2021 International Conference on Automation, Control and Mechatronics for Industry 4.
0 (ACMI), 8-9 July 2021, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Cardiac Disorder Detection based on Features
Analysis and CNN in GUI from ECG Signals
2021 International Conference on Automation, Control and Mechatronics for Industry 4.0 (ACMI) | 978-1-6654-3843-8/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ACMI53878.2021.9528206
Shadhon Chandra Mohonta Kusum Tara
Department of Electrical & Electronic Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology Technology
Rajshahi, Bangladesh Rajshahi, Bangladesh
shadhonmohonta@gmail.com ikusumtara@gmail.com
Abstract— The detection of cardiac diseases is very
important to prevent early cardiac death. The
electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is an informative as well as
non-invasive clinical tool to diagnose such diseases of the human
heart. In this paper, a MATLAB based graphical user interface
(GUI) has been developed, and scrupulous attention has been
paid for cardiac signal processing to distinguish the subject with
malignant ventricular ectopy (MVE) from one having normal
sinus rhythm (NSR). Here, long-duration ECG segments of 60
seconds have been considered from the MIT-BIH database, and
different analytical approaches have been conducted
throughout the study. In heart rate variability (HRV) analysis,
significant variations of heart rate have been observed for the
subjects with MVE compared to NSR. Afterward, from linear
analysis, the extracted time-domain and frequency-domain
features of each subject provide divergent numerical values to
differentiate these two classes effectively. Also, the numerical
values of these features have been displayed in GUI which
provides an overall picture of a subject’s heart condition in a
single window. Moreover, time-frequency analysis of ECG
signals has been carried out using continuous wavelet transform
(CWT) that also categorizes particular heart diseases
significantly. In addition, the incorporation of a convolutional
neural network (CNN) in the GUI is a novel approach that
facilitates the arrhythmia detection and classification process.
Here, the CWT scalogram image of ECG signal of a particular
subject has been used as input in CNN which identifies the
subject suffering from MVE or not with 100% accuracy.
Keywords— malignant ventricular ectopy, graphical user
interface (GUI), HRV, time-frequency anlaysis, CNN
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is very effective and efficient
signal that contains details information about the function of
the human heart. It is also used as a non-invasive clinical tool
to diagnosis cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia, atrial
fibrillation, supraventricular arrhythmia, malignant
ventricular ectropy etc. Irregular rhythm also known as
arrhythmia may lead to sudden cardiac arrest or stroke [1]. As
the analysis and monitoring of arrhythmias from long term
and short term recordings are time consuming, researchers
have also proposed ultra-short-term periods of 10 s [2], 30 s
[3], and 60 s [4] for cardiac disease detection. In addition,
various steps such as pre-processing for the elimination of
different noise, P wave and QRS complex detection, features
extraction and classification are implemented in several heart
disease classification techniques.
In literature, different feature extraction techniques
include time-domain analysis [5, 6], frequency-domain
analysis [7], and time-frequency domain analysis [8, 9]. Also,
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Md. Firoj Ali
Department of Mechatronics
Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology
Rajshahi, Bangladesh
eeemfa07@gmail.com
tunable Q-wavelet based features have been extracted from
ECG signals, and used for the support vector machine
classifier to classify cardiac arrhythmia [10]. Moreover,
wireless and wearable sensors as well as computer-aided
technologies are emerging trends, assist physicians to
diagnosis such diseases, in healthcare applications. A wireless
body sensor network (WBSN) has been implemented to
extract ECG features for the detection of atrial fibrillation
[11]. A cardiac state-inducing prototype and MATLAB-based
graphical user interface (GUI) have been developed to analyze
the psychological working competency from ECG signal [12].
An IoT-cloud based wearable ECG monitoring system has
been developed to aid in the primary diagnosis of certain heart
diseases [13]. Recently, convolutional neural network has
been exploited for the classification of various cardiac
diseases using extracted heartbeat features [14-16].
Furthermore, both time-frequency approach and
convolutional neural network have been used to detect various
arrhythmias for dynamic ECG monitoring [17]. So it is
evident that the diagnosis of arrhythmias is limited to
arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, or supraventricular arrhythmia,
and the detection of malignant ventricular ectopy is rare in the
literature.
In this work, a graphical user interface (GUI) has been
designed on the MATLAB platform that diagnoses the loaded
ECG signal and distinguishes the patients with malignant
ventricular ectopy from the normal one. Here, various figure’s
options such as original ECG signal, filtered signal, detected
P wave and QRS complex, HRV, CWT scalogram have been
implemented and can be plotted separately in this GUI
window to visualize the conditions of the patient’s heart.
Moreover, linear features (i.e. time-domain and frequency-
domain) have been integrated with this GUI platform to
display the numerical values of corresponding features.
Furthermore, a CNN has been included for the first time in the
GUI platform which takes the CWT scalogram of a particular
subject as a test image, and detects the cardiac class of that
subject. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows:
the second section describes the methodology of the proposed
diagnosis. The results and comprehensive discussion part are
depicted in the third section. Finally, the fourth section
concludes the paper.
II. METHODOLOGY
The complete layout of this work is shown in Fig. 1, which
comprises of seven steps: (i) Data acquisition, (ii) Analysis in
Graphical User Interface (GUI), (iii) pre-processing stage, (iv)
detection of the P wave and QRS complex, (v) linear analysis,
(vi) time-frequency analysis, and (vii) Classification.
 Data Aquisition

