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ICRU-95 New Operation Quantities (2020)
ICRU-95 New Operation Quantities (2020)
ICRU-95 New Operation Quantities (2020)
2020
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966224Journal of the ICRU
Preface
2020, Vol. 20(1) 7
© 2020, International Commission
on Radiation Units & Measurements.
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DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966224
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The International Commission on Radiological Protection There, conversion coefficents were published for a wide
(ICRP) recommends protection quantities for dose limits of range of particles, including those occurring only in cosmic
occupationally exposed persons and members of the public radiation and at particle accelerators, and for an energy
and for the optimization of radiation protection (ICRP, 2007). range reaching, in some cases, up to 200 GeV. The Report
Protection quantities are defined in tissues and extended identified energy ranges for photons and neutrons where the
regions of space and are not appropriate for the calibration of operational quantities introduced in ICRU Reports 39 and
instruments for area and personal dose measurements. A sec- 51 deviated significantly from the protection quantities.
ond group of quantities, operational dose quantities, has been The operational quantities of ICRU Reports 39 and 51
defined by the International Commission on Radiation represent acceptable estimates for the protection quantities
Quantities & Units (ICRU) for this purpose. These are point for an energy range of photons (50 keV to 3 MeV) and neu-
quantities. trons (thermal—20 MeV) occurring in the nuclear fuel
Historically, absorbed dose index and dose equivalent cycle—uranium processing, nuclear power plants and
index were recommended in ICRU Report 19 (1971a) as the nuclear waste storage and reprocessing. Other applications
operational quantities for exposure to external radiation. In of radionuclides were also well covered by the use of these
ICRU Report 20 (1971b), there is consideration of the use of quantities. In the last 2 decades, however, increasing num-
MADE (maximum dose equivalent in an irradiated body). bers of workers are exposed to ionizing radiation in medical
Further developments of the operational quantities were pre- and research applications, and in commercial airflight, and
sented in ICRU Report 39 (1985) and Report 43 (1988), are exposed to radiation fields of lower and higher energies
defining ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equiva- than measured using the existing operational quantities.
lent, and individual dose equivalent, as the operational quan- Occupational radiation protection for these groups requires
tities. The quantity for individual monitoring was partly operational quantities which represent suitable estimates of
modified in ICRU Report 51 (1993), with individual dose the protection quantities.
equivalent being changed to personal dose equivalent. These changes of the protection quantities and their appli-
Information on the application of these quantities was given cations have motivated ICRU to re-examine the operational
for photons and electrons in ICRU Reports 43 and 47 (1988; quantities. This ICRU Report recommends an alternative
1992) and for neutrons in Report 66 (2001). Sets of values of approach to the definition of operational quantities, which is
conversion coefficients to these quantities from radiometric based on the same phantoms as the definition of the protec-
and dosimetric quantities were published by ICRU in Reports tion quantities, which makes them, by definition, good esti-
43 and 47, and jointly with ICRP in ICRU Report 57 (1998) mators of protection quantities. The Report introduces the
and ICRP Publication 74 (1996). new quantities and gives conversion coefficents for a wide
In Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), the ICRP reviewed the range of particles and energies, including for the first time,
protection quantities, including effective dose, originally particles occurring only in high-energy radiation fields.
introduced in ICRP Publication 60 (1990). Conversion coef-
ficients from physical quantities to the revised protection Nolan E. Hertel
quantities were published in ICRP Publication 116 (2010). David T. Bartlett
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966223Journal of the ICRU
ICRP and ICRU Adult where dΦ is the fluence of particles of energy interval
Anthropomorphic Reference between Ep and Ep + dEp. The unit of the energy distribution
Computational Phantoms of fluence is m–2 J–1.
Quantities involving the differential solid angle, dΩ, are
The anthropomorphic reference computational phantoms of
required in certain circumstances. The complete representa-
ICRP and ICRU are models of the human body presented
tion of the double differential of fluence is written Φ Ep ,Ω
and described in ICRP Publication 110 (2009), with the ana-
(Ep, Ω), where Ω is the direction the particle is traveling.
tomical and physiological characteristics defined in ICRP
Publication 89 (2002). Two reference phantoms have been
defined for adults, a male and a female one. The models in Fluence Rate
ICRP Publication 110 are represented by arrays of cuboid
The fluence rate, Φ , (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of dΦ by
voxels based on medical tomographic images in which the
dt, where dΦ is the increment of the fluence of particles in
anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume
the time interval dt, thus:
elements, of height 8.0 mm and of 2.137 mm × 2.137 mm
in-plane cross section in the male phantom, and of height
4.84 mm and of 1.775 mm × 1.775 mm in-plane cross sec- dΦ
Φ = .
tion in the female phantom. The collections of these voxels, dt
10 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
The unit of fluence rate is m–2 s–1. of the response of the instrument R and the reference
response Rr,0.
Particle Radiance
The particle radiance, ΦΩ , (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of
Kerma
dΦ by dΩ, where d Φ is the fluence rate of particles propa- The kerma, K, (ICRU, 2011) for ionizing uncharged parti-
gating within a solid angle dΩ around a specified direction, cles, is the quotient of dEp tr by dm, where dEp tr is the mean
thus: sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles
liberated in a mass dm of a material by the uncharged parti-
dΦ cles incident on dm, thus:
Φ Ω = .
dΩ
d Ep tr
K= .
The unit of particle radiance is m–2 s–1 sr–1. The distribution dm
of particle radiance with respect to energy is given by:
The unit of kerma is J kg–l. The special name for the unit of
dΦΩ kerma is gray (Gy), 1 Gy = 1 J kg–1.
ΦΩ,Ε p = , Although kerma is a quantity that concerns the initial
d Ep
transfer of energy to matter, it is sometimes used as an
approximation to absorbed dose. The numerical value of the
where dΦΩ is the particle radiance for particles of energy kerma approaches that of the absorbed dose to the degree
between Ep and Ep + dEp. The quantity Φ Ep ,Ω is sometimes that charged-particle equilibrium exists, that radiative losses
termed angular flux or phase flux in radiation-transport are negligible, and that the energy of the uncharged particles
theory. is large compared to the binding energy of the liberated
Apart from the aspects that are of minor importance in the charged particles.
present context (e.g., polarization), the field of any radiation A quantity related to the kerma, termed the collision
of a given particle type is completely specified by the distri- kerma, has long been used as an approximation to absorbed
bution of the particle radiance with respect to particle energy, dose (Attix, 1979a; 1979b) when radiative losses are not
ΦΩ , Ep , as this defines number, energy, local density, and negligible. The collision kerma, Kcol, excludes the radiative
arrival rate of particles propagating in a given direction. This losses by the liberated charged particles, and for a fluence,
quantity, as well as the distribution of the radiance with Φ, of uncharged particles of energy Ep in a specified material
respect to energy, can be considered as basic in radiometry. is given by:
dK The unit of absorbed dose is J kg–l. The special name for the
K = . unit of absorbed dose is gray (Gy).
dt
The unit of kerma rate is J kg–1 s–1. The special name for the Absorbed Dose Rate
unit of kerma rate is gray per second (Gy s–1). (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of
The absorbed dose rate, D,
dD by dt, where dD is the increment of the absorbed dose in
Energy Imparted the time interval dt, thus:
The energy imparted, є, (ICRU, 2011), to the matter in a
dD
given volume is the sum of all energy deposits in the volume, D = .
thus dt
ε = ∑ εi , The unit of absorbed dose rate is J kg–1 s–1. The special name
i
for the unit of absorbed dose rate is gray per second (Gy s–1).
Abstract
2020, Vol. 20(1) 13
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DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966217
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Operational, measurable, quantities for external radiation respectively. Furthermore, the conversion coefficients given
protection complement the protection quantities, which are, for the operational quantities have been calculated only for a
by their nature, not measurable. Operational quantities are limited subset of particles: photons, electrons, and neutrons.
used for prospective and retrospective assessments of radia- This Report recommends alternative definitions of the
tion fields, by measurement or calculation. Personal dosim- operational quantities that are better estimators of the pro-
eters and instruments for area monitoring are designed to tection quantities than those previously given. Conversion
indicate the operational quantities and are routinely cali- coefficients from physical field quantities—fluence and, for
brated with standard radiation fields that can be related to the photons, air kerma—are given for the following particle
operational quantities. types over wide energy ranges: photons, electrons, neutrons,
The definitions of the operational quantities for personal protons, muons, pions, and helium ions. This Report recom-
and ambient dose equivalent in International Commission mends that instrument manufacturers and developers work
on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Report 39 to develop revised dosimeters and instruments that accu-
(1985), Report 43 (1988), and Report 51 (1993) give rately provide measurements that conform to these recom-
acceptable estimates of the International Commission on mendations. This Report also recommends that international
Radiological Protection (ICRP) protection quantity effective and national authorities recognize the need for a gradual and
dose (2007) for photons in the energy range from 70 keV to prudent period of adoption to balance the costs of imple-
3 MeV. At lower and higher photon energies, the ICRU mentation with the benefit of a more coherent system of
Report 39/51 defined operational quantities show significant operational quantities, representing the protection quantity
over- and underestimates of the protection quantities, in measurement.
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966197Journal of the ICRU
1 Introduction
2020, Vol. 20(1) 17–19
© 2020, International Commission
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DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966197
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1.1 Motivation and Scope of the Report factors that represent simplified adjustments for these differ-
ences in the calculation of organ equivalent dose. Because
Protection from the health effects of ionizing radiation individual organs and tissues differ in their sensitivity per
requires the prevention of tissue reactions (deterministic unit of equivalent dose to induction of cancer, values of
effects) and limitation of the risks of cancer and hereditary equivalent doses to organs and tissues are multiplied by tis-
effects (stochastic effects). To fulfill these requirements, sue weighting factors that are simplified adjustments based
ICRP in Publication 103 (2007) has defined risk-related on values of relative detriment, the contributions of the vari-
dosimetric quantities: organ equivalent dose is used to set ous organs and tissues to overall stochastic detriment; effec-
limits to prevent deterministic effects and effective dose is tive dose is calculated as the weighted average of organ
used in the limitation and optimization of protection against equivalent doses. Organ equivalent dose is used to set limits
stochastic effects. Because the protection quantities are not on local irradiation of the eyes and the skin. Effective dose is
measurable directly, they are assessed by measurements of used to set limits and optimize protection against stochastic
additional quantities defined for this purpose. For the control effects, for which a linear nonthreshold dose–response rela-
of occupational and environmental exposures to external tionship is assumed (ICRP, 2007).
radiation, ICRU has defined operational quantities for mea- The purpose of the ICRU operational quantities is to pro-
surement and instrument calibration. vide acceptable estimates of the protection quantities. The
The operational quantities as defined by the ICRU in operational quantities for the monitoring of external radia-
Reports 39 (1985) and 51 (1993) provide acceptable esti- tion recommended by the ICRU in ICRU Reports 39 (1985),
mates of the protection quantities for photons, electrons, and 43 (1988), and 51 (1993) were introduced in two groups; for
neutrons over the energy ranges of greatest relevance in the individual monitoring, and for area monitoring at workplaces
1980s and 1990s. In recent decades, however, there has been and the environment. The dose equivalent at a specific depth
an increasing need to also consider very high and very low in the human body or in a phantom of specified geometry and
energy particles for which the current operational quantities depth is chosen to describe the exposure situation. Dose
are substantial under- or over-estimators of the protection equivalent is calculated as the product of absorbed dose and
quantities. ICRP Publication 116 (2010), published jointly a quality factor that is a function of the linear energy transfer
with ICRU, provided conversion coefficients from fluence of the radiation at the point of interaction. The quantity used
and air kerma to the protection quantities for a wide range of as a measure of effective dose for individual monitoring is
particle types and energies. ICRP Publication 116 calcula- personal dose equivalent at a depth of 10 mm in the human
tions applied the most recent updates to the protection quan- body, and for workplaces and the environment, ambient dose
tities, as specified in the 2007 Recommendation of ICRP in equivalent in the ICRU sphere at a depth of 10 mm. The
Publication 103 (2007), and also introduced the use of refer- quantities used as estimates for organ equivalent doses to the
ence computational models of the adult male and female, as lens of the eye and local skin are personal doses equivalents
provided in ICRP Publication 110 (2009), published jointly at the respective depths of 3 mm and 0.07 mm, and direc-
with ICRU. These developments led to the reappraisal of tional dose equivalents at these depths in the ICRU sphere.
