AN ANALYSIS OF INTRASENTENTIAL AND

INTERSENTENTIAL CODE SWITCHING OF TWITTER

USER
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................2
1.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................2
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................3
A. UNDERSTANDING CODE SWITCHING.....................................................................................3
B. Intersentential vs. Intrasentential.....................................................................................................5
2. DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................................................6
2.2 CODE-SWITCHING IMPLEMENTATION FOR TWITTER USERS.........................................6
Shortened Shape....................................................................................................................................7
Home Code Switch Type.......................................................................................................................8
Community Code Switch Type.............................................................................................................8
2.3 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY ON CODE SWITCHING FOR TWITTER USERS......................8
3. CLOSING.........................................................................................................................................13
 AN ANALYSIS OF INTRASENTENTIAL AND
INTERSENTENTIAL CODE SWITCHING OF TWITTER
USER
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Many studies on code switching focus on the production of code switching in bilingual speech
rather than how the bilingual responds to perceiving (i.e., hearing or seeing) a code switch
(Genesee et al., 1995; Jisa, 2000, Campos, 2005). The research that has focused on perception
has examined what types of code switches are considered grammatical and how quickly
bilinguals are able to decide whether or not switches are grammatical (Macnamara and Kushnir,
1971; Martinez et al., 1998).

Surprisingly, little research has been done that examines differences in how code switching is
perceived by bilinguals with a different age of acquisition. Based on the research of Dussias
(2003), Lipski (1985), and Jisa (2000), this study hopes to determine whether or not age of
acquisition influences the acceptability of intrasentential code switching. This section will begin
with a definition of the types of code switching.

Section two will discuss bilinguals and differences between early and late bilinguals in code
switching. Section three will briefly examine the sociolinguistic reasons for code switching.
Section four will discuss psychological reasons to code switch and current research in
psycholinguistics and code switching.

In this case, it is necessary to know together that the definition of innovation itself according to
Tornatzky and also Fleischer is as "the situational new development and introduction of
knowledge-derived tools, artifacts and dividends by which people extend and interact with their
environment" while according to Roger (1995) “an innovation is an idea, practice or object that
is perceived as new”. And the notion of social media as an innovation that is indeed used for the
analysis stage and also as a sign of the development of an internal presence or a sign of the
development of the times itself.
The presence of social media as an innovation can be radical which is indeed an implementation
of something that is indeed a form of quite extensive change. Social media innovation can also
be seen as a form of innovation that is deliberately carried out in the context of the real form of
globalization itself. and is also a form of the need for technological development itself.

So that the presence of the development of social media itself can certainly be analyzed based on
various kinds of factors, indeed, everything contained in social media really meets the criteria of
the existence of society's needs for global needs and the era of digitalization itself.

One of the social media itself is twitter, that twitter is a form of social media innovation that can
be used as a tool to announce news and interesting information.

Kelsey stated that Twitter is basically a microblogging website. Microblogging is a blog with
short content in it, such as online notes or diaries‟ (Kelsey, 2010). It's called microblogging
because it limits users to tweets of only 140 characters. With the lack of characters provided,
users will post in short and dense sentences, making it easier for readers to read each of the
existing posts without burdening the eyes too much.

Brief and clear information provided through social media Twitter makes readers comfortable in
finding job information. Job information provided on Twitter social media is directly related to
the main information in the form of companies or institutions opening vacancies, types of jobs,
as well as contact persons who can be contacted, and sometimes directly connected through the
company's website link. With so much work information that readers find, it will be easier,
faster, and more convenient to choose which job information they want due to the shortness of
the information provided, although sometimes the depth of the news is minimal.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

A. UNDERSTANDING CODE SWITCHING

Code switching has often been characterized by seemingly random changes from one language
to another. Code switching may be defined as follows: the use of more than one language by
two people engaged in a speech act (Poplack, 1980; Lipski, 1985; Gonzales-Velásquez, 1995;
Myusken, 2000).
It can occur between the speakers involved in a conversation or within a speech turn of a single
speaker. Code switching can appear on several language levels including syntactic, phonological
and morphological levels.

Studies have shown that bilinguals, when discussing their own language abilities, will often
confirm that they differ when speaking to monolinguals versus bilinguals. They may completely
avoid using their L2 with monolinguals, while code switching when conversing with bilinguals
(Grosjean, 2001). Most importantly, however, is that when bilingual speakers code switch they
switch from language to language with ease and fluidity, following the syntactic and semantic
rules of both languages (Muysken, 2000).