Preprocessing Stage
Analysis in Graphical-User Interface (GUI)

Time-frequency Signal Processing and

Analysis Features Exaction

Linear Analysis

Time-domain Frequency-domain
Analysis Analysis

Scalogram Plot
Extracted Features

Fig. 2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) for arrhythmia detection.

Classifier

C. Pre-processing stage
Cardiac Disease Detection The recorded ECG segments assimilated with the
unwanted artifact, baseline wander, and noise that need to be
filtered for smooth cardiac monitoring. Here, moving average
filter has been used as low pass, high pass, and derivative base
Fig. 1. Complete layout of ECG diagnosis.
filter to filter the signal. First, the numerator and denominator
A. Data Acquisition coefficients for the rational transfer function of low pass and
high pass filter have been computed for a window size 32 to
In this study, the ECG recordings have been collected from remove unwanted artifact and noise. However, those
the MIT-BIH database, available in Physionet [18]. Two types coefficients for the derivative base filter have been computed
of ECG recordings from lead II have been considered i.e. first for a window size 4 to remove the baseline wander. The
recordings are from MIT-BIH normal sinus rhythm database, selection of window size has been done by trial and error
and another recordings are from MIT-BIH malignant method.
ventricular ectopy database. The MIT-BIH normal sinus
rhythm database includes 18 long-term ECG recordings of D. Detection of P wave and QRS complex
subjects which include 5 men, aged 26 to 45, and 13 women, The P wave and QRS complex of ECG signal hold
aged 20 to 50. The MIT-BIH malignant ventricular ectopy important information where P wave represents the sequential
arrhythmia database contains 22 half-hour ECG recordings of activation of the right and left atria while the QRS complex
subjects, sampled at 250 Hz. In this analysis, five subjects represent the activation of the right and left ventricles.
have been randomly considered from each class of the MIT- Therefore, irregularity or loss of cardiac rhythm, also called
BIH database. Then, the first 60 seconds of ECG signal has arrhythmia, is diagnosed according to the abnormalities in P
been segmented from each class of subjects. Therefore, ECG wave and QRS complex. In normal condition, the height of P
segments (duration of 60 seconds) of a total 10 subjects have wave is up to 2.5 mm (or 0.25 mV) and duration is between
been used as input for the GUI developed in MATLAB 0.08 – 0.12 sec, and for the QRS complex the duration is less
platform. than 0.12 sec (more specifically interval is between 0.08 and
B. Analysis in Graphical User Interface (GUI) 0.10 seconds). The T wave is omitted for its insignificance to
detect MVE arrhythmia. In this work, the Pan-Tompkins
To make a decisive conclusion about the subject’s cardiac algorithm [19] has been used for the detection of the P wave
class a Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been designed to and QRS complex from the denoised ECG signal.
analyze the individual ECG signal as shown in Fig. 2. The
ECG segment of each subject is loaded in GUI for pre- E. Linear analysis
processing using the Load ECG Data button. Original ECG The features computed through linear analysis have been
signal, filtered signal, detected P wave and QRS complex, subdivided into two categories: (i) time-domain features (ii)
heart rate variability (HRV) and scalogram image of each frequency-domain features. In this disease detection analysis,
subject can be plotted separately in the designed platform the selected time-domain features are average heart rate
using the Select Plot button. To facilitate this, a Clear Plot (AHR), SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, mean PP interval (Mean
button has been incorporated which clears the previously PPI), mean RR interval (Mean RRI), mean PR interval (Mean
plotted signal. Moreover, the Compute button calculates the PRI), and Mean QRS duration, and those have been extracted
numerical values of linear features (i.e. time-domain and from P wave and QRS complex from each subject’s ECG
frequency-domain features) and displays them in their segment. In order to assist and realize the diagnosis, on the
corresponding boxes. In addition, a Classifier button is added other hand, the frequency-domain features have also been
to display a comment that the loaded subject is affected or not computed which comprise of low frequency (LF), high
with the help of CNN. In summary, the performances of the frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio, SNS index, PNS index and
GUI have been divided into several stages such as pre- SNS/PNS ratio. Besides, LF (0.04 – 0.15 Hz) and HF (0.15 –
processing stage, the P wave and QRS complex detection, 0.4 Hz) frequency bands are widely used to quantify
linear analysis (i.e. time domain analysis and frequency parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation and their
domain analysis), time-frequency analysis, and classification. interaction. Here, SNS and PNS have also been measured to