approaches to the calculation of operational quantities and It is recommended in this Report that the ICRU Reports
the proposals for simplification and extension presented in 39 and 51 system of operational quantities be replaced with a
this Report. simpler scheme in which the ICRP/ICRU reference phan-
The calculation of the ICRP protection quantities (ICRP, toms of the human body are used as the basis for calculations
2007) is a three-step process, beginning with the calculation of both the operational and protection quantities, ensuring
of mean absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the body, that the operation quantities provide measures of the protec-
equivalent dose to organs and tissues, and effective dose. tion quantities across all energy ranges. ICRP is currently
Because radiation types differ in their effectiveness in caus- reevaluating the use of the protection quantities and proposes
ing health effects per unit of absorbed dose, the second step that limits to prevent tissue reactions (deterministic effects)
is to multiply values of absorbed dose by radiation weighting will be more correctly set in terms of absorbed dose rather
18 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 1.1. Relationship between the protection quantities defined in ICRP Publication 103 and the ICRU Report 39/51 operational
quantities for use in radiological protection.
than organ equivalent dose, because the radiation weighting the technological lifetime of dosimeters and area monitoring
factors used in the calculation of organ equivalent dose relate instruments.
to stochastic effects rather than deterministic effects. Figure 1.1 presents the existing relationships between the
Consistent with this change, the recommended operational protection quantities given in ICRP Publication 103, and the
quantities are personal dose and ambient dose, as measures operational quantities given in ICRU Reports 39/51, and Fig.
of effective dose, and personal absorbed dose and directional 1.2 those operational quantities recommended in this Report.
absorbed dose as measures of local absorbed dose to the lens The protection quantities and operational quantities are
of the eye and local skin. ICRP Publication 116 (2010) pro- related to radiometric and dosimetric quantities that are
vides conversion coefficients from fluence to effective dose obtained through primary standards at national metrology
for the particles photons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, pro- institutes.
tons, negative muons, and positive muons for energies up to
10 GeV; for negative pions and positive pions for energies up
to 200 GeV; and for He2+ ions up to 100 GeV u−1. This
1.2 Outline of the Report
Report provides conversion coefficients from fluence to the The necessity of operational quantities as a measurable com-
operational quantities ambient dose and personal dose for the plement to protection quantities is explained in Section 2.
same particles and energies, and for photons, neutrons, elec- The previous definitions of the ICRU operational quantities
trons, positrons, and protons compares the energy and angle in Report 39/51 are reviewed: the operational quantities are
dependence with values obtained using the ICRU Reports based on the assessment of absorbed dose at a specified
39/51 methodology. Full radiation transport was used for the depth in a phantom, multiplied with an LET-dependent qual-
new calculations in ICRP Publication 116 and in this Report, ity factor. The conceptual and technical shortcomings of
rather than the kerma approximation. these operational quantities are explained. In Section 3, the
Although the proposed changes to the operational quanti- definitions of the operational quantities recommended in this
ties do have implications for design and calibration of Report are presented. The quantities are based on the product
dosimeters and monitoring instruments, the necessary of a radiometric quantity describing the external field, and a
changes should be reasonably straightforward. ICRP will conversion coefficient to yield the defined operational quan-
only introduce changes to the protection quantities when the tity, and this represents a change of paradigm from the previ-
next general recommendations are issued and the parallel ous definitions for the reasons given in this Report. In Section
introduction of updated operational quantities would appear 4, the conversion coefficients from radiometric quantities to
appropriate. Anticipating the time required for incorporation operational quantities are introduced. Their numerical calcu-
of recommendations into safety standards and legislation, lations are described. The coefficients for the recommended
there may be a period of around 20 y during which prepara- and the ICRU Reports 39 and 51 quantities as given in ICRU
tions can be made. This period is rather long compared with Report 57 (1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996) are
Introduction 19
Figure 1.2. Relationship between the ICRP Publication 103 protection quantities and the operational quantities recommended in this
Report for use in radiological protection.
compared, where possible, to highlight the differences. problems in radiation fields of higher-energy photons, elec-
Section 5 deals with the changes in instrument design and trons and neutrons, and for other particle types.
calibration, resulting from the observations made in Section Appendix A contains tables and figures of the conversion
4, which would result from the implementation of the recom- coefficients for the recommended quantities.
mended quantities. In Section 6, the general conclusions on Appendix B describes the computer programs used for the
the improvements resulting from the recommended opera- calculations.
tional quantities are reported and the manner in which the Appendix C gives alternative conversion coefficients for
recommended quantities provide a solution to the protection absorbed dose to the lens of the eye.
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2.1 Protection Quantities quantities for different irradiation situations. The role of
operational quantities is to provide an acceptable estimate of
Radiological protection requires the quantification of the the protection quantities for prospective planning of control
exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation. To this measures and optimization and for retrospective assessment
end, the International Commission on Radiological of compliance with legal limits:
Protection (ICRP) has developed the following protection
quantities: mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue, DT,
•• Prospective use in the planning of control measures
organ/tissue equivalent dose, HT, and effective dose, E. The
and for optimization:
protection quantities are used for the implementation of dose
|| By providing predicted estimates of ambient dose
limits and of the optimization principle. Their most recent
and ambient dose rate, and directional absorbed
definitions are published in the 2007 Recommendations of
dose and absorbed dose rate to the lens of the eye
the ICRP (2007).
and local skin, under planned and existing expo-
The ICRP protection quantity effective dose, E, is consid-
sure situations. Such estimates can range from
ered to provide a single, risk-related, quantity for the control
simple calculations to the results of complex
of stochastic radiation effects, valid for all persons exposed
Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations;
under the same conditions, independent of sex, and other
|| For performing measured assessments of ambi-
individual properties of the person exposed. Internal expo-
ent dose and directional absorbed dose to the lens
sure from the intake of radionuclides is also considered using
of the eye and local skin in the workplace or the
effective dose.
environment, with area monitoring instruments
At values of an absorbed dose above a few hundreds of
calibrated in terms of ambient or directional dose
milligrays, tissue reactions (deterministic effects) can be of
rate or, in some cases, using personal dosimeters
concern and absorbed doses in some tissues and organs
for this purpose calibrated in terms of the opera-
require evaluation (Harrison et al., 2016; ICRP, 2007; 2012).
tional quantity ambient dose;
ICRP (2007) sets specific limits on organ equivalent dose to
|| For optimizing work schedules and procedures
prevent damage to the lens of the eye and local skin.
in planned and existing exposure situations with
ICRP Publication 116 (2010), published jointly with
respect to the collective doses received by the
International Commission on Radiation Units & Measure
exposed persons.
ments (ICRU), provides sets of conversion coefficients from
•• Retrospective use, to establish whether there was
particle fluence to the protection quantities for an extended
effective control over the radiation hazard to employ-
range of radiation types and particle energies compared with
ees and compliance with legal limits.
the previous joint publication (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998).
|| For measurement of personal dose and absorbed
The conversion coefficients for the protection quantities in
dose to the lens of the eye and local dose that the
ICRP Publication 116 supersede the previously published
person has received with personal dosimeters cali-
values.
brated in terms of these quantities;
|| For monitoring of radiation exposure of the public
Table 2.1 Relation of the protection quantities (ICRP, 2007) with the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities for which new
quantities are recommended in section 3.
information needed to better estimate the protection quantity monitoring, 3 mm for the lens of the eye, and 0.07 mm for
by taking into account the workplace, any uncertainty in the local skin. The quality factor, Q, that addresses the biological
conversion from operational to protection quantities, and effectiveness of different radiations is a function of the linear
imperfections in the response characteristics of the personal energy transfer (LET or L∞) in water of the particles at the
dosimeter with respect to the conversion coefficients to the interaction point.
operational quantity. Personal dose equivalent Hp(d) is defined at the specified
depth d under the “representative location on the body,” and
directional and ambient dose equivalent H′(d,Ω) and H*(d)
2.3 ICRU Report 39/51 Operational are defined at depth d in the ICRU sphere.
Quantities The definition of directional dose equivalent required an
expanded radiation field, spatially homogeneous in the
The ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities were intro- region of interest in which the measuring instrument is
duced in ICRU Report 39 (1985) and ICRU Report 43 placed. Ambient dose equivalent made the additional require-
(1988), and were revised in Report 51 (1993). ICRU Reports ment of an expanded and aligned radiation field, and here the
43 and 47 (1988; 1992) for photons and electrons, and Report radiation field at a point was expanded into a field which
66 (2001) for neutrons, gave detailed information on instru- impinges on the surface of the ICRU sphere. In practice, this
ment responses and calibration procedures. During the past definition required instruments to have a response that is iso-
30 years, the ICRU operational dose quantities for measure- tropically uniform.
ments of external exposure have been introduced into prac- Table 2.1 gives an overview of the quantities that were
tice in many countries by radiation protection directives and defined as operational quantities and their relationship with
regulations, and most personal dosimeters and area monitor- the protection quantities.
ing instruments are calibrated in terms of these quantities. The conversion coefficients from radiometric and dosi-
Conversion coefficients from fluence to the ICRU Report metric quantities to the operational quantities in the joint
39/51 operational quantities were given in ICRU Report 57 ICRU/ ICRP Report (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998) are calcu-
(1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996), and also in ICRU lated in different phantoms from those used to calculate the
Report 66 (2001) for neutrons up to 10 GeV. Values of con- conversion coefficients for the protection quantities (Table
version coefficients from photon air kerma, electron absorbed 2.2). The ICRU sphere was used for calculation of ambient
dose in tissue, and neutron fluence for reference calibration dose equivalent, H*(10), and directional dose equivalents,
fields were given by the International Organization for H′(3) and H′(0.07), and a slab phantom of ICRU tissue of
Standardization (see ISO 8529-3:1998; 6980-3:2006; 4037- dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm for personal dose
3:2019) and in ICRU Report 66 (2001). equivalents, Hp(10), Hp(3), and Hp(0.07). More recently, a
The ICRU Report 39/51 system of operational quantities cylindrical phantom of ∅ 200 mm × 200 mm has been used
distinguishes between quantities for monitoring of persons, for the calculation of personal dose equivalent to the lens of
that is, personal dose equivalent, and of places at work or in the eye, Hp(3), and pillar and rod phantoms with diameters of
the environment, that is, directional and ambient dose equiv- 73 mm and 19 mm and length of 300 mm for personal dose
alent. Dose equivalent is defined as the product of absorbed equivalent in local skin, Hp(0.07).
dose in a tissue or organ and a quality factor:
Table 2.2 Phantoms employed to calculate the conversion coefficients from field quantities (fluence, air kerma) to the protection
quantities (ICRP, 2007) and to the ICRU report 39/51 operational quantities.
energies, and generally differences between the conversion by a factor 90 for 10 MeV photons (Veinot and
coefficients for protection and operational quantities. Hertel, 2011).
•• However, if personal dose equivalent Hp(10) and
2. ICRP (to be published) has reviewed the use of pro- ambient dose equivalent H*(10) for photons were
tection quantities and proposed that limits to prevent correctly calculated with full transport of the elec-
damage to the lens of the eye and local skin should be trons generated, a progressive underestimate of
set in absorbed dose rather than equivalent dose effective dose E would have resulted (see Fig. 2.1).
because the radiation weighting factors used in the
calculation of equivalent dose relate to stochastic The collection of conversion coefficients for operational
effects rather than tissue reactions. The corresponding quantities given in ICRU Report 57 (1998) and ICRP
operational quantities will also be defined in terms of Publication 74 (1996) only addressed photons, neutrons, and
absorbed dose. For protection and operational quanti- electrons and only for limited energy ranges. Already at the
ties, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) weight- time of publication of the conversion coefficients, planned
ing of absorbed dose in relation to the specific health and existing exposure situations with high-energy radiation
effects could be applied, as appropriate. were known to be of importance in the applications of parti-
3. Conversion coefficients for the operational quantities cle accelerators. Radiation protection has also become a con-
for photons were calculated using the kerma approxi- cern at flight altitudes, where exposure to many radiation
mation method (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998). In this types, with high energies, can occur (ICRP, 2016; ICRU,
approximation, the energy transferred from the pho- 2010). These sectors have now overtaken the field of nuclear
ton to the target is deposited at the location of the applications in the number of facilities and of exposed per-
interaction. This approximation neglects the further sons. The latest publication of conversion coefficients for the
transport of energy by generated electrons but leads protection quantities (ICRP, 2010) takes this into account by
to acceptable results in the energy range hitherto con- making available effective dose conversion coefficients for a
sidered as sufficient for radiation protection pur- larger selection of radiation types and greatly extended
poses. Discrepancies between operational and energy range. The range of particle types and energies of the
protection quantities resulting from the use of the operational quantities should match the range of energies and
kerma approximation are as follows: particle types of the protection quantities to deliver close
•• At high photon energies (Ep > 3 MeV for d = 10 estimates for prospective and retrospective applications. A
mm, Ep > 740 keV for d = 3 mm, and Ep > 65 simple extension in radiation type and energy of the opera-
keV for d = 0.07 mm), the values of personal and tional quantities based on the definitions of the ICRU Report
ambient dose equivalent, if they are computed 39/51 quantities in ICRU Reports 39, 43, 47, 51, and 66
using the kerma approximation method, overesti- (1985; 1988; 1993; 2001) is not considered to be the appro-
mated the corresponding protection quantities. priate approach because of the discrepancies between opera-
For example, the operational quantities for local tional and protection quantities described above and further
skin dose were overly conservative above 65 keV considerations for other types of radiation.
