .

Mary Mahon
typhoid
-
Mary . RDNA tech -

antigenic polypeptides of pathogen

bacteria
yeast
Pneumonia -

Streptococcus pneumonia Haemophilus influenzae ,

hepatitis B vaccine -

yeast
-

bwʰ%MʰÑveoli )
Allergy
headache antibodies
fever
chills ,
cough IgE
-
-

diseases
diphtheria bacterial
Dysenty plague common Allergy : chemical histamine serotonin
feommaetulle
-
- .
-
,
, ,

Rhino viruses cold -

,
nose , oetpeiatoey pad .
Antihistamine ,
adrenalin ,
steroids - reduce
allergy
foreign
3-1
days
-
nasal
congestion , sore throat, hoarseness,
cough ,
headache , bared
acquired immunity higher validates differentiate
Memoryimmune diseall org from self
- -

Toiedhlb Auto Rheumatoid althutetl -

Malaria - D. vivax ; D. malaria ,

D.
falciparum ,
most serious
lymphoid Organs -
origin maturation , ,
proliferation lymphocytes -

infectious form sporozoites , Anopheles p i. , ,

- bone
Hymie
marrow , ,
immature sensitive to
antigen lymphomas
haemogoin
-

fever 3-4
days . 2° i -
n
-

spleen
model
,
lymph raid
/ toilets ,
Perfect patties
of
small intestine appendix
sporozoites
-

salivary garde
old
Parasites reproduce
asexually in RBCs .

,
here interact ioilh
antigen proliferate effector
,
_ .

in RBCE
lymphocytes
main production
gametocytes futlisation
in
gut bone maeow
organ ,
. -

shrinkstill pnhaty
hmoebias.es Amoebic
dysentery Entamoeba hit
thymus tout , beneath breastbone
-

-
.
. - lobed , near
-

① constipation ② abdominal pain ③ clamps shaped

large lymphocytes RBCphagocytes
bean
ihtesine spleen +

large
-
-

-
, ,

stools with and blood clots blood , blood microbes

⑥ mucus
filter of taps oesewoil
.

Food water with

faecal matter -

houseflies lymph
nodes - small solid sketched
lymphatic syetens
Asians ascariasis ( roundworm) herniate,
tap miaoldt enter
lymph itiseuefliud
-

anemia, block in
•
internal
bleeding ,
muscular pain ,
fever , intestine
MALT -
mucosa
lymphoid tissue lining of
abeoeiated -

faeces contaminated foodvessel Tidende respiratory digestive iuhogutialtaet -50%1 body ) bjuphoidttuo
in
eggs parasite
,
,

Wachovia baaofti Wrmalayi lymphaticgenital ᵈᵈÑⁿ

&
inflator -

,
&
elephantiasis ifihaiissie Aids -
it deported 1981 ,
killed > 25 million

by female mosquito
rectal retroviral
HIV -

anemia iaukemia
Fungi Microgram Trichophyton ñpidanrophyton ringwood Repeated blood
transfusion - accidents ,
surgery ,
-

canal
-
-
, , .

day moist
scaly lesions skein nails
itching
scalps
Infection to Aids
symptoms
b-
toyed
- -

, , , /
,

all uilusel replicated

&
gearin toll
Infected
can survive while -

aenoebiates ascaeiaies
food contaminant
released
Typhoid
-

,
.

Malaria
filaeiaut
rectal
Macrophage Reverse TranscriptionTeansoiptaeengycne)
Body
- -
,

fish
lawal
Gambusia -
-

mosquito - DNA
formed Factory -
into host cell DNA -

replicate -
HIV

Aedes mosquito -

dengue
&
chikungunya Hiv lT* )
enters mouth views 'ᵗᵗÑpeeT lymphocytes -

progeny
-
-

smallpore eradicated attacked declares diarrhea

1- no
fever weight love
-

,
- -
* ,
vaccines
polio diphtheria
, , pneumonia tetanus - have _

infection affected Ike -

bacteria (
Myobacteiurn viruses fungi palates , ,

Innate Immunity like Tonoplaltn .

Skin epith ☒k biked

d) physical Ravine mucus help
gastro int
Hogen Tat Aids ainmuhosolbeht
allay
-

Diagnostic
Eusa
-

:
enzyme
-
-
. -
. -
.

saliva Montreal afl

* Physiological stomach acid retroviral
drugs partially effective
-

.
-
,

polymorphonuclear water ) like PMNL Aids Control Cibalia ]

leukocytes National
wk
Cellular Naco
Org
" -
- - .

monocytes natuailkillaeklgmphoaftll macrophages

them
-

, / contact inhibition - normal cells

speed
.