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investigate the effect of ANS as well as to monitor different
types of arrhythmia.
F. Time-frequency analysis
Time-domain investigation conveys information about the
amplitude of signal, and can be affected by noise, while
frequency-domain approach provides only the spectral
information of the signal. Hence, in signal processing time-
frequency analysis is a powerful technique that analyzes
signal both in time and frequency domain, and also exhibits
signal’s spectrum over the time-frequency plane. The time-
frequency distribution for a waveform of length n, is
calculated as follows [20]
2 (i.e. S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) having NSR and five (i.e. S6, S7,
M −1 2πfn
 w(n − m)E(n)e
1 −j
ρ x (n, f ) = M
M n=0
Where E(n), and w(n) are respectively the discrete-time
waveform, and the window function of length M. Hamming
window has been used as a window function in this time-
frequency analysis.
In this analysis, scalogram images of all 10 subjects have
been analyzed using continuous wavelet transform (CWT)
that describes the signal both in time and frequency domain
simultaneously. Also, this CWT technique provides better
visible localization of high-frequency features and
components that are of diagnosis importance. Moreover, this
method provides more detailed information to identify the
normal cardiac rhythm as well as the abnormalities in ECG
signal. The CWT is defined for a continuous signal, x(t) [20],
∞ case of normal sinus rhythm compared to malignant
1 ∗ t −b
CWT x (a , b ) =
a  x(at )ψ
−∞

 a 
 dt
∗ 1.5
()
The function of convolution is to activate certain features
from the images through a set of convolutional filters, and the
most effective and faster training is provided by ReLU. In
addition, the pooling layer reduces the number of parameters
from the network for simplifying the output. Besides, the fully
connected layer keeps the input image size remain fixed, and
softmax layer before the output layer assigns decimal
probabilities to each class in a multi-class problem to converge
the training more quickly.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, the raw ECG recordings of total 10 subjects have
been obtained from MIT-BIH database where five subjects
S8, S9 and S10) suffering from MVE. Next, 60 seconds from
(1) the beginning of each ECG recording has been segmented for
analysis. After that, filtering, and P wave and QRS complex
detecting process have been conducted in GUI platform for all
ECG segments. Fig. 4 shows the raw ECG signal, filtered
signal, and detected P wave and QRS complex for the subject-
1 (S1) only, who has normal sinus rhythm. Fig. 4(c) shows
detected peaks of P, Q, R and S wave for 3 seconds only due
to visual convenience.
Fig.5 shows the heart rate variability (HRV) curves for
normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and malignant ventricular ectopy
(MVE) conditions including five subjects from each class.
Here, the HRV has been measured from the variations
between recurrent inter-beat-intervals (RR interval) from the
ECG segments, and these variations are cyclic in nature in a
normal healthy subject. From Fig. 5, it is obvious that there is
slight variation of heart rate with respect to RR intervals in
(2) ventricular ectopy.
2.5
2.0
Amplitude (mV)