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3.1 Basis of Recommended Operational in this case the fluence, Φ, with a conversion coefficient, hR.
Quantities In the general case, where the radiation field is multidirec-
tional and has an energy distribution, this expression is inte-
To address the need for an extension of both the range of grated over the energy and direction distribution of fluence.
radiation types and energies over which operational quanti-
ties are defined while preserving a good approximation to the
protection quantities over this extended range, a change of
( )
H R ( Ω ) = ∫hR Ep , Ω Φ R ( EP , Ω ) dEP . (3.2)
paradigm in the definition of operational quantities is needed. The conversion coefficients, hR, are calculated for spe-
This Report recommends a redefinition of the operational cific directions of incidence as the quotient of the value of
quantities as the products of radiometric or dosimetric quan- the dose, evaluated in the whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult ref-
tities at a point in space or on the surface of the body and erence phantoms and the other dedicated phantoms, divided
conversion coefficients related to values of protection quan- by the particle fluence in the absence of the phantom:
tities (Bartlett and Dietze, 2010; Endo, 2016). Consideration
of this approach has been given previously (see, for example, H R ( Ep , Ω )
Burlin, 1981; Burlin and Wheatley, 1971; Burlin et al., 1979; hR ( Ep , Ω ) = . (3.3)
Φ R ( Ep , Ω )
Commission of the European Communities, 1983; ICRP
Publication 15, 1969; ICRP Publication 21, 1973; Jahr et al.,
1981; NCRP Report 38, 1971; Sidwell et al., 1969; Siebert The consequences of this definition are as follows:
and Bartlett, 19951). The practical application of such a quan-
tity can be made if conversion coefficients to an internation- •• The systems of radiation protection quantities and of
ally agreed phantom exist. ICRP and ICRU have now defined operational quantities shown in Fig. 1.2 are similar.
ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms in ICRP Publication •• The conversion coefficients for operational quantities
110 (2009). These phantoms are used to define reference val- are calculated with the same phantoms as the protec-
ues of conversion coefficients to the protection quantities and tion quantities, with the exception of the absorbed
can be used to define the operational quantities. The recom- dose in local skin. The anthropomorphic whole-body
mended operational quantities simplify the systems of protec- and the lens of the eye phantoms are described in
tion and operational quantities and assist in the comprehension ICRP Publications 110 and 116 (2009; 2010).
of radiological protection quantities by users. •• Operational quantities are now by definition closely
A generic scheme is defined here with variations for the dif- related to protection quantities. For certain combina-
ferent operational quantities introduced in the following sub- tions of particle energy and angle of incidence, the
sections. The recommended operational quantities are defined numerical values of the operational quantity and the
as the product of particle fluence or air kerma and a conversion protection quantity are identical.
coefficient. Symbolically, for monoenergetic particles of flu-
ence, Φ, of type R, with energy Ep, this is written as: This definition, employing the same phantoms, weighting
factors, and calculation models for protection and opera-
( )
H R = hR Ep ⋅Φ R ,(3.1) tional quantities, ensures coherence of the quantities and
close approximation of their numerical values for specific
radiation type, energy, and direction of incidence. As previ-
where HR stands for a generic operational quantity for radia- ously, conversion coefficients for photons can also be defined
tion type R. The value of the operational quantity in a radia- in terms of air kerma instead of fluence.
tion field is obtained by multiplication of the field quantity,
1
3.2 Ambient Dose
Siebert, B. R. L., and Bartlett, D. J. (1995). 8th Symposium Neutron
Dosimetry, Paris. Personal communication (Braunschweig, The ambient dose, H*, at a point in a radiation field, is the
Germany). product of the particle fluence at that point, Φ, and the
Operational Quantities for External Exposure 25
Figure 3.1 Schematic representation of the idealized geometries considered in ICRP Publication 116.
Note. AP = antero-posterior; PA = postero-anterior; LLAT = left lateral; RLAT = right lateral; ROT = rotational; ISO = isotropic.
conversion coefficient, h*, relating particle fluence to the The unit of ambient dose rate is J kg–l s–1. The special name for
maximum value of effective dose, Emax, for various irradia- the unit of ambient dose rate is sievert per second (Sv s–1).
tion conditions.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep, the con-
3.4 Directional Absorbed Dose in the
version coefficient h,i* ( Ep ) = Emax,i ( Ep ) / Φi ( Ep ) is calcu-
lated for exposure of the whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult Lens of the Eye
reference phantoms (ICRP, 2009) for broad uniform parallel The directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, Dlens′ (Ω ) ,
beams of the radiation field incident in irradiation geome- at a point in a radiation field with a specified direction of
tries antero-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), left lat- incidence, Ω, is the product of the particle fluence at that
eral (LLAT), right lateral (RLAT), and for rotational (ROT), point, Φ(Ω), and the conversion coefficient, dlens ′ (Ω ), relat-
isotropic (ISO), superior hemisphere semi-isotropic (SS-ISO), ing particle fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the lens
and inferior hemisphere semi-isotropic (IS-ISO) fields for of the eye.
photons and neutrons; AP, PA, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep, the con-
fields for electrons, positrons, muons, and pions; and AP, PA, ′ i ( Ep , Ω ) = Dlens,
version coefficient d lens, ′ i ( Ep , Ω ) / Φi ( Ep , Ω )
and ISO, for He2+ ions (Fig. 3.1). is calculated for exposure of the eye model and the whole
For a distribution of particles of type i: body (Behrens and Dietze, 2011; ICRP, 2010) for broad uni-
form parallel beams of the radiation field incident in the
( ) dE ,
dΦi Ep direction Ω. For a given Ω, the maximum value of absorbed
( )
H i* = ∫ hi* Ep
dEp
p (3.4) dose in the lens of the right or left eye is taken (Fig. 3.2).
For an energy distribution of particles of type i,
′ skin (Ω )
dDlocal (
d 2Φ i Ep , Ω ) dE dΩ ,
D local
′ skin (Ω ) =
dt
.(3.12) ( )
H p,i = ∫∫ hp,i Ep , Ω
dEp dΩ
p (3.13)
The unit of directional absorbed dose rate in local skin is J
kg–l s–1. The special name for the unit of directional absorbed where d2Φi(Ep,Ω)/dEpdΩ is the fluence of particles at that
dose rate in local skin is gray per second (Gy s–1). point, with kinetic energies in the interval dEp around Ep, and
directions of incidence in the interval dΩ around Ω. The sum
over all contributing particle types is:
3.8 Personal Dose
H p = ∑ H p,i . (3.14)
The personal dose, Hp, at a point on the body is the product
of the particle fluence incident at that point, Φ, and the con- The unit of personal dose is J kg–1. The special name for the
version coefficient, hp, relating particle fluence to the value unit of personal dose is sievert (Sv).
of effective dose, E.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep and 3.9 Personal Absorbed Dose in the
direction of incidence Ω, the conversion coefficient
hp, i(Ep,Ω) = Ei(Ep,Ω)/Φi(Ep,Ω) is calculated for broad uni-
Lens of the Eye
form parallel beams, and for rotational and isotropic fields The personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, Dp lens, at
incident on the whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult reference a point on the head or body is the product of the particle flu-
phantoms (ICRP, 2009). ence incident at that point, Φ, and the conversion coefficient,
A right-handed orthogonal system centered at the mid- dp lens, relating particle fluence to the value of absorbed dose
point of the body is adopted in which the X-axis is from back in the lens of the eye.
28 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 3.6 Geometry of the cylindrically shaped phantoms (not •• For the trunk of the body: below the center of the front
to scale). surface of a slab with dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm
Note. Left: isometric view. Right: view from top. The thickness of the skin × 148 mm of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.0 g cm–3),
layer and the diameter of the circular target volume have been increased
for better visibility. the front surface of which is covered with a 2 mm
layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over the
volume of a right circular cylinder with its axis per-
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep and pendicular to the surface between the depths of 50 μm
direction of incidence Ω, the conversion coefficient and 100 µm and a cross-sectional area of 1 cm² (Fig. 3.3);
dp lens,i(Ep, Ω) = Dp lens,i(Ep, Ω)/Φi(Ep, Ω) is calculated for •• For the extremities: at the half-length of the cylindrical
broad uniform parallel beams incident on the whole-body surface of a pillar with dimensions 69 mm diameter and
eye model (Behrens and Dietze, 2011). For a given Ω, the 300 mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with density
conversion coefficient taken is that for the maximum value in this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g cm–3), the
of the absorbed dose in the lens of the right or left eye (see cylindrical surface of which is covered with a 2 mm
Fig. 3.2). layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over a vol-
For a distribution of particles of type i: ume between the radii 36.4 mm and 36.45 mm with a
circle of area 1 cm2 projected onto the upper and lower
cylindrical surfaces, perpendicular to the radii (Fig. 3.6);
d 2Φ i ( Ep , Ω ) •• For the finger: at the half-length of the cylindrical sur-
Dp lens,i = ∫ ∫ d p lens,i ( Ep , Ω ) dEp dΩ , (3.15)
dEp dΩ face of a rod with dimensions 15 mm diameter and 300
mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with density in
this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g cm–3), the cylin-
where d2Φi(Ep,Ω)/dEpdΩ is the fluence of particles at that drical surface of which is covered with a 2 mm layer of
point with kinetic energies in the interval dEp around Ep, and skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over a volume
directions of incidence in the interval dΩ around Ω. The sum between the radii 9.4 mm and 9.45 mm with a circle of
over all contributing particle types, i, is: area 1 cm2 projected onto the upper and lower cylindri-
cal surfaces, perpendicular to the radii (see Fig. 3.6).
Individual monitoring Personal dose Personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye Personal absorbed dose in local skin
Hp Dp, lens Dp local skin
Table 3.2 Phantoms employed to calculate the conversion coefficients from field quantities (Fluence, Air Kerma) to protection
quantities and recommended operational quantities.
4 Conversion Coefficients
2020, Vol. 20(1) 30–37
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on Radiation Units & Measurements.
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DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966214
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The specification of the incident direction, Ω, requires a dose in the irradiation geometries AP, PA, LLAT, and RLAT,
reference system for coordinates in which Ω is expressed. For respectively. The conversion coefficients for incident geom-
the responses of area monitoring instruments to determine etries not available from ICRP Publication 116 are taken
directional absorbed dose, this reference system can be related from the calculations by Endo (2017) (see Note 1). The con-
to the radiation field in which the instrument is exposed. For sistency of numerical values between ICRP Publication 116
personal dosimeters to determine personal dose and absorbed and the calculations by Endo was studied and validated
dose in the lens of the eye and in local skin, this reference (Endo, 2017). The differences between the results of the cal-
system is related to the body, head and eye, and extremity. culations in this Report and those in ICRP Publication 116
All calculations reported are performed with full transport (2010) are less than 2 % for photons and protons; less than
of generated particles. Depending on the quantity and the 5 % for electrons, positrons, muons, pions, and helium ions;
particle type, at high energy the radiation fields in the scoring and less than 5 % at most energies and less than 10 % at sev-
regions of the phantom are not in equilibrium. Personal eral energies for neutrons.
dosimeters and area monitoring instruments for photons are
customarily calibrated in a setup where charged-particle
4.3.3 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients to
equilibrium is established. For this purpose, additional con-
version coefficients for photons are calculated in the kerma Absorbed Dose in the Lens of the Eye
approximation, which delivers numerical results close to the The numerical values of conversion coefficients from parti-
situation of charged-particle equilibrium. cle fluence to directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye
The resulting sets of conversion coefficients are given in ′ and from fluence to personal absorbed dose in the lens
d lens
Appendix A, by quantity, particle type, energy, and angle of of the eye dp lens are identical for the same particle type,
incidence. energy, and direction or angle of incidence, and the symbol
dlens is used in Appendix A.3.