↳ Cwik not
allies
interferon Benign
☒)
cytokine of
-

cells tumors -
-

makes
-

Malignant mail
of peobfetatug
-
-

cells -

neoplastic / btthoecell .
 neoplastic cells compete iodh normal cells
for hutments period 12-18
Adolescence years
-

cells other
body part
sloughed from tumors
spread to curiosity -

deep
alcohol use

Addiction
metastatic euphoria temporary feeling of wellbeing
_ -
-

carcinogens
-

physical ,
chemical
etiological agate cauuoaae .

tidings , receptor tolerance

radiation
tray withdrawal
syndrome anxiety shattered nausea
sweating
Ionising
-

✗
rage
• , ,
, ,
,

• Non " "

,
VV radiation E- restive
drugs
_ coma
,
death -
die
respiratory failing
Chemical
failure hemorrhage
tobacco smoke lung cancer clrlblal
• -
-

heart .

Cancer
causing
viruses
oncogenic rivulet
genes
vial
Drugs intravenously syhehges MDs hepatitis B.
-
• -

,
-
-

oncogenes
.

chronic we -

dings -
neurone
system ,
lives Cekehous )
•
Ilulae
oncogenes (
c-
ong -
or
photo oncogenes -

genes during pregnancy affects flatus .

anabolic steroids
Oh activation
- cancer sportsperson - narcotic analgesics , ,

diuretics hormones
muulesatagttrbaldiaggeaioeael
to violate
cancel detect -

biopsy &
histopathological studies ,
blood, bone maroon ,

leukemia
effect ofmassculinoisatron
Annealed cell count -
side Anabolic steroids :

tissue cutᵗÉ%Tʰ icloscopd hislop by pathologic ①females aggeuioe mood

↑
swings depletion
Biopsy
- . . . .

- _ _

, ,
,
,

abnormal menstrual
radiography cycler twin growth
X dilous
rays enlargement
-

• , ,

3D image
tomography deepening voice
✗
CT
computed Many rage
-

- -
.

Resonance Imaging TB & ionising radiation

MRI
Magnetic non
② Males awe ↑
aggrieve mood
swig depletion
sigetestidg
-
•
↓
_
_

, , /
, .

antibodies
against specific antigens cancel production kidney liver
detect and
spasm failure brent
enlargement,
-

,
, ,

enlargement of
baldhlll,
Molecular
biology genetic identify avoid carcinogens premature prostate gland
- -
- .

Treatment :
bulgag radiation therapy immunotherapy
, a
In adolescent, inueaeed
facial body ache
,
douueofgeowth clhttll

tailors , anemia
dhuge eidefflct ↳ started
gtolh
-
-

patient -
bio heeponee modifier Linteifaoh - - activate prevention & Controls
immune system tumor it avoid undue
-

destroy peer peewee

Majority dlugl -

flowering plait ,
some
fagg
-
Education &
Counselling
Opioids opioid receptor
- CNS - &
gastrointestinal lead iii.)
Seeking help from paeealt & peels
Heroine (smacks
diacetylmorphine while ododell , bitter crystalline *
hoofing for danger sigil
-
_

, .

↳ Acetylation of morphine
Morphine -
lathe
of poppy pout Dapaveesoainfaeins
- c)
Seeking professional medical
help .

snoeteig injection
Mode : ,
-
tears have antimicrobial substances
antibodies [ humoral helponly
body functions
heroin stool down
depressant -
,

cahiibiiord Cahhebooioid receptor

-
brain -
cell Cell M
keep one
]
Naturally inflorescence (cannabis saliva
] Immune
system memory
-
-

bailee , hashish
lombntn
of
it
flowertops ,
risen -

Marijuana ,
,

caedioraeaelae
Cheval inhalation , ligation *
ganja → Mode : oral
system
Coca alkaloid Coca
ñrytheongluomcoca
or cocaine -

plant -

South
↳ America

interferes ltahepoit heulothahtmitkt

•

dopamine
- -

cocaine / Coke / back - snorted

CNS euphoria eeiaeaiedeaeegy excessive hallucinate

-

-
-

, ,

nttopa belladonna datura hallucination

,
-

cawhilahoidb -

sportsperson
baebdiuatt , aphelan-uhesibehgodiaphenet-duepueeiohhuisoau.ae
sedative ,
Morphine -

painkiller
chewed
Tobacco -
smoked ,
,
snuff > 400
years
- nicotine Can alkaloid - stimulates adrenal
glad ,

adrenaline not adhlhaliho raise bp & heart rate

release
-

, ,

smoking conceit of lung okihaegbcadddThroat bronchitis

-
, ,

ulcer
heart deéeaee
emphysema coronary oral gastric
.