Where, ψ t , a, b, and t are the complex conjugate of the 1.0

mother or basic wavelet, scale factor, location parameter, and 0.5
0
time shift respectively. -0.5
-1.0
G. Classifier
-1.5
Convolutional neural network (CNN), used as a classifier, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (secs)
is deep neural networks commonly applied for image analysis (a)
such as to recognize objects, faces, and scenes. It consists of
0.20
an input and an output layer, as well as many hidden layers in 0.15
between. Here, a pre-trained ResNet-50 convolutional neural
Amplitude (mV)

0.10
network has been used for classification purpose as shown in 0.05
Fig. 3. It comprises of 177 layers. The most common layers 0
-0.05
are convolution, ReLU (rectified linear unit) and pooling, and -0.10
each layer performs particular operation by learning and -0.15
identifying different features from the input image. -0.20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (secs)
Image Input (b)
224 × 224 × 3
0.20
0.15 QRS R R
Convolution RR interval
Amplitude (mV)

0.10 complex
Hidden 0.05 P P
Layers 0
-0.05 Q
-0.10 Q
Average Pooling
-0.15 S S
-0.20
Fully Connected 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
Softmax Time (secs)
(c)
Classification Output Fig. 4. For subject-1 (normal sinus rhythm) (a) raw ECG signal (b) filtered
signal (c) detected P wave and QRS complex.
Fig. 3. Architechture of pre-trained ResNet-50 CNN.

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 110 features between these two classes can be more effectively
100 visualize from the Table I.
90 In time-frequency analysis, scalogram plot for a normal
Heart Rate (bpm)

80
subject and a subject with malignant ventricular ectopy has
been portrayed in Fig. 6. Here, the continuous wavelet
70 S1 transform (CWT) of ECG signal for these subjects has been
S2
60 S3
obtained using the bump wavelet, where the frequency is in
S4 logarithmic scale. In Fig. 6(a), the subject with normal sinus
50 S5 rhythm has an approximately constant magnitude of R peaks
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
at a frequency of around 20 Hz, while for the malignant
Number of RR intervals ventricular ectopy (Fig. 6(b)) the magnitude of the R waves
(a) are higher than normal rhythm, and have also scattered in
140 lower frequency. Therefore, the subjects having a rhythmic
pattern of high frequency components with invariable
120
magnitude indicates sound heart condition
Heart Rate (bpm)

100
0.22
80 0.20
0.18
60 10 0.16
S6

Frequency (Hz)

Magnitude
40 S7 0.14
S8 0.12
20 S9 0.10
S10 0.08
0 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.06
Number of RR intervals 0.04
(b) 0.02

Fig. 5. Heart rate variability (HRV) for the subjects with (a) normal sinus 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (secs)
rhythm (b) malignat ventricular ectropy; notation ‘S’ stands for subject.
(a)
In this work, the linear analysis has been categorized into 100
time-domain and frequency-domain analysis to compute 0.40
several features which are enlisted in Table I. From these 0.35
time-domain and frequency-domain features, it is evident that 0.30
Frequency (Hz)

Magnitude
the individual with malignant ventricular ectopy can be 10
0.25
significantly distinguished from the normal one. In case of 0.20
time-domain features, the values of AHR, SDNN, RMSSD, 0.15
and NN50 are lower for normal sinus rhythm than malignant 1
0.10
ventricular ectopy, while contrasting patterns are obvious for
0.05
Mean PPI, Mean RRI, Mean PRI, and Mean QRS duration.
Similarly, the frequency-domain features like LF, LF/HF, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SNS, and SNS/PNS have higher values for normal rhythm Time (secs)
(b)
than malignant ventricular ectopy, but reverse situation
occurs in case of HF and PNS. These differences in the Fig. 6. Scalogram plots using CWT for (a) normal sinus rhythm, S1 (b)
malignant ventricular ectopy, S6.