4.3.1 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients The conversion coefficients for specific irradiation geom-
etries are given to the value of the absorbed dose in the lens of
to Ambient Dose the eye for whole-body exposure of the stylized eye model
The values of conversion coefficients, h*, from particle flu- (Behrens and Dietze, 2011); see Fig. 3.2 for broad uniform
ence to ambient dose are calculated as the maximum of 8 parallel beams incident for angles, ϕ, from 0° (AP) to +/− 90°
beam geometries of the conversion coefficients to effective in 15° steps. The maximum value of absorbed dose is given
dose, E, for whole-body exposure of ICRP/ICRU adult refer- for right or left irradiation and for rotational geometry. The
ence phantoms with broad uniform parallel beams incident results of the rotational field were calculated in steps of 5°.
in the irradiation geometries, and for rotational and isotropic
fields, as published in ICRP Publication 116 (2009) and
4.3.4 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients to
shown in Fig. 3.1.
Absorbed Dose in Local Skin
4.3.2 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients to The conversion coefficients from particle fluence to direc-
′ skin and from particle
tional absorbed dose in local skin d local
Personal Dose fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin dp local skin are
The values of conversion coefficients, hp(ϕ), from particle numerically identical for exposure of a specific phantom for
fluence to personal dose are calculated for whole-body the same particle type, energy, and direction or angle of inci-
exposure of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms dence. The symbol dlocal skin is used in Appendix A.4.
(ICRP, 2009). With the exception of alpha particles which are for normal
The conversion coefficients given in this Report are calcu- incidence on the slab phantom, the conversion coefficients,
lated for broad uniform parallel beams incident at specified ′ skin , are calculated for the following specific irradiation
d local
angles ϕ (see Fig. 3.5), from 0° (AP) to 90° in 15° steps, and the geometries for all particles:
average value of right and left irradiations is taken; and for
180°, rotational, isotropic, superior hemisphere semi-isotropic, •• Exposure of the trunk: at the center of the front surface
and inferior hemisphere semi-isotropic geometries are taken. of a slab phantom of dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm
The conversion coefficients in Appendix A.2 are com- × 148 mm of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.0 g cm–3),
piled from those given in ICRP Publication 116 (2010) and the front surface of which is covered with 2 mm of skin
from calculations by Endo (2017).1 Conversion coefficients (ρ = 1.09 g cm–3) (ICRP, 2009), of elemental composi-
to personal dose hp(ϕ) for the angles ϕ = 0°, 180°, +90°, tion given in ICRP Publication 89 (2002). The absorbed
and −90° are numerically identical to those for effective dose is averaged over the volume of a right circular
cylinder between depths of 50 μm and 100 µm and a
1
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication. (Japan Atomic Energy cross-sectional area of 1 cm² for angles, ϕ, from 0°
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan). (AP) to 75° in 15° steps (see Fig. 3.3).
32 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table 4.1 Symbols used for conversion coefficients in the figures of Section 4 and the appendices.
•• Exposure of the extremity: at the half-length of the additional work is required to apply the operational quanti-
cylindrical surface of a 69-mm diameter 300-mm length ties in practice.
pillar phantom of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.11 g cm–³ It has already been noted that in ICRU Report 57 (1998)
to take account of internal structure), the cylindrical sur- and ICRP Publication 74 (1996), the values of conversion
face of which is covered with 2 mm of skin. The coefficients for H*(10) and Hp(10), and H′(0.07) and
absorbed dose is averaged over the volume between the Hp(0.07) for photons were calculated using the kerma
radii 36.4 mm and 36.45 mm with a circle of area 1 cm² approximation method. ICRU and ICRP noted that care must
projected onto the upper and lower cylindrical surfaces be taken in using these values. The respective ranges of elec-
perpendicular to the radii, for angles, ϕ, from 0° to 180° trons in tissue are 10, 3, and 0.07 mm, for energies of 3 MeV,
in 15° steps and for rotational geometry (see Fig. 3.6). 740 keV, and 65 keV. Above these energies, conditions for
•• Exposure of the finger: at the half-length of the cylindri- charged-particle equilibrium were not met for calculations of
cal surface of a 15-mm diameter 300-mm length rod of H*(10) and Hp(10), H′(3) and Hp(3), and H′(0.07) and
ICRU 4-element tissue density (ρ = 1.11 g cm–³), the Hp(0.07), respectively, for irradiation of the ICRU sphere or
cylindrical surface of which is covered with 2 mm of the body in vacuo (Daures et al., 2011; Dimbylow and
skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over the volume Francis, 1983; 1984; Ferrari and Pelliccioni, 1994; 1995). In
between the radii 9.4 mm and 9.45 mm of a circle of area ICRP Publication 116 (2010), the values of the conversion
1 cm² projected onto the upper and lower cylindrical sur- coefficients from fluence to the protection quantities for all
faces perpendicular to the radii, for angles, ϕ, from 0° to particles are calculated using full transport of the radiation
180° in 15° steps and rotational geometry (see Fig. 3.6). field. The values of the conversion coefficients of the previ-
ous operational quantity ambient dose equivalent included in
The conversion coefficients for alpha particles given in the Figures in ICRP Publication 116 (2010) are also calcu-
Table A.4.5 and Fig. A.4.5 have been calculated for the vol- lated using full transport of generated particles.
ume of a right circular cylinder between depths of 50 µm and In some cases, conversion coefficients for the quantities
100 µm and a cross-sectional area of 10 mm² at the center of as previously defined are not available, and therefore no
the front surface of a 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm phan- comparisons are given. For the comparison of conversion
tom of ICRU 4-element tissue density 1 g cm–³, without a coefficients for absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, values
2-mm skin layer (ICRP, 2010). of Hp(3) in a cylindrical phantom are used.
In the following, graphical comparisons are given in the
form of ratios of the numerical values of conversion coeffi-
4.4 Comparison of Values of cients following the ICRU Report 39/51 definitions over the
Recommended and ICRU Report 39/51 values recommended here. The symbols used in these figures
Operational Quantities in Section 4 and in the Appendices of the Report are defined
in Table 4.1.
4.4.1 General Remarks
In this section, the differences in the energy dependence
4.4.2 Ambient Dose and Personal Dose
between the recommended and the ICRU Report 39/51 con-
version coefficients for specific irradiation geometries are Numerical values of ambient dose and personal dose are
analyzed. They highlight changes and point to areas where numerically identical to particular values of effective dose at
Conversion Coefficients 33
Figure 4.1 Comparison of incident photons of conversion Figure 4.3 Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*. mm depth, hp(10,ϕ), taken from ICRU Report 57 (1998) which
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown: used the kerma approximation method, shown as a ratio to the
those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,2 those with FLUKA by Pelliccioni recommended values of hp(ϕ) (Endo, 2017).
(2000), and those from ICRU Report 57 (1998) which used the kerma
approximation.
cients to ambient dose are given in Appendix A.1 and to per-
sonal dose in Appendix A.2.
A significant overestimate below 70 keV of effective dose
for photons by the values of ambient dose equivalent and
personal dose equivalent from ICRU Report 39/51 is
observed in Figs. 4.1 to 4.3. Personal dose equivalent and
ambient dose equivalent are at 10 mm depth, whereas effec-
tive dose is a weighted average over the entire phantom, and
photons below this energy do not penetrate very far. At the
other end of the energy distribution, a progressive underesti-
mate of effective dose for photons by these quantities is vis-
ible at energies exceeding 3 MeV (Pelliccioni, 1998; 2000)
because there is only partial buildup at the depth of 10 mm,
and there is more buildup in the rest of the anthropomorphic
phantom. The depth of 10 mm in tissue for assessing dose
equivalent was chosen in ICRU Report 39 (1985) to approxi-
mately represent the maximum dose equivalent in the organs
and tissues of the body, resulting in ambient dose equivalent
Figure 4.2 Comparison of incident photons of conversion and personal dose equivalent overestimating effective dose
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm between 100 keV and 3 MeV. Between 3 MeV and 10 MeV,
depth, hp(10,0°), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of
the use of the kerma approximation in the calculation of con-
hp(0°).
Note. The results of calculations of hp(10,0°) with various codes are version coefficients of ambient and personal dose equivalent
shown: by Kim and Kim (1999), Veinot and Hertel (2011), and those from in ICRP Publication 74 (1996) and ICRU Report 57 (1998)
ICRU Report 57 (1998) which used the kerma approximation method. led to agreement with effective numerical values as the sum
of photon and electron contributions because it artificially
equal energy and angle of incidence. Hence, the comparison gave full buildup to the values at 10 mm depth which more
of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities and the recommended closely correspond to the dose values relevant in effective
operational quantities amounts to a comparison with the dose calculations.
protection quantity. Numerical values for conversion coeffi- Figures 4.4 and 4.5 show that the depth of 10 mm in the
sphere, or in the body, is not the most appropriate to estimate
effective dose for neutrons (ICRU, 1985). There is an
2
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy increasing underestimation of effective dose by the ICRU
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan) Report 39/51 quantity, H*(10), for neutrons with energies
34 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 4.4 Comparison of incident neutrons of conversion Figure 4.6 Comparison of incident electrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*. depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*.
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown: Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown:
those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,3 those with FLUKA by Pelliccioni those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,3 those with FLUKA by Pelliccioni
(2000), and those from ICRU Report 57 (1998). (2000), and those from ICRU Report 57 (1998).
Figure 4.5 Comparison of incident neutrons of conversion Figure 4.7 Comparison of incident electrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, hp(10,ϕ), taken from ICRU Report 57 (1998), shown as a depth, hp(10,ϕ), taken from Grosswendt and Chartier (1994) and
ratio to the recommended values of hp(ϕ) (Endo, 2017). ICRU Report 57 (1998), shown as a ratio to the recommended
values of hp(ϕ) (Endo, 2017).
above 40 MeV. This reflects the fact that from this neutron
energy on, the buildup of absorbed dose in 10 mm depth in overestimate effective dose between 3 MeV and 30 MeV.
tissue is incomplete. The other changes are a result of using The strong underestimate of effective dose by H*(10) and
radiation weighting factor in ambient dose and personal dose Hp(10) at electron energies less than 2 MeV is explained by
instead of quality factor, and the change to the anthropomor- the limited range of electrons, r < 10 mm. The recom-
phic phantom from a depth of 10 mm in the ICRU sphere. mended operational quantity, H*, considers the detriment to
Figures 4.6 to 4.8 show that for electrons and positrons, skin, contributing to effective dose with a tissue weighting
the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities, H*(10) and Hp(10), coefficient of wT = 0.01. For positrons, the absorbed dose
deposited by an annihilation photon generated at 10 mm
3
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy depth compensates for the limited range of the primary
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan). particle.
Conversion Coefficients 35
Figure 4.11 Comparison of incident photons of conversion estimate for angles of incidence less than or equal to 60°, as
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 3 mm shown in Fig. 4.12.
depth, hp(3,ϕ), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of
dp′ lens (ϕ ) (Behrens, 2017a).
Note. The results of calculations with various codes of hp(3,ϕ) are shown 4.4.4 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in
(Daures et al., 2011; Gualdrini et al., 2011). Data for hp(3,ϕ) are only Local Skin
available from 10 keV to 10 MeV.
For the same fluence, particle type, energy, direction, and
specific phantom, the numerical values of conversion coef-
ficients from particle fluence to directional and personal
absorbed dose in local skin for the slab are the same. In Figs.
4.13 to 4.15, comparisons are given of the numerical values
of the ICRU Report 39/51 definitions for H′(0.07) and
Hp(0.07), with the recommended values of the conversion
′ skin slab (ϕ ) and dp local skin slab(ϕ), from par-
coefficients, d local
ticle fluence as a function of energy for photons and
electrons.
Above 200 keV, the use of kerma approximation to obtain
values of the conversion coefficients given in ICRU Report
57 (1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996) for H'(0.07,ϕ) and
Hp(0.07), gave an overestimate of absorbed dose in local
skin, increasing to a factor of 90 for photons of energy of
10 MeV (Veinot and Hertel, 2011).
6
Daures, J. (2017). Personal communication (Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex
France)
966215
research-article2020
CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966215Journal of the ICRU
Such standards are developed after consultation and col- This is possible for the recommended quantities if the method
laboration with manufacturers and practitioners, and they of irradiations for the old and the recommended quantities is
reflect the state of the technology. The most widely used unchanged, on the same phantoms for personal dosimeters,
types of personal dosimeters for photons meet the require- and free in air for area monitoring instruments.
ments of the standard IEC 62387 (2012) if their response For example, the response of an area monitoring instru-
relative to the quantity Hp(10, ϕ) lies between 0.71 and 1.67 ment based on a Geiger-Müller counter is indicated with an
in the energy interval from 80 keV to 1.25 MeV and for instrument constant of “counts per unit of ambient dose” or:
angles less than, or equal to, 60°. Similar requirements are
stated for dosimeters for Hp(3, ϕ) and Hp(0.07, ϕ). These are N (5.3)
R= .
minimal requirements, and manufacturers may offer dosim- H*
eters with tighter relative response characteristics and for
wider ranges of energies and angles. While many dosimeter When the response of the dosimeter to the previous quantity
systems have an acceptable relative response for photon ambient dose equivalent H*(10) is known, R can be calcu-
energies lower than 80 keV, few extend their measuring lated as:
capabilities to higher mean energy than 1.25 MeV.