Gonzales-Velásquez (1995) states that code switching is a linguistic option to bilingual speakers
because they are proficient in both their native language and another. Code switching functions
as part of their “verbal repertoire” just as much as their first and second languages do. Types of
switching There are several terms referring to code switching, including code mixing; code-
changing; and tag-switching, situational and metaphorical code-switching.

As these terms often have various meanings attached to them, it is necessary to first define each
type, as relates to this paper. Code switching is the general term for any kind of language
switching, especially among bilingual Latinos (quiero ir al MALL NEXT TUESDAY ‘I want to
go to the mall next Tuesday’) (Fromkin & Rodman, 1998).

Code mixing is a brief insertion of a few words from one language into the other (voy a comprar
PIZZA ‘I’m going to buy pizza’). Code changing is defined as a long clause(s) inserted into one
language before or after a segment of the other language (Cheng & Butler, 1989)

Tag-switching occurs when a speaker inserts a tag statement from one language into another
language. Examples of this in English are taking phrases like you know, I mean, no way, etc, and
then inserting them into a Spanish sentence, as seen in this example: YOU KNOW? (‘It’s hard
to find work these days, you know’) (Romaine, 1989). Situational code-switching occurs when,
due to a change in setting, conversational partners, or topic, a speaker chooses to speak in a
different language than he was originally speaking (Wardhaugh, 2006).

This occurs when bilinguals switch languages to imply that they identify more with a group in a
particular situation (Saville-Troike, 2003). However, in this paper, all switches regardless of the
type will be referred to simply by the general term code switching, unless indicating the location
of the switch (e.g. intrasentential switching, which will be discussed later on).

On the lexical level, code-switching usually occurs when there is no existing translation for a
word or phrase (e.g. the Guatemalan code-switching term a la gran chucha, literally meaning ‘to
the big dog’ has no direct translation to English, although the general meaning translates to oh
my).

At the semantic level, code-switching can occur within a phrase, sentence, or when an idea can
be better explained in the other language. An example might be cada semana olvida llevar su
PAYCHECK TO THE BANK (‘every week he forgets to bring his paycheck to the bank’).
Syntactic code-switching occurs when the rules of syntax of one language are applied to the
other: tengo muchos HUNGERS (meaning ‘I’m hungry’) or muchas THANK YOUS (meaning
‘many thank yous’), where the rules of syntax in Spanish are being applied to English (Cheng &
Butler, 1989).

B. Intersentential vs. Intrasentential

Code switching may also differ in the location of the point at which the language switch occurs.
The main distinction is usually seen between intersentential and intrasentential switching
(Saville-Troike, 2003).

Intersentential switching consists of language switches at phrasal, sentence, or discourse

boundaries. For example, a speaker may finish his thought concerning how schools should
increase their funding for music programs in Spanish, and then begin his subsequent thought
regarding a college football game in English. “(And I think that all the students should learn to
play an instrument’) SO, DID YOU SEE THE FOOTBALL GAME LAST NIGHT? BYU
REALLY DID SOME DAMAGE TO POOR BOISE STATE…” This kind of switching requires
greater fluency in both languages than tag-switching, as each part of the utterance must agree
with the rules of the corresponding language being spoken.

Intrasentential switching involves a shift in language in the middle of a sentence, usually

performed without pause, interruption or hesitation. An example of this is seen in the title of
Poplack’s (1980) This type of code switching requires the most fluency of all types of code
switching because it requires speakers to switch to the rules of syntax of the other language mid-
thought or sentence, and consequently may be avoided by all but the most fluent of bilingual
speakers (Lipski, 1985).

Intrasentential switching is a common phenomenon in Spanish-English bilingual speakers, and

has become an identifying characteristic of Hispanic-American speech (Fought, 2003). Many
linguists believe that a study of intrasentential code switching will “yield the greatest fruits in the
way of characterizing the linguistic organization of the bilingual cognitive apparatus” (Lipski,
1985, p. 3). This study will focus primarily on intrasentential code switching in order to
determine whether any differences exist between early and late bilinguals in how they process
code switches.

2. DISCUSSION

2.2 CODE-SWITCHING IMPLEMENTATION FOR TWITTER USERS

Short Form

Abbreviation is one of the shortening results in the form of letters or a combination of letters,
both spelled letter by letter.

Data 1. PA

PA is included in the abbreviation because it comes from the sentence Personal Account which
means personal account. Code-switching is an abbreviation consisting of a combination of letters
that are pronounced letter by letter. For example, “Ada yang mau difollow pakai akun PA
aku?”