, ,

chew
Tobacco _

cavity cancer

smoking
- ↑ co in blood ↓ Oz -
Oz
deficiency .
 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODN Bees pollinate →
sunflowers Brassica , , Apple , pear
MD fields
during flownehtg
'

behind :
fisheries dealing -
, catkin
of fin
selling china ,
molluscs, austaaaae
Cshellfish) keeping
unweave
igeeld
pollination &
implores
70% worlds livestock -
India +
Fishery -
catching processing , selling offish / .

Dohn
but
25% contribution worbld
farm , lowpeodtrtglñmt Freshwater Cata
fishes Hilla
- common
caep
, ,

Marine faith saeduies Mackerel Pomfrets

Milk
yield quality of breeds
-

- , , ,

resistance today Fisheries limp Jos economy coastal

bleeds
high yielding potential region
good
-
- - . _

all
well honed cattle
, quality /quantity fodder -

cleanliness aguakultuhl -

healing ,
culture
of aquatic my
of
"

pisciculture
" fish
milking storage doctor
-

, transport, vet

fool (birds) of freshwater organisms

These ↑ prods marine
eat egfl
Poultry
or
.

-
domesticated - Hoo

Blue revolution
ducks (
Matty) , turkey geese something
-

Chicken
Eg
.

: ,
knitted
,

Bild
fluhusbandry virus -

( influenza virus
) Traditional
farming -
bromate

Animal -

uiaeaiugaaeaibelated
animals
atyieldhieuprodosieable qualities
Plant bleeding evidence
,
9000-11000
oyeaeeago
breed -

ofoup of by descent Claesical plant dreading -

domestication -

crossing pure lines

ai seen
civitas most characters & artificial
Inbhleduig
Plant Breed
Programmer government iuistne & commercial companies
-

same
type bleeding g-6 generations
-

sapeuot females feomeachgen Stope

superior males × .

milk percolation is Collin

of variability prerequisite for effectiveporn
-

cow -

superior female -
more

in
gives
superior male -
bull -

superior progeny .
enploitattois of natural
the
gruel
available
plahltlseede
entire
Inbreeding ↑
homozygosity to
get pauline Germplasm collection :

alleles
collage
having all
divine
-
reactive
harmful genes
'
elaiuiated
by
selection
for puntinggehel all

eheated whoever desirable

Continued ibeeedeag _

wheedling depletion _

eednceefatiletg
& peoductircty
*) Erath I select
of parents -

D Goss Tedious proof

with superior breed undated
hybridisation pollen kept stigma -

selected same some problem -

thousand
few hurdled
show coaibetateoo
Outbidding in
4-6 closes
ancestor
aoielhg
out 1 to
common
no
gon
-
- -

inbreeding
testing
ahenialt
of superior recombinant
Sukh outdoes overcomes ivlselecthahd
depeeaion
- -

evaluation
diff bleeds - eeoee
bleeding -

scientific of progeny
Hviaedale -

sheep bleed -

puhjabby self pollinated get hymogggoeilysottot

to

Bikanesieuees ✗ Marino rams character don't in

separate progeny .

d)
of
commercialisation cultivars
u species
-

interspecific hgbeidieahr Testing iheleaee new

evaluations
mule -
horse and donkey
a _
research
field
controlled breeding eat
by artificial
insinuation _
3
growing season in
fawn
& all
ageocdimatic
mate when the is
single chop
bull cool
grown
semen
many goner
.

: •
.

•
problem oftransportation _
material evaluated - local clop cultivar - check/
refutation .

• low temp
for future an Agriculture
-
33% India GDP
MOET -

Multiple Transfer
Ovulation Technology
maturation
↳
employ 62% population
injected like
hormone
follicular
"

high yielding
FSH
cow -

varieties _ mid 1960s -

Green Rev
and ovulation instead 6- •
super legg eggs Indian
hybrid oops, Mavin
- -

2Ñthddr- 5534967)
fertilisation _
thaws
Jared non
surgically to suthogak -
Wheat -
HDI

Genetic mother another round

of super ovulation _

Garden peat - P 1542

High milk
yielding breeds
high quality Clean meat 196-0-2000 wheat prdn 11 Millen tonne -75mn town
•
•
wheat rice -

short-line 89-5 " "

less lipid violate had
siege evil "
with balls • ,
in 35 " -

Nobel laureate - Norman E .

Borlaug at Intl Centre for

medicine win
Beekeeping / Apiculture wheat Maigo prominent / Mexico developed
honey and
someday wheat
- -

& Poltlhlt
honeybee
cosmetics
-
belswdd - .