For neutrons, physical detectors are costlier, and the market N H * (10 ) H * (10 ) h* (10 )
is smaller; consequently, the standards allow narrower inter- R= = Rold = Rold . (5.4)
vals of energy or angle in which the dosimeters show satisfac- H * (10 ) H* H* h*
tory response characteristics [International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 21909-1:2015]. The relative response to the recommended quantity can then
The following two subsections illustrate the consequence be determined as usual by normalizing to the response of the
of the introduction of the recommended operational quanti- instrument under reference conditions. For photon dosime-
ties on a few types of dosimeters and area monitoring instru- ters and area monitoring instruments, the reference condition
ments with widespread use. These examples are indicative is usually the radiation of the 137Cs isotope (Ep = 662 keV),
and do not constitute a complete overview of the instruments incident at 0°.
available. It is expected that researchers and manufacturers In Fig. 5.1, the responses relative to those for 662-keV
will collaborate in future to modify existing dosimeters and photons of a Geiger-Müller area monitoring instrument for
area monitoring instruments or to make new developments ambient dose H* and ambient dose equivalent H*(10) are
to meet the required measuring capabilities for the recom- shown. The ratio of these two corresponds to the ratio in Fig.
mended operational quantities. 4.1 of h*(10)/h*. This rugged field instrument has a cutoff of
its sensitivity below 60 keV caused by a cast aluminum cas-
5.2.2 Response Characteristics of Photon ing. It is clear that for this instrument, the introduction of the
recommended new operational quantities does not imply any
Dosimeters and Area Monitoring Instruments to
change of the instrument other than a recalibration in terms
the Recommended Operational Quantities of reading per ambient dose at an energy of 662 keV.
The dependence on energy and angle of the fluence or air- Results similar to those in Fig. 5.1 are obtained for some
kerma response characteristics of a dosimeter or area moni- ionization chamber instruments (Otto, 2019), whereas other
toring instrument to an operational quantity should emulate ionization chambers show an overresponse for ambient dose,
as closely as possible the corresponding dependence of the H*, for photons below 70 keV. Presently approved dosime-
respective conversion coefficient of the quantity. The ters that model the energy response of Hp(10) show the same
response of the dosimeter is the ratio of the value indicated overresponse as these ionization chambers of H*(10) for
by the dosimeter, G, over the conventional quantity value, C. photon energies below 70 keV, and thus overestimate effec-
tive dose E. A personal dosimeter must be sensitive to low-
G energy photons, to cover professional exposures in the
R= .
C (5.1) medical sector. At these low energies, where the conversion
coefficients to personal dose are lower than those to personal
If a change intervenes in the conventional quantity value C, dose equivalent (see Fig. 4.2), the introduction of the recom-
for example, by a new definition of the quantity, then the new mended operational quantities will require a modification of
response R can be calculated from the known, old response, the low-energy photon energy response. This might be pos-
Rold = G/Cold, via the old and new conversion coefficients, sible to achieve by introducing more material in front of the
hold and h, respectively, by: detector element, attenuating predominantly low-energy
photons, but with attention to the response characteristics for
G Cold C h oblique incidence of irradiation, or by a change in the detec-
=R = Rold old = Rold old . (5.2) tor. An example of this is shown in Fig. 5.2, for a passive
Cold C C h
40 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
1.4
Relative Response to 662 keV
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
10 100 1000 10000
Energy (keV)
3
be close to this lifetime once the recommended operational
quantities become a legal requirement. The investment nec-
H*(10) or H* response relative to
an extrapolation chamber in a tissue-equivalent slab || For the extremities (hand and feet), a hollow,
phantom, for example, a phantom of polymethyl water-filled pillar made from PMMA with outer
methacrylate [PMMA], at 0.07-mm depth) with a dimensions of 73-mm diameter, 300-mm length, a
correction factor applied for the respective local skin cylinder wall of 2.5-mm thickness, and end faces
or lens of the eye phantom, and angle of incidence. of 10-mm thickness (ISO 4037-3:2019);
3. The reference point of the personal dosimeter or area || For the finger, a solid rod made from PMMA with
monitoring instrument is placed at the calibration 19-mm diameter and 300-mm length (ISO 4037-
point. Personal dosimeters are placed on the corre- 3:2019).
sponding phantom (see below). The reference point
and the reference direction of a personal dosimeter It has been shown variously (see, for example, ICRU
are stated by the manufacturer. In general, the refer- Report 47, 1992) that the differences between conversion
ence point of a dosimeter is located inside the dosim- coefficients obtained with phantoms made from ICRU and
eter. In agreement with the customer, the reference International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
point can be set to another location, for example, at tissue surrogates and those made from PMMA and filled
the center of the front face of the phantom (ISO with water are negligible in the range of measurement preci-
29661:2012/Amd:2015). sion that can be reached in radiation protection metrology.
4. The personal dosimeter or area monitoring instru- The water-filled slab phantom is a good surrogate for the
ment is exposed to the calibration field and its indi- human trunk, the preferred place for wearing personal dosim-
cated value, G, is evaluated. eters for the assessment of effective dose in whole-body
5. At the end of the exposure, the calibration coefficient exposure.
is determined by the ratio:
depth d of the ICRU sphere, a phantom made from ICRU an annual dose, assessed in terms of Hp(10), approach a legal
4-element tissue, introduced in the calculations to provide limit, the radiation protection expert could assess effective
the backscatter contribution to dose at the measurement dose, E, from their knowledge of the conditions of the expo-
depth. It is not possible to produce ICRU 4-element tissue, sure and demonstrate compliance with regulations. As a
and therefore, the operational quantities cannot be material- result of introducing the recommended personal dose, Hp,
ized in full analogy to their definition in standard laborato- and of suitable personal dosimeters to measure it more accu-
ries. At least one primary standards laboratory has realized rately, the present overestimation of effective dose E will be
operational quantities using an “approximate ICRU sphere” reduced. Surgeons and nurses working exclusively in inter-
constructed from surrogate materials,2 using calculations to ventional radiology constitute such a group. It is the duty of
evaluate the difference between the surrogate and a true the employer and the radiation protection expert of the medi-
ICRU sphere at a single photon energy (Boutillon and Allisy- cal establishment to correctly determine and optimize their
Roberts, 1996; Perroche and Boutillon, 1989). In general, exposure. The question if they can be assigned longer time in
however, calculated conversion coefficients from particle the operation theater depends on multiple factors other than
fluence and air-kerma to the ICRU Report 39/51 operational radiation exposure, for example, maximum working times
quantities have been applied for the calibration of area moni- and occupational health and safety. The quality of radiation
toring instruments and personal dosimeters used in radiation protection of these persons will not suffer when effective
protection (ISO 6980-3:2006; ISO 8529-3:1998; ISO 4037- dose is assessed by personal dose, Hp, as long as the employer
3:2019). Taking the availability of these conversion coeffi- and the radiation protection expert have conscientiously con-
cients into account, the Commission considers that the ducted the optimization process and the employees observe
abandonment of the ICRU sphere does not represent a weak- the approved, optimized working methods and constraints.
ening of the metrological chain from primary and secondary For personal dose records, effective dose is generally sub-
laboratories to the manufacturer and the end user of stituted by personal dose, Hp. Once the annual dose
dosimeters. approaches the legal dose limit, or a monthly dosimeter read-
ing is unexpectedly high, or the radiation protection expert
determines that a dosimeter is technically not suitable for
5.4 Impact of Recommended
giving reliable estimates of effective dose, E, the expert is
Operational Quantities on Quality entitled to correct dosimeter readings with the help of addi-
of Radiation Protection tional knowledge, or to determine the value of effective dose
Radiation protection is based on the principles of justifica- based only on the additional knowledge. This can be infor-
tion, limitation, and optimization. Dose limits for the whole mation on the spatial distribution of the radiation field and its
body, the lens of the eye, local skin, and the extremities guar- energy and angle dependence, of the working method with
antee minimal standards of protection, but employers of predominant exposure of certain body regions, and of the
radiation workers are obliged to optimize their exposure, by dosimeter response, inducing overestimate or underestimate
applying shielding, time limitation, improved work methods, of personal dose and of effective dose.
automatization, and other techniques to keep the dose of per-
sonnel As Low As Reasonably Achievable. During optimiza- 5.5 Impact of Recommended
tion, radiation fields are assessed using area monitoring Operational Quantities on Dose
instruments, calibrated in ambient dose, H*. The comparison
of different options of optimization in terms of the dose spar-
Records
ing will determine the preferred course of action for an activ- As seen from the differences between conversion coeffi-
ity in a radiation field. In some radiation fields, ambient dose cients in Section 4, and the example given in the previous
H* will give a better estimate of expected effective dose than section, the numerical values of personal dose in a given
the previous quantity ambient dose equivalent H*(10). radiation field can be significantly different from those of
As an example, one group of persons where the substitu- personal dose equivalent, and ambient dose from ambient
tion of effective dose, E, by personal dose equivalent Hp(10) dose equivalent. The example of low-energy X-rays was pre-
leads to overestimates of E is the group who work exclu- sented above; likewise, a personal dosimeter or area moni-
sively with low-energy X-rays. For the energy distributions toring instrument calibrated for personal dose, Hp, and
of the ISO N-series between N-10 and N-40, the numerical ambient dose, H*, with radiation from a 137Cs source will
value for personal dose, Hp(10), is between 2.5 and 5 times indicate a numerical value 18 % lower than the indicated
higher than effective dose, E, (see Figs. 4.2 and 4.3). Should result for Hp(10) or H*(10). This is based on the observation
that the fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients for the rec-
2
This is routinely done to produce slab, rod, and pillar phantoms for ommended quantities are lower than the ones for the ICRU
the calibration of personal dosimeters. Report 39/51 quantities. However, by experience
44 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
•• Small differences of the conversion coefficients are wT and for radiations wR. Decisions by the ICRP to change
likely to be compensated over wide energy and angle these factors will only be taken after considering new scien-
distributions of radiation in real fields due to averag- tific evidence. For example, the weighting factor for protons
ing effects; changed from wR = 5 in ICRP Publication 60 (1990) to wR =
•• Few personal dosimeters can precisely emulate the 2 in ICRP Publication 103 (2007). This change has had a
energy and angle dependence of the conversion coef- direct impact on the effective dose values calculated for
ficients over a large range of angles and energies; commercial air flight crew. Substantial further changes in
•• Monthly increments of occupational dose are often radiation weighting factors are unlikely.
close to the detection limit of the personal dosimeters, The proposals in this Report anticipate the change at the
where allowed measurement uncertainties are as large time of the next general ICRP recommendations to set limits
as a factor of 2. on doses to the lens of the eye and local skin in absorbed
dose rather than equivalent dose, with the corresponding
For these reasons, it is premature to predict a large change in operational quantities also set in absorbed dose.
values of dose of record for radiation workers after introduc- A rearrangement of the tissue weighting factors (of which
tion of the recommended quantities into practice. the sum is normalized to 1) would result in only small
The compilation and presentation of dose records is of changes in the energy and angle dependence of the protec-
importance for environmental monitoring, but the modifica- tion quantities. It is likely that these changes would be
tions resulting from the changes in the conversion coeffi- smaller than the measurement uncertainties of personal
cients are not likely to be large owing to the normally wide dosimeters and of area monitoring instruments, and therefore
energy and angle distributions of radiation in environmental not of practical importance.
radiation fields. It seems reasonable to assume that the changes proposed
in this Report will be introduced on a similar time-scale to
changes in the protection quantities. The ICRP will only
5.6 Possible Future Changes
introduce changes to the protection quantities when the next
The numerical values of the recommended operational quan- general recommendations are issued and the parallel intro-
tities depend on the method of determination, including the duction of updated operational quantities would appear
modeling of the simulated phantoms, and the parameteriza- appropriate. Anticipating the time required for incorporation
tion of effective dose, E, the absorbed dose to the lens of the of recommendations into safety standards and legislation,
eye, Dlens, and absorbed dose to local skin, Dlocal skin. Effective there may be a period of around 20 years during which prep-
dose, E, depends on the relative weighting factors for tissues arations can be made.