Data 2. RP

RP is included in the abbreviation because it comes from the sentence Role Player which means
role player. Code-switching is an abbreviation consisting of a combination of letters that are
pronounced letter by letter. For example, “RP si Niall ketahuan bohong gaes.” Funny
Mispronunciations Funny misspellings are odd pitch modifications and statements that are used
as funny harsh language or expressing distrust of something.

Data 3. Woles
Woles is a funny misspelling of the word slow or slow. Changes in the word slow to slow (often
spoken by the community) and changed to woles due to phonological changes, namely the
shifting of phonemes. For example, “Abaikan twit ini ya adek2, maen woles aja jgn jadiin
beban. Semangat!!”

Data 4. Bege

Bege is included in a funny mispronunciation and comes from the word stupid (stupid). The
change in the word bego to bege occurs because of a phonological change, namely the change of
the vowel at the end of the word from the vowel a‟ to the vowel e‟. for example,“Diinjek deh
bege bgt, gatega liat ni orang. Lagi kasar2 bgt anjay.”

Shortened Shape
The shortened is the shortened form found in various languages. The following is the code-
switching data which is included in the shortened form.

Data 5. acc

Acc is included in the shortened form because it comes from the word account which is
interpreted in Indonesian, namely account. For example in a Twitter user's tweet. “Follow acc
aku yg ini yaaa.”

Data 6. Nder

Nder is included in the shortened form because it comes from the word sender which means
sender. An example in a Twitter user's tweet is.“Bebas kok nder, listku ada yg sampe 100+
selow.”

Interjection

Interjection is a form that cannot be affixed and does not have syntactic support in other forms,
and is used to express feelings.

Data 7. Peat

Gabut is included in the form of interjection because usually this code-switching is used to
express feelings of boredom. For example,“Nah ini, gue lg di gase gabut tugas gue udh kelar
semua. Gue bingung pen ngapain…”
Data 8. Kentang

In the big Indonesian dictionary, potato means a vegetable that contains a lot of starch, however,
on social media Twitter potato changes its meaning to someone who doesn't feel beautiful or bad
and is usually used when someone doesn't feel confident because this is where potatoes are
included in the form of an interjection. For example,“aku cewek bandung tapi kentang”

Home Code Switch Type

Code-switching rumahan adalah code-switching yang dianggap sebagai kelompok kata-kata
atau frase rumah tangga yang membentuk keretakan kosakata yang tercatat menurut sifat subjek.
Jenis code-switching ini biasanya bersifat ramah dan tidak kasar.

Data 9. Gaes

Gaes termasuk ke dalam jenis code-switching rumahan karena code-switching ini digunakan
untuk menyapa seseorang yang baik yang dikenal ataupun tidak.

Community Code Switch Type

Code-switching masyarakat pada umumnya digunakan untuk percakapan sehari-hari. Setiap
kelompok masyarakat menggunakan beberapa jenis bahasa code-switching dan menjadi
identitas dari kelompok masyarakat tersebut.

Data 10. Mutual

Mutual is included in the community code-switching type because this code-switching is used on
Twitter social media and only Twitter users can understand the use of this code-switching.
Mutual on Twitter is meant for users who follow or be friends with each other.

Based on the results of the analysis, the authors found that the code swtich used on Twitter social
media is in the form of abbreviations, funny misspellings, shortened forms, and interjection
forms. Code-switching used on Twitter is generally temporal or seasonal, but there are some
code-switching that is still used by Twitter users. There are two types of code-switching found
on Twitter, namely the type of home code-switching and the type of community code-switching.
The code-switching function is generally used to make it easier to communicate with others, but
in the analysis of this research, the authors found that the code-switching function that is widely
used on Twitter is to make fun of someone.
2.3 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY ON CODE SWITCHING FOR TWITTER
USERS
In everyday life, many people use code-switching language or what we often call unofficial
language or code-switching . This code-switching language is also called a language that can
follow the times, where there is a language that is trending and then the language is imitated by
the audience so that it becomes phenomenal. In addition, these code switching speakers often
create new language or vocabulary that they release, such as on social media.

The use of code-switching language in social media is growing so rapidly that people use it a lot
in every chat. There are some data found by researchers. In the data found, all of them use a
variety of casual or informal language. In this Twitter social media, researchers found sentences,
words or most people express statuses such as “Disuruh nyokap ganti profile picture twitter
emg apa yg salah sih”.

In that sentence there is a code-switching language that we often hear and even say, namely
"nyokap", the word "nyokap" actually comes from the language "okam" or we often call it
"prokem" as well as code-switching terms. This prokem language is the language used by a
group of people to make their communication more intimate. This okem language uses words
that are changed or modified by adding, subtracting or replacing letters.