TABLE I. EXTRACTED FEATURES FROM THE GUI

Time-domain Features Frequency-domain Features

Subjects Mean
AHR Mean Mean Mean LF to SNS to
SDNN RMSSD QRS LF HF
(bpm NN50 PPI RRI PRI HF SNS PNS PNS
(ms) (ms) Duration (ms2) (ms2)
) (ms) (ms) (ms) ratio ratio
(ms)
S1 94 70.44 98.71 46 635.08 634.99 137.41 122.09 96.00 2.72 35.35 35.82 0.03 1318.97
S2 82 39.40 23.42 40 718.17 719.53 168.53 116.22 93.83 1.54 60.85 63.85 0.02 4140.57
NSR

S3 79 60.95 65.24 39 756.12 756.11 171.62 159.02 89.00 1.97 45.22 49.81 0.02 2530.42
S4 70 47.04 29.85 34 857.10 857.23 176.48 153.09 93.95 1.39 67.70 71.06 0.01 5120.52
S5 93 94.30 105.05 46 647.17 646.99 149.44 136.86 93.84 1.21 77.30 81.38 0.01 6704.39
S6 118 163.70 252.77 58 509.13 509.06 87.77 106.27 84.72 5.63 15.04 16.75 0.06 297.43
S7 130 211.77 275.87 64 461.33 461.98 81.28 100.99 80.85 5.01 16.13 18.96 0.05 378.27
MVE

S8 104 153.04 263.70 51 575.11 574.95 103.19 85.81 82.27 16.98 4.84 4.89 0.17 28.79
S9 128 124.43 175.36 63 466.05 466.11 100.01 92.73 76.67 21.89 3.50 3.57 0.22 16.30
S10 110 134.48 205.98 54 542.42 543.30 85.94 59.55 91.19 6.72 13.56 13.87 0.07 206.36

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 Furthermore, a classifier has been added in the GUI
interface which uses CWT scalogram images obtained from
the subject’s ECG segments to recognize and classify the
cardiac disease. Here, a pre-trained ResNet-50 convolutional
neural network which takes the image of size 224×224×3 as
input. That’s why all the CWT scalogram images have been
resized into RGB images of size 224×224. For this
classification, 80% images have been considered for training
the network, and 20% images have been taken for testing
purpose. The most effective way is to use of confusion matrix
for the performance evaluation of CNN model. Fig. 7 shows
the confusion matrix of ResNet-50 CNN model. Here, the
diagonal and off-diagonal cells depict the number of correctly
and incorrectly classified classes respectively. Moreover, the
metrics in the column on the far right and in the row on the
bottom of the plot are called precision and recall respectively
of each class. Finally, the overall accuracy of the network is
noticeable in the bottom right of the confusion matrix. So, the
classifier has diagnosed and classified the subject’s class
successfully according to their CWT scalogram images with
an accuracy of 100%.
1 0
MVE
50.0% 0.0%
Output Class
0 1
NSR 0.0% 50.0%
100% 100%
0.0% 0.0%
MVE NSR
Target Class
Fig. 7. Confusion matrix from ResNet-50 CNN.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an efficient MATLAB based GUI has been
implemented, and several techniques have been adapted for
cardiac disorder detection in a single window. The HRV
analysis shows a small fluctuation in heart rate for normal
subject than one with malignant ventricular ectopy. Moreover,
the numerical values of time-domain and frequency-domain
features have depicted clearly the difference between the two
classes. Furthermore, the scalogram images from continuous
wavelet transform have distinguished normal sinus rhythm
and malignant ventricular ectopy more effectively. Also, the
addition of CNN in GUI has facilitated and validated these
analyses, and has accurately diagnosed the ECG segments
from CWT scalograms. In a sum, the combined study and
investigation of extracted information from the ECG signal
will be helpful for clinicians to diagnose the malignant
ventricular ectopy successfully.
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