966216
research-article2020
CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966216Journal of the ICRU
6 Concluding Remarks
2020, Vol. 20(1) 45
© 2020, International Commission
on Radiation Units & Measurements.
All rights reserved.
Article reuse guidelines:
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DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966216
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The use of a definition of an operational quantity based on a The only changes required for these photon energy ranges
value of a radiometric or dosimetric quantity at a point and a for the calibration of area monitors and personal dosimeters
conversion coefficient to a protection quantity has been are changes to the instrument constants (ICRU Report 76,
investigated previously. This approach is now considered 2006). Conversion coefficients are also presented that have
acceptable as the International Commission on Radiological been calculated using the kerma-approximation for the cali-
Protection (ICRP) has defined effective dose in reference bration of photon area monitoring instruments and personal
computational phantoms that have published conversion dosimeters that are routinely used under conditions of
coefficients from particle fluence to this quantity. charged-particle equilibrium.
Effective dose is a universal risk-related quantity for con- Increased accuracy in the assessment of absorbed dose to
trol and optimization of exposures. It is applicable to both the lens of the eye can be of particular concern in nuclear
external and internal exposure and to all types of ionizing medicine using beta radiation.
radiations. The drawback is that effective dose cannot be For neutrons, the recommended quantities for ambient
measured as it is defined as a weighted average over radia- dose and personal dose are a considerable improvement on
tion types and organs and tissues occupying the volume of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantity values for the determination
the human body. Further protection quantities are introduced of the protection quantities. For area monitoring instruments
for the assessment of dose to specific organs, the lens of the based on the moderation of the neutron fluence, no changes
eye, extremities and local skin, and possible targets of deter- are required initially for workplace fields within the cur-
ministic effects of ionizing radiation. rently accepted degree of accuracy.
The operational quantities are measurable quantities for the The recommended operational quantities will provide a
determination of ionizing radiation defined at a point in space. solution to the protection problems in radiation fields of
The recommendations in this Report on operational quantities high-energy photons, neutrons, and electrons and for other
are defined in terms of conversion coefficients to personal particle types.
dose, personal absorbed dose to the lens of the eye, and per- Modifications in the design or algorithm of existing
sonal absorbed dose to local skin; ambient dose, directional instrumentation will be required at some stage, at least for
absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, and directional absorbed some applications:
dose in local skin; that are related directly to the values of the
protection quantities, and effective dose and absorbed dose in •• for photon energies below 70 keV, to correct for the
the lens of the eye and local skin. This is a significant change large overestimation of effective dose by area moni-
from the ICRU Report 39/51, where numerical values of the toring instruments and personal dosimeters based on
operational quantities are based on dose equivalent at a fixed the ICRU Report 39/51 definitions;
depth in simple phantoms or the ICRU 4-element sphere, and •• to improve the estimation of photons and electrons of
will give a better estimate of the protection quantities. The sys- absorbed dose in the lens of the eye;
tem of protection and operational quantities is simplified and •• to determine ambient and personal dose for photons
assists in the comprehension and consistency of radiation pro- with energies between 3 MeV and 10 MeV if charged-
tection quantities by users. particle equilibrium is not present, but this will depend
The numerical values of conversion coefficients for ambi- on the detector system;
ent dose and personal dose for photons of energies from 70 •• to improve the performance of area monitoring instru-
keV to 2 MeV are within about 15 % of those given for the ments and personal dosimeters for the changes in the
corresponding quantities defined in ICRU Report 51. The conversion coefficients from particle fluence to H*
values of these quantities from 3 to 10 MeV, in conditions and Hp compared with H*(10) and Hp(10), for the
with full charged-particle equilibrium, are also within 18 % lower values for neutron energies from thermal to
of those calculated with the kerma-approximation method in 2 MeV and for the higher values above neutron ener-
ICRU Report 57 (1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996). gies of 50 MeV.
966219
research-article2020
CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966219Journal of the ICRU
Appendices
2020, Vol. 20(1) 46–126
© 2020, International Commission
on Radiation Units & Measurements.
All rights reserved.
Article reuse guidelines:
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DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966219
https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669120966219
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Appendix A gives the recommended conversion coefficients The ICRU Report 90 Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation
from fluence to the operational quantities. For photons, addi- Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications
tional coefficients for the conversion from kerma in air to (ICRU, 2014) has changed slightly the charged-particle
operational quantities are added. The Appendix has the fol- stopping powers in water. This is not expected to make a
lowing sections: noticeable difference to the Monte Carlo calculations used
in this Report.
A.1 Ambient dose
A.2 Personal Dose
A.3 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in the Lens
Appendix A. Values of Conversion
of the Eye Coefficients
A.4 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in Local A.1 Ambient Dose
Skin
A.5 Operational Quantities for Photons of Energies up Tables A.1.1a to A.1.10 and Figs. A.1.1a to A.1.10 give the
to 50 MeV in Fields with Charged-Particle Equilibrium. values of conversion coefficients, h*, from particle fluence to
A.6 Air Kerma ambient dose for photons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, pro-
tons, negative muons, and positive muons for energies up to
Appendix B describes the computer codes to calculate the 10 GeV; for negative pions and positive pions for energies up
conversion coefficients and discusses the uncertainties. The to 200 GeV; and for He2+ ions up to 100 GeV u−1. The conver-
Appendix has the following sections: sion coefficients relate the particle fluence to the maximum
value of the effective dose, Emax, calculated for whole-body
B.1 PHITS exposure of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms (ICRP,
B.2 FLUKA 2009) for uniform broad parallel beams incident in irradiation
B.3 MCNP geometries AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT and for ROT, ISO, SS-ISO,
B.4 EGSnrc and IS-ISO fields for photons and neutrons; AP, PA, ISO,
B.5 Uncertainties in Conversion Coefficient Calculations SS-ISO, and IS-ISO fields for electrons, positrons, muons, and
pions; and AP, PA, and ISO for He2+ ions (ICRP, 2010) This is
Appendix C alternative conversion coefficients for shown in Table A.1.0; the sets of irradiation geometries are as
absorbed dose in the lens of the eye: described in Subsection 3.2. The conversion coefficients of
Tables A.1.1a to A.1.10, and Figs. A.1.1a to A.1.10, are taken
C.1 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in the from those in ICRP Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010) and calcula-
Lens of the Eye, Absorbed Dose in the Sensitive Cells, tions by Endo.1 For photons of energy up to 50 MeV, Table
dlens sens. A.1.1b and Fig. A.1.1b give conversion coefficients from air
C.2 Photons of Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields with kerma. Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to air
Charged-Particle Equilibrium. kerma are tabulated in Table A.6 in this Report.
1
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
Appendices 47
Table/figure Particle type Physical quantity Energy range (MeV) Set of irradiation geometries for maximization
A.1.1a Photon Fluence 5.0 E-03–1.0 E+04 AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT,
A.1.1b Photon Air kerma 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 ROT, ISO,
A.1.2 Neutron Fluence 1.0 E-09–1.0 E+04 SS-ISO, IS-ISO
A.1.3 Electron Fluence 1.0 E-02–1.0 E+04
A.1.4 Positron Fluence 1.0 E-02–1.0 E+04
A.1.5 Proton Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+04 AP, PA,
A.1.6 Neg. Muon Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+04 ISO,
A.1.7 Pos. Muon Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+04 SS-ISO, IS-ISO
A.1.8 Neg. Pion Fluence 1.0 E+00–2.0 E+05
A.1.9 Pos. Pion Fluence 1.0 E+00–2.0 E+05
A.1.10 He2+ion Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+05a AP, PA, ISO
a
Energies for He ions in MeV/u
2
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