Like the word "nyokap", the word "nyokap" comes from the word "Nyak" which means mother
in Betawi language. So the word Nyak was changed, which was originally the letter "a" replaced
with the letter "o" and from the letter "k" added the letters "a" and "p".

Researchers also rediscovered the code-switching language used in the social media twitter
“Baru mau otw” which is often used by teenagers. In this sentence, often used by most people in
answering questions about his departure, the word "otw" here is an abbreviation in English
which means on the wayarti in Indonesian, namely "on the way", or "on the way".

However, the word is often misused or misinterpreted nowadays, where the real meaning is
someone who is on a journey, but is misunderstood because the word is not always on a journey.
Language like this is often used among teenagers, even though the word comes from English and
has become phenomenal because many people use it. So the language becomes familiar among
teenagers, especially on social media.
Furthermore, there is a code-switching language on Twitter which is the same as the previous
word from English, namely “Post a Picture” which is now shortened to “Pap”. The word is now
becoming popular among the public, especially teenagers, the meaning of the word "pap" in
Indonesian is uploading a photo.

The word "pap" has become a phenomenon on social media, where initially the word was only
used for purposes such as being used for online businesses to ensure that the goods are good and
make it easy for sellers and buyers to prove that the goods are worthy. However, with the times
the meaning of the word "pap" itself changes or shifts to broader things, such as being used for
personal interests or just making a status on his twitter page. So many foreign languages have
entered Indonesia, but speakers still use them.

In addition, the researcher rediscovered a word that is often used in everyday life, namely “I'm
half way through reading this book. But why did I read this book, it made me want to have evil
intentions." The sentence or status describes the reading of a book that is done and when reading
a book he wants to have evil intentions.

The word that is often used is the word "gw" which means I, or I. The word is used because it is
considered simple and relaxed when starting a conversation. However, a lot of people use the
word without knowing where it came from, the word has long been used by the Betawi
community and is spread across various social and environmental media. The word comes from
China, namely Mandarin which is often uttered by Chinese speakers, the word "gue" is
pronounced by China as "gua" with the same meaning.

Most of the Chinese people live in the Jakarta area, which is identical to the Betawi language or
in ancient times the Chinese entered Indonesia because many Chinese traders entered Java, one
of which was Jakarta, so the word "gue" or "gua" spread so quickly and quickly. until now it is
still used as everyday language.

However, please note that this word is not good for those who are older than us, if you want to
use this word, it is better to see what the situation and conditions are like, don't offend others
through our words. In addition to the word "I" there is also the word "evil", the word "evil" only
changes the letters of the word that was originally "evil" to "evil".
Researchers rediscovered the code-switching language from this twitter social media, namely
"Bucin is the way of the ninja", the word "bucin" stands for "Budak Cinta" and is often said to
people who are in love. The word was popularized by a YouTuber who creates comedy content,
in the content he says the word "bucin" so that people know and imitate the word until now.
However, the word began to change or change its meaning to the word "bucin" this was uttered
not only for people who are in love or who have a partner, but for someone who really likes
anything and is willing to sacrifice anything for something he wants, such as intended for goods
or an artist who became his idol.

In addition, the researcher found a sentence indicating the code-switching language, namely
"From this to this" the audience version of the standup PWT show. Photographed last night.
Awake modod, mantepe pol lur!” who revealed that he supported the event. The word that
indicates code-switching language is the word "lur" which is taken from the word Sedulur which
means brother in Indonesian.

The word sedulur is taken from the Javanese language, namely sedulur or sedulur. So people
often say the word 'lur' here is taken from the word at the very end of Sadulur. The word 'lur' is
used to say greetings, where speakers often use the word for their peers or someone they are
already familiar with.

In using this code-switching language, speakers especially in Indonesia often ignore the smallest
things in language. For example, foreign languages are now entering Indonesia and sometimes
these languages have not been officially "legitimated" that these languages are allowed to be
used. The researcher found a sentence on the Twitter social networking site, namely "Besides
Covid-19, in Indonesia there are also many dengue fever, guys, for prevention this morning there
was fogging at home, the program Mr. RT, Mr. RW. Stay safe everyone. It's best to just stay at
home."