1963 - Sohalika /
Kalyan Sona -
AYLA Ruis wheat nitida

oflabour
wild shrubs
Beekeeping -
beepastuhes , feint elhidg •
semi
dwarf
dice varieties
from
IR -8
, (developed at

not ihtlhl.ir
cultivated oops , Inte Rice Research Institute / Philippus ) and
Taichung Native I
-

Points snootful
forbeekeepers introduced
Common bee -

* indices ← (Taiwan) -
1966

knowledge of natured habitats of bees C) Hardline collection

of India developed Jaya Ratana dwarf varieties
semi
-

d) ,
,
&blᵈⁿʰ
beehives honey
of and suitable location for Saccharum Saccharum officiousness
:

lsugaeceiae
selector : barbell ✗

Catching hiring sroauntlghoapof

bell )
North India south India

season poor & yield thick

high sugar yield
Management of
beehives
dating diff sugar
cahtgeoeonorch
but chose can
 jowar bajha India
people wold not adequate food
Hybridwatermaize
mln in
Millet quo
-

: -
, ,

HYV , stress eetisbut vitamin

deficiencies oh hidden
hunger
Diet lack, Fe ,
Vita ,
I , Zn
,
↑ disease trlifespantemehtal
abilities

Gop dosed - 20 -
30% a total

fungi fortification breeding crops for

Diseases Melt brown rust wheat bio
:
- -
-

Protein ↑ Oil ↑ iii ] Vitt Micronutrients

heel rot
sugahcahl d)
& Nwiaalt
Walt
blight potato
bacteria black
crucifers 2( aminoa-uds.ly sans tryptophan]
hytadl
dot " 2000
maize
-
,
/

vihusll - tobacco mosaic

, turnip mosaic
Wheat variety ,
Attar 66
,
high protein , for culti.int
donor what
-_5CIe than consumed
Breeding for disease
ddlistahtce )
Iron
fortified rice variety commonly
banning gehnplaom hybridisation validus
seleetnahdevalnof hybrids
, ,
Indian
Agricultural Research Institute ,
New

pumpkin
believed :

testing , release
of new Vit A
Vit
enriched aerate , spinach ,

batohneu , mustardtomato
bitter
good
"
c ,

and btilhuoo
Feb car enriched spinach
protein enriched beans -
broad
,
lablab ,
Frenchtgalpdenas

-1kg aminalfaemug
10kgworldgrain
3- meat →

malnutrition
25% population hunger
-

single
cell
pecten (SCP) alternate -
source
for protein
Microbes
of protein
good
_
source

like Spieulluia
Blue
green algae -

growncaebsivits
Watten dteto ( containing slaved - rich in
Prot minifat
, ,

Mutation
genetic
variation
-

through doege and reduce environ .

pollution
in ball sequence gone
.
Bacteria
Methytophilusmoethylotrophrs high
-

,
rate

of
radiations ( Troye
) biomass
Mutations
artificially prodn 25 tonnes protein
-
-
-

Mung bean -
resistant to
yellow mosaic virus Mushroom -

fungi
mutations Culture
powdery
mildew
throughin bhihdi
Tissue :

→Resistance to
yellow
mosaic views
diving 1950s planet regenerated from exploits
, ,

esculenta)
ltahlfalld from of
'

wild
( Nbelmosehus
any
part plant test tube wuteitive media
a
, ,

species called plait from all /oaplaat

_
new variety of A. aculeatus *
tiopotehey generate
-whole

Drabhahi Khahti Nutrient medium -

Carbon source such as suction
,

Transfer of
Mistake
goal by
sexual
hefveidisatioo inorganic
salts , rit ,
amino acids
growth regulator ,
btw targets some plant
followed by sewn auniht ,
aforetime
Miao pro
propagation
-
Lto Mandl of
"
plants by tissue culture
leaves eeeistancl b-jared's uioottoeo identical
Hairy These plants
genetically
to old somadohd
- -

cereal beetle wheat

leaf
in
Eu :
apple ,
banana
,
tomato Itc .

In wheat, solid stems - non

preference stem
sandy 1g plant infected
with views
Capical axillary> maiden is
,

smooth leaved nectallllt cotton Valletta do not

feel
,
remove matters aid
geow
in-vitro ieasfeeeplaett -
✓

attract bollworms banana,

Eg potato etc
sugarcane
:
, .

High aspartic acid , town &

sugar
in
niaege After digesting cell wall
,
- desist
maize
stent bowls . Isolated protoplatts too
differ pleat on
fuse
get hybrid protoplast
into pouts
to glower
-

hybridisation
old plants
-
somatic are somatic
hyoids
tomato + potato → poenato
↳ not have all desired characteristic

for commercial civilisations

Ramnad
management forty
Animal
hvsbahdag practices
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animal breeding
Intro
Tissue culture / somatic
hifoeidisatiois
& chickens
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Improved breed
of cattle
Seeley Leghorn
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