48 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.1.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to Table A.1.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to
ambient dose (Endo3; ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Ep/MeV h*/(Sv Gy–1) Ep/MeV h*/(Sv Gy–1) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)
5.000E-03 4.37E-04 5.000E-01 1.04E+00 1.00E-09 3.09E+00 3.00E+00 4.58E+02
6.000E-03 7.81E-04 5.110E-01 1.04E+00 1.00E-08 3.55E+00 4.00E+00 4.83E+02
7.000E-03 1.45E-03 6.000E-01 1.02E+00 2.50E-08 4.00E+00 5.00E+00 4.94E+02
8.000E-03 2.84E-03 6.620E-01 1.02E+00 1.00E-07 5.20E+00 6.00E+00 4.98E+02
9.000E-03 5.31E-03 8.000E-01 1.01E+00 2.00E-07 5.87E+00 7.00E+00 4.99E+02
1.000E-02 9.26E-03 1.000E+00 1.00E+00 5.00E-07 6.59E+00 8.00E+00 4.99E+02
1.200E-02 2.09E-02 1.117E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E-06 7.03E+00 9.00E+00 5.00E+02
1.300E-02 2.88E-02 1.330E+00 1.00E+00 2.00E-06 7.39E+00 1.00E+01 5.00E+02
1.500E-02 4.99E-02 1.500E+00 9.96E-01 5.00E-06 7.71E+00 1.20E+01 4.99E+02
1.700E-02 7.58E-02 2.000E+00 9.90E-01 1.00E-05 7.82E+00 1.40E+01 4.95E+02
2.000E-02 1.34E-01 3.000E+00 9.77E-01 2.00E-05 7.84E+00 1.50E+01 4.93E+02
2.500E-02 2.60E-01 4.000E+00 9.64E-01 5.00E-05 7.82E+00 1.60E+01 4.90E+02
3.000E-02 4.32E-01 5.000E+00 9.45E-01 1.00E-04 7.79E+00 1.80E+01 4.84E+02
4.000E-02 8.16E-01 6.000E+00 9.28E-01 2.00E-04 7.73E+00 2.00E+01 4.77E+02
5.000E-02 1.14E+00 6.129E+00 9.25E-01 5.00E-04 7.54E+00 2.10E+01 4.74E+02
6.000E-02 1.35E+00 8.000E+00 9.24E-01 1.00E-03 7.54E+00 3.00E+01 4.53E+02
7.000E-02 1.43E+00 1.000E+01 9.16E-01 2.00E-03 7.61E+00 5.00E+01 4.33E+02
8.000E-02 1.44E+00 1.500E+01 8.82E-01 5.00E-03 7.97E+00 7.50E+01 4.39E+02
1.000E-01 1.39E+00 2.000E+01 8.42E-01 1.00E-02 9.11E+00 1.00E+02 4.44E+02
1.500E-01 1.25E+00 3.000E+01 7.48E-01 2.00E-02 1.22E+01 1.30E+02 4.46E+02
2.000E-01 1.17E+00 4.000E+01 6.62E-01 3.00E-02 1.57E+01 1.50E+02 4.46E+02
3.000E-01 1.09E+00 5.000E+01 6.07E-01 5.00E-02 2.30E+01 1.80E+02 4.47E+02
4.000E-01 1.06E+00 7.00E-02 3.06E+01 2.00E+02 4.48E+02
1.00E-01 4.19E+01 3.00E+02 4.73E+02
1.50E-01 6.06E+01 4.00E+02 5.15E+02
2.00E-01 7.88E+01 5.00E+02 5.33E+02
3.00E-01 1.14E+02 6.00E+02 5.69E+02
5.00E-01 1.77E+02 7.00E+02 6.25E+02
7.00E-01 2.32E+02 8.00E+02 6.38E+02
9.00E-01 2.79E+02 9.00E+02 6.45E+02
1.00E+00 3.01E+02 1.00E+03 6.63E+02
1.20E+00 3.30E+02 2.00E+03 7.69E+02
1.50E+00 3.65E+02 5.00E+03 1.04E+03
2.00E+00 4.07E+02 1.00E+04 1.39E+03
3
A. Endo, personal communication, 2016 (Japan Atomic Energy Figure A.1.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Appendices 49
Table A.1.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to Table A.1.4 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)
1.00E-02 2.69E-02 1.50E+01 1.88E+02 1.00E-02 3.28E+00 1.50E+01 1.84E+02
1.50E-02 4.04E-02 2.00E+01 2.36E+02 1.50E-02 3.29E+00 2.00E+01 2.29E+02
2.00E-02 5.39E-02 3.00E+01 3.02E+02 2.00E-02 3.30E+00 3.00E+01 2.94E+02
3.00E-02 8.10E-02 4.00E+01 3.29E+02 3.00E-02 3.33E+00 4.00E+01 3.20E+02
4.00E-02 1.08E-01 5.00E+01 3.37E+02 4.00E-02 3.36E+00 5.00E+01 3.27E+02
5.00E-02 1.35E-01 6.00E+01 3.44E+02 5.00E-02 3.39E+00 6.00E+01 3.34E+02
6.00E-02 1.63E-01 8.00E+01 3.58E+02 6.00E-02 3.42E+00 8.00E+01 3.49E+02
8.00E-02 2.18E-01 1.00E+02 3.66E+02 8.00E-02 3.47E+00 1.00E+02 3.57E+02
1.00E-01 2.75E-01 1.50E+02 3.79E+02 1.00E-01 3.53E+00 1.50E+02 3.71E+02
1.50E-01 4.18E-01 2.00E+02 3.88E+02 1.50E-01 3.67E+00 2.00E+02 3.83E+02
2.00E-01 5.69E-01 3.00E+02 4.11E+02 2.00E-01 3.84E+00 3.00E+02 4.12E+02
3.00E-01 8.89E-01 4.00E+02 4.35E+02 3.00E-01 4.16E+00 4.00E+02 4.35E+02
4.00E-01 1.24E+00 5.00E+02 4.49E+02 4.00E-01 4.52E+00 5.00E+02 4.49E+02
5.00E-01 1.63E+00 6.00E+02 4.64E+02 5.00E-01 4.90E+00 6.00E+02 4.62E+02
6.00E-01 2.05E+00 8.00E+02 4.88E+02 6.00E-01 5.36E+00 8.00E+02 4.85E+02
8.00E-01 4.04E+00 1.00E+03 5.08E+02 8.00E-01 7.41E+00 1.00E+03 5.05E+02
1.00E+00 7.10E+00 1.50E+03 5.25E+02 1.00E+00 1.05E+01 1.50E+03 5.22E+02
1.50E+00 1.50E+01 2.00E+03 5.68E+02 1.50E+00 1.83E+01 2.00E+03 5.66E+02
2.00E+00 2.24E+01 3.00E+03 6.08E+02 2.00E+00 2.57E+01 3.00E+03 6.04E+02
3.00E+00 3.61E+01 4.00E+03 6.38E+02 3.00E+00 3.91E+01 4.00E+03 6.33E+02
4.00E+00 4.82E+01 5.00E+03 6.61E+02 4.00E+00 5.10E+01 5.00E+03 6.59E+02
5.00E+00 5.93E+01 6.00E+03 6.83E+02 5.00E+00 6.17E+01 6.00E+03 6.83E+02
6.00E+00 7.06E+01 8.00E+03 7.16E+02 6.00E+00 7.29E+01 8.00E+03 7.16E+02
8.00E+00 9.79E+01 1.00E+04 7.42E+02 8.00E+00 9.90E+01 1.00E+04 7.46E+02
1.00E+01 1.25E+02 1.00E+01 1.26E+02
Figure A.1.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to Figure A.1.4 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
50 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.1.5 Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to Table A.1.6 Conversion coefficients from negative muon
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). fluence to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Figure A.1.5 Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to Figure A.1.6 Conversion coefficients from negative muon
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). fluence to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Appendices 51
Table A.1.7 Conversion coefficients from positive muon fluence Table A.1.8 Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence
to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Table A.1.9 Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence Table A.1.10 Conversion coefficients from He2+ Ion fluence to
to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV u-1 h*/(pSv cm2)
1.00E+00 3.14E+02 6.00E+02 9.80E+02 1.00E+00 2.19E+02
1.50E+00 3.24E+02 8.00E+02 1.04E+03 2.00E+00 4.38E+02
2.00E+00 3.40E+02 1.00E+03 1.09E+03 3.00E+00 6.57E+02
3.00E+00 3.79E+02 1.50E+03 1.16E+03 5.00E+00 1.09E+03
4.00E+00 4.29E+02 2.00E+03 1.19E+03 1.00E+01 2.19E+03
5.00E+00 4.89E+02 3.00E+03 1.18E+03 1.40E+01 4.61E+03
6.00E+00 5.40E+02 4.00E+03 1.21E+03 2.00E+01 1.72E+04
8.00E+00 7.17E+02 5.00E+03 1.27E+03 3.00E+01 3.01E+04
1.00E+01 8.19E+02 6.00E+03 1.29E+03 5.00E+01 4.75E+04
1.50E+01 1.00E+03 8.00E+03 1.39E+03 7.50E+01 8.05E+04
2.00E+01 1.10E+03 1.00E+04 1.46E+03 1.00E+02 1.01E+05
3.00E+01 1.52E+03 1.50E+04 1.60E+03 1.50E+02 1.10E+05
4.00E+01 1.75E+03 2.00E+04 1.69E+03 2.00E+02 7.29E+04
5.00E+01 1.83E+03 3.00E+04 1.86E+03 3.00E+02 5.33E+04
6.00E+01 1.82E+03 4.00E+04 1.97E+03 5.00E+02 4.49E+04
8.00E+01 1.38E+03 5.00E+04 2.09E+03 7.00E+02 4.60E+04
1.00E+02 1.13E+03 6.00E+04 2.20E+03 1.00E+03 4.47E+04
1.50E+02 1.22E+03 8.00E+04 2.38E+03 2.00E+03 4.80E+04
2.00E+02 1.25E+03 1.00E+05 2.53E+03 3.00E+03 5.01E+04
3.00E+02 1.10E+03 1.50E+05 2.90E+03 5.00E+03 5.17E+04
4.00E+02 9.98E+02 2.00E+05 3.24E+03 1.00E+04 6.26E+04
5.00E+02 9.70E+02 2.00E+04 7.10E+04
5.00E+04 9.67E+04
1.00E+05 1.24E+05
A.2 Personal Dose Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010) and from calculations by Endo4
(2017). ICRP Publication 116 provides conversion coefficients
Tables A.2.1a to A.2.10 and Figs. A.2.1a to A.2.10 give the for broad parallel and isotropic beams of the radiation field at
values of conversion coefficients from particle fluence to per- that point incident in irradiation geometries AP, PA, LLAT,
sonal dose for photons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, protons, RLAT, ROT, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO fields for photons and
negative muons, positive muons, negative pions, and positive neutrons; AP, PA, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO fields for electrons,
pions for energies up to 1 GeV, and for He2+ions up to 1 GeV positrons, muons, and pions; and AP, PA, and ISO for He2+ions.
u−1. The conversion coefficients, hp(ϕ), that relate the particle For photons of energy up to 50 MeV, Table A.2.1b and Fig.
fluence to effective dose, E, are calculated for whole-body A.2.1b give conversion coefficients from air kerma.
exposure of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms (ICRP, The angles of incidence ϕ = 0°, 180°, +90°, and −90°,
2009) for uniform broad parallel beams incident at angles of respectively, of hp(α) in the XY plane correspond to irradia-
incidence, ϕ, from 0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps with the aver- tion geometries AP, PA, LLAT and RLAT, and these conver-
age value of right and left irradiations taken, 180°, rotational, sion coefficients from ICRP Publication 116 are used in
isotropic, superior hemisphere semi-isotropic, and inferior Tables A.2.1a/b to A.2.10 and Figs. A.2.1a/b to A.2.10. The
hemisphere semi-isotropic fields. For photons of energy up to conversion coefficients for incident geometries not available
50 MeV, Table A.2.1b and Fig. A.2.1b give conversion coeffi- from ICRP Publication 116 are taken from the calculations
cients from air kerma, as given in Table A.2.0. by Endo4 (2017). The consistency of numerical values
The conversion coefficients of Tables A.2.1a to A.2.10 and between ICRP Publication 116 and the calculations by Endo
Figs. A.2.1a to A.2.10 are compiled from those given in ICRP was studied and validated (Endo, 2017).
Table A.2.0 Conversion coefficients to personal dose Hp for the angle range 0°–90°, 180°, ROT, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO.
4
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
54 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.2.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal dose (Endo4, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
5.0E-03 1.34E-02 1.41E-02 1.39E-02 1.30E-02 1.16E-02 9.37E-03 6.87E-03 1.33E-02 1.15E-02 1.04E-02 1.05E-02 1.02E-02