In the sentence or status, we take the one that shows the language or the code-switching word,
namely "gaes", where the word is often used nowadays whether on social media which is used to
greet and open content, open an event or communicate directly . The word "guys" or "gaes"
comes from English, namely Guy. The word is now a very popular word or code-switching
among the people.
However, originally the word came from a man whose name was the same as the word, he was
sentenced to death for planning to blow up somewhere, until someone concluded that this Guy
word was someone who was strange and frightened everyone. In addition, the word "guys" is not
good for people whose age is above us and in the world of work or in a formal environment. The
researcher rediscovered the code-switching language, namely "Come on, bro, who usually buys
Indomie at the mall, mbok once, tuku neng warung Tanggane, cedak rasah adoh2, podo wae
barang e, idep2 nglarisi".

In the sentence that indicates the code-switching language, namely "gan", everyone must have
heard the word, spoken or written. Usually people who use the word to a friend, especially a man
who uses it, indicates that using the word he is very familiar in his communication.

Many people use the word "gan" as a call that is a sign of a man or can be interpreted as
"handsome" which is shortened to the word "gan". The word "gan" is similar to other words such
as bro, sist. However, the real meaning in the meaning of the word "gan" is not handsome or
anything else, but "juragan" which is shortened to "gan" and is used to greet or call someone who
is already very familiar. Furthermore, the researcher also found another status, namely
"Tersantuy ih", in the sentence it shows a word that is included in the code-switching language,
namely "santuy".

Speakers use this word very often, even the word has become a very popular word today. The
word "santuy" is a word that has changed its letters but the meaning is still the same, namely the
original word was "relaxed" which is now changed to "santuy" which means calm. However, this
relaxed word is usually associated with the word "beach" because seen in its condition when on
the beach the atmosphere will be calm or relaxed, and the word is often interpreted as someone
who has a relaxed nature.

The other sentence found by the researcher was "Girls usually fix their headscarves when
salting," a word that indicates code-switching language, namely "salting" which stands for Salah
Tingkah which means nervous or feeling awkward and uncomfortable. Usually the word is used
for people who are in love who can't hide their feelings and it can make someone salty or
awkward.
The area of sociolinguistics and code switching has been a widely researched topic in linguistics
(see Poplack, 1980; Lipski, 1985; Romaine, 1989; GonzalesVelásquez, 1995; Zentella, 1997).
Therefore, code switching is usually thought of as a social phenomenon. Cheng and Butler
(1989) list the following as some of the motives a speaker may have to code switch:
“conversational topic, role of the speaker, setting of the interaction, familiarity of the two
speakers, age, sex, race, ethnic, linguistic background, etc” (p. 295).

When done consciously, switching languages may also allow a speaker to “assert power; declare
solidarity; maintain a certain neutrality when both codes are used; express identity; and so on”
(Wardhaugh, 2006, p.110). For example, if a group of bilingual Spanish-English speakers are
conversing in both Spanish and English and a monolingual Spanish speaker enters the
conversation, the group will most likely begin speaking only Spanish, in order to allow the
monolingual to participate in the conversation, thereby expressing their solidarity with the
monolingual.

Or, if the bilingual group wishes to assert linguistic power over the monolingual, they might
continue speaking only in Spanish to exclude him or her. Unfortunately, code-switching is often
wrongly misinterpreted as evidence of a lack of a linguistic ability of the speaker or deterioration
of one or both languages. However, sociolinguistic research confirms that code-switching plays
an important role in social functions, and does not necessarily indicate linguistic incompetence.
According to Gonzales-Velasquez (1995).

3. CLOSING
Based on research on the use of code-switching language on Twitter social media, it can be
concluded that code-switching is a language used by a certain group to communicate and usually
has a time period or seasonality. Code-switching is often interpreted as destroying language
because there are many forms of code-switching that deviate from the original language. The
code-switching used by social media users is : (1) the form of funny misspellings, (2) the
shortened form and (3) the form of interjection. The types of code-switching found are (1) home
code-switching, and (2) community code-switching. Code-switching functions are also found,
namely (1) used for joking, (2) used to be different from others, (3 ) is used to attract attention,
(4) is used to shorten, (5) is used to enrich language, (6) is used to facilitate social relations, and
(7) is used for friendliness and intimacy.
Sociolinguistics is closely related to language, one of which is often used by speakers, namely
code-switching language or slang. In the code-switching language there is what is called okem
or prokem, but the meaning is still the same as in code-switching language, the only difference
being the change of letters and the addition of letters.

The code-switching language is developing so fast that it can even be found anywhere, one of
which is on social media, namely Twitter. Speakers often throw words that do not know the
meaning and this slang has now become everyday language. However, the meaning of each word
that is uttered must be re-sorted in order to avoid various conflicts due to a word.
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