6.0E-03 1.66E-02 1.79E-02 1.81E-02 1.71E-02 1.51E-02 1.19E-02 8.28E-03 1.59E-02 1.41E-02 1.28E-02 1.31E-02 1.25E-02
7.0E-03 2.25E-02 2.43E-02 2.42E-02 2.25E-02 1.97E-02 1.51E-02 9.88E-03 1.78E-02 1.74E-02 1.58E-02 1.61E-02 1.53E-02
8.0E-03 3.35E-02 3.48E-02 3.36E-02 3.03E-02 2.57E-02 1.93E-02 1.20E-02 1.87E-02 2.16E-02 1.94E-02 2.00E-02 1.87E-02
9.0E-03 4.90E-02 4.97E-02 4.62E-02 4.05E-02 3.35E-02 2.45E-02 1.48E-02 1.86E-02 2.73E-02 2.36E-02 2.45E-02 2.26E-02
1.0E-02 6.85E-02 6.71E-02 6.13E-02 5.26E-02 4.25E-02 3.06E-02 1.86E-02 1.84E-02 3.37E-02 2.88E-02 3.01E-02 2.75E-02
1.2E-02 1.05E-01 1.03E-01 9.38E-02 7.94E-02 6.24E-02 4.42E-02 2.67E-02 1.62E-02 4.70E-02 3.95E-02 4.06E-02 3.75E-02
1.3E-02 1.22E-01 1.20E-01 1.09E-01 9.30E-02 7.26E-02 5.09E-02 3.10E-02 1.56E-02 5.32E-02 4.49E-02 4.58E-02 4.26E-02
1.5E-02 1.56E-01 1.50E-01 1.39E-01 1.19E-01 9.28E-02 6.40E-02 4.03E-02 1.55E-02 6.65E-02 5.60E-02 5.77E-02 5.43E-02
1.7E-02 1.81E-01 1.79E-01 1.66E-01 1.44E-01 1.13E-01 7.72E-02 4.78E-02 1.75E-02 7.83E-02 6.50E-02 6.54E-02 6.32E-02
2.0E-02 2.25E-01 2.19E-01 2.05E-01 1.78E-01 1.42E-01 9.77E-02 6.14E-02 2.61E-02 9.88E-02 8.13E-02 8.22E-02 8.02E-02
2.5E-02 2.75E-01 2.71E-01 2.55E-01 2.26E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 7.87E-02 5.64E-02 1.30E-01 1.04E-01 1.05E-01 1.01E-01
3.0E-02 3.12E-01 3.07E-01 2.89E-01 2.55E-01 2.09E-01 1.52E-01 9.88E-02 9.46E-02 1.59E-01 1.27E-01 1.29E-01 1.25E-01
4.0E-02 3.50E-01 3.40E-01 3.24E-01 2.90E-01 2.42E-01 1.84E-01 1.26E-01 1.63E-01 1.99E-01 1.58E-01 1.62E-01 1.54E-01
5.0E-02 3.69E-01 3.59E-01 3.44E-01 3.07E-01 2.64E-01 2.00E-01 1.45E-01 2.09E-01 2.26E-01 1.80E-01 1.84E-01 1.76E-01
6.0E-02 3.89E-01 3.82E-01 3.64E-01 3.26E-01 2.81E-01 2.19E-01 1.62E-01 2.43E-01 2.48E-01 1.98E-01 2.04E-01 1.94E-01
7.0E-02 4.11E-01 4.06E-01 3.87E-01 3.48E-01 3.00E-01 2.38E-01 1.78E-01 2.73E-01 2.73E-01 2.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.09E-01
8.0E-02 4.43E-01 4.36E-01 4.18E-01 3.75E-01 3.30E-01 2.63E-01 1.97E-01 3.02E-01 2.97E-01 2.38E-01 2.46E-01 2.32E-01
1.0E-01 5.18E-01 5.12E-01 4.85E-01 4.50E-01 3.95E-01 3.18E-01 2.40E-01 3.63E-01 3.56E-01 2.86E-01 2.95E-01 2.79E-01
1.5E-01 7.47E-01 7.45E-01 7.10E-01 6.55E-01 5.84E-01 4.87E-01 3.69E-01 5.43E-01 5.29E-01 4.29E-01 4.45E-01 4.13E-01
2.0E-01 1.00E+00 9.95E-01 9.54E-01 8.88E-01 8.01E-01 6.73E-01 5.18E-01 7.45E-01 7.22E-01 5.89E-01 6.10E-01 5.68E-01
3.0E-01 1.51E+00 1.50E+00 1.45E+00 1.36E+00 1.24E+00 1.07E+00 8.39E-01 1.16E+00 1.12E+00 9.32E-01 9.64E-01 9.00E-01
4.0E-01 2.00E+00 1.98E+00 1.94E+00 1.82E+00 1.68E+00 1.45E+00 1.18E+00 1.58E+00 1.53E+00 1.28E+00 1.32E+00 1.24E+00
5.0E-01 2.47E+00 2.44E+00 2.39E+00 2.27E+00 2.12E+00 1.84E+00 1.51E+00 1.99E+00 1.92E+00 1.63E+00 1.67E+00 1.59E+00
6.0E-01 2.91E+00 2.89E+00 2.85E+00 2.69E+00 2.52E+00 2.21E+00 1.84E+00 2.39E+00 2.31E+00 1.97E+00 2.02E+00 1.92E+00
8.0E-01 3.73E+00 3.73E+00 3.65E+00 3.52E+00 3.30E+00 2.93E+00 2.49E+00 3.14E+00 3.04E+00 2.62E+00 2.70E+00 2.54E+00
1.0E+00 4.49E+00 4.50E+00 4.41E+00 4.26E+00 4.03E+00 3.57E+00 3.12E+00 3.84E+00 3.73E+00 3.25E+00 3.32E+00 3.18E+00
1.5E+00 6.12E+00 6.11E+00 6.04E+00 5.86E+00 5.60E+00 5.16E+00 4.55E+00 5.41E+00 5.24E+00 4.67E+00 4.74E+00 4.58E+00
2.0E+00 7.48E+00 7.49E+00 7.41E+00 7.20E+00 6.93E+00 6.48E+00 5.81E+00 6.77E+00 6.56E+00 5.91E+00 6.03E+00 5.77E+00
3.0E+00 9.75E+00 9.81E+00 9.65E+00 9.53E+00 9.33E+00 8.69E+00 8.03E+00 9.13E+00 8.85E+00 8.08E+00 8.22E+00 7.94E+00
4.0E+00 1.17E+01 1.17E+01 1.16E+01 1.15E+01 1.13E+01 1.06E+01 1.00E+01 1.12E+01 1.09E+01 1.00E+01 1.02E+01 9.80E+00
5.0E+00 1.34E+01 1.34E+01 1.33E+01 1.32E+01 1.32E+01 1.25E+01 1.18E+01 1.32E+01 1.27E+01 1.18E+01 1.20E+01 1.16E+01
6.0E+00 1.50E+01 1.51E+01 1.49E+01 1.49E+01 1.48E+01 1.42E+01 1.35E+01 1.50E+01 1.44E+01 1.35E+01 1.37E+01 1.33E+01
8.0E+00 1.78E+01 1.80E+01 1.79E+01 1.79E+01 1.80E+01 1.73E+01 1.68E+01 1.86E+01 1.76E+01 1.66E+01 1.69E+01 1.63E+01
1.0E+01 2.05E+01 2.06E+01 2.05E+01 2.06E+01 2.09E+01 2.04E+01 1.99E+01 2.21E+01 2.07E+01 1.97E+01 1.99E+01 1.93E+01
1.5E+01 2.61E+01 2.64E+01 2.64E+01 2.67E+01 2.73E+01 2.72E+01 2.72E+01 3.04E+01 2.77E+01 2.68E+01 2.68E+01 2.62E+01
2.0E+01 3.08E+01 3.10E+01 3.13E+01 3.19E+01 3.29E+01 3.37E+01 3.44E+01 3.82E+01 3.44E+01 3.38E+01 3.39E+01 3.37E+01
3.0E+01 3.79E+01 3.82E+01 3.87E+01 4.03E+01 4.26E+01 4.49E+01 4.77E+01 5.13E+01 4.60E+01 4.61E+01 4.61E+01 4.61E+01
4.0E+01 4.32E+01 4.31E+01 4.46E+01 4.68E+01 5.08E+01 5.54E+01 6.01E+01 6.18E+01 5.60E+01 5.69E+01 5.66E+01 5.72E+01
5.0E+01 4.71E+01 4.70E+01 4.86E+01 5.21E+01 5.71E+01 6.37E+01 7.10E+01 7.01E+01 6.43E+01 6.61E+01 6.58E+01 6.66E+01
6.0E+01 5.01E+01 5.13E+01 5.35E+01 5.75E+01 6.38E+01 7.23E+01 8.04E+01 7.65E+01 7.11E+01 7.41E+01 7.35E+01 7.47E+01
8.0E+01 5.45E+01 5.57E+01 5.84E+01 6.33E+01 7.16E+01 8.28E+01 9.55E+01 8.62E+01 8.18E+01 8.71E+01 8.55E+01 8.89E+01
1.0E+02 5.78E+01 5.93E+01 6.20E+01 6.77E+01 7.72E+01 9.03E+01 1.07E+02 9.27E+01 8.95E+01 9.75E+01 9.61E+01 9.89E+01
1.5E+02 6.32E+01 6.46E+01 6.75E+01 7.52E+01 8.67E+01 1.03E+02 1.26E+02 1.03E+02 1.02E+02 1.16E+02 1.15E+02 1.18E+02
2.0E+02 6.72E+01 6.82E+01 7.17E+01 7.97E+01 9.31E+01 1.11E+02 1.39E+02 1.10E+02 1.10E+02 1.29E+02 1.25E+02 1.35E+02
3.0E+02 7.23E+01 7.40E+01 7.69E+01 8.64E+01 1.01E+02 1.21E+02 1.55E+02 1.18E+02 1.21E+02 1.47E+02 1.40E+02 1.54E+02
4.0E+02 7.54E+01 7.81E+01 8.13E+01 9.11E+01 1.07E+02 1.29E+02 1.66E+02 1.23E+02 1.28E+02 1.59E+02 1.50E+02 1.68E+02
5.0E+02 7.74E+01 7.86E+01 8.27E+01 9.26E+01 1.10E+02 1.33E+02 1.74E+02 1.27E+02 1.32E+02 1.67E+02 1.58E+02 1.78E+02
6.0E+02 7.87E+01 8.01E+01 8.41E+01 9.44E+01 1.12E+02 1.37E+02 1.79E+02 1.30E+02 1.36E+02 1.74E+02 1.65E+02 1.83E+02
8.0E+02 8.04E+01 8.22E+01 8.62E+01 9.70E+01 1.16E+02 1.42E+02 1.87E+02 1.34E+02 1.41E+02 1.85E+02 1.74E+02 1.96E+02
1.0E+03 8.16E+01 8.35E+01 8.79E+01 9.95E+01 1.18E+02 1.46E+02 1.93E+02 1.37E+02 1.45E+02 1.93E+02 1.80E+02 2.06E+02
Appendices 55
Figure A.2.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure A.2.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
personal dose (Endo5, 2017; ICRP, 2010). to personal dose (Endo5, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Table A.2.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal dose (Endo5, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
5.0E-03 4.36E-04 4.58E-04 4.55E-04 4.23E-04 3.77E-04 3.06E-04 2.24E-04 4.35E-04 3.74E-04 3.39E-04 3.42E-04 3.33E-04
6.0E-03 7.80E-04 8.41E-04 8.51E-04 8.04E-04 7.12E-04 5.60E-04 3.90E-04 7.47E-04 6.62E-04 6.05E-04 6.15E-04 5.90E-04
7.0E-03 1.45E-03 1.57E-03 1.56E-03 1.45E-03 1.27E-03 9.74E-04 6.37E-04 1.15E-03 1.12E-03 1.02E-03 1.04E-03 9.89E-04
8.0E-03 2.84E-03 2.96E-03 2.85E-03 2.57E-03 2.18E-03 1.64E-03 1.02E-03 1.59E-03 1.84E-03 1.64E-03 1.69E-03 1.58E-03
9.0E-03 5.31E-03 5.39E-03 5.01E-03 4.39E-03 3.63E-03 2.66E-03 1.60E-03 2.02E-03 2.96E-03 2.56E-03 2.66E-03 2.45E-03
1.0E-02 9.26E-03 9.07E-03 8.28E-03 7.10E-03 5.74E-03 4.13E-03 2.51E-03 2.49E-03 4.55E-03 3.89E-03 4.07E-03 3.72E-03
1.2E-02 2.09E-02 2.05E-02 1.87E-02 1.58E-02 1.24E-02 8.80E-03 5.31E-03 3.23E-03 9.36E-03 7.87E-03 8.09E-03 7.47E-03
1.3E-02 2.87E-02 2.83E-02 2.58E-02 2.19E-02 1.71E-02 1.20E-02 7.32E-03 3.67E-03 1.26E-02 1.06E-02 1.08E-02 1.01E-02
1.5E-02 4.99E-02 4.81E-02 4.44E-02 3.80E-02 2.97E-02 2.05E-02 1.29E-02 4.96E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 1.85E-02 1.74E-02
1.7E-02 7.56E-02 7.49E-02 6.97E-02 6.02E-02 4.74E-02 3.23E-02 2.00E-02 7.31E-03 3.28E-02 2.72E-02 2.74E-02 2.64E-02
2.0E-02 1.34E-01 1.30E-01 1.22E-01 1.06E-01 8.45E-02 5.80E-02 3.64E-02 1.55E-02 5.87E-02 4.83E-02 4.88E-02 4.76E-02
2.5E-02 2.60E-01 2.56E-01 2.41E-01 2.14E-01 1.73E-01 1.22E-01 7.45E-02 5.34E-02 1.23E-01 9.81E-02 9.92E-02 9.57E-02
3.0E-02 4.32E-01 4.25E-01 4.01E-01 3.54E-01 2.89E-01 2.10E-01 1.37E-01 1.31E-01 2.20E-01 1.76E-01 1.79E-01 1.73E-01
4.0E-02 8.16E-01 7.92E-01 7.55E-01 6.75E-01 5.65E-01 4.28E-01 2.93E-01 3.80E-01 4.64E-01 3.68E-01 3.78E-01 3.59E-01
5.0E-02 1.14E+00 1.11E+00 1.07E+00 9.50E-01 8.18E-01 6.18E-01 4.49E-01 6.47E-01 7.00E-01 5.57E-01 5.70E-01 5.45E-01
6.0E-02 1.35E+00 1.32E+00 1.26E+00 1.13E+00 9.72E-01 7.59E-01 5.59E-01 8.41E-01 8.58E-01 6.85E-01 7.06E-01 6.72E-01
7.0E-02 1.43E+00 1.41E+00 1.34E+00 1.21E+00 1.04E+00 8.27E-01 6.18E-01 9.49E-01 9.49E-01 7.57E-01 7.74E-01 7.27E-01
8.0E-02 1.44E+00 1.42E+00 1.36E+00 1.22E+00 1.07E+00 8.56E-01 6.42E-01 9.85E-01 9.68E-01 7.76E-01 8.02E-01 7.56E-01
1.0E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.30E+00 1.21E+00 1.06E+00 8.57E-01 6.45E-01 9.77E-01 9.59E-01 7.70E-01 7.94E-01 7.51E-01
1.5E-01 1.25E+00 1.24E+00 1.18E+00 1.09E+00 9.75E-01 8.13E-01 6.15E-01 9.06E-01 8.83E-01 7.16E-01 7.42E-01 6.89E-01
2.0E-01 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.11E+00 1.04E+00 9.35E-01 7.86E-01 6.04E-01 8.70E-01 8.43E-01 6.88E-01 7.12E-01 6.63E-01
3.0E-01 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.05E+00 9.87E-01 8.96E-01 7.71E-01 6.06E-01 8.39E-01 8.10E-01 6.74E-01 6.97E-01 6.51E-01
4.0E-01 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.02E+00 9.62E-01 8.87E-01 7.65E-01 6.21E-01 8.35E-01 8.09E-01 6.77E-01 6.98E-01 6.55E-01
5.0E-01 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.01E+00 9.53E-01 8.90E-01 7.74E-01 6.35E-01 8.36E-01 8.07E-01 6.85E-01 7.02E-01 6.68E-01
6.0E-01 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.00E+00 9.47E-01 8.86E-01 7.77E-01 6.47E-01 8.40E-01 8.12E-01 6.93E-01 7.10E-01 6.75E-01
8.0E-01 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 9.85E-01 9.51E-01 8.92E-01 7.91E-01 6.71E-01 8.48E-01 8.21E-01 7.08E-01 7.29E-01 6.86E-01
1.0E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 9.84E-01 9.50E-01 8.98E-01 7.97E-01 6.95E-01 8.57E-01 8.32E-01 7.25E-01 7.41E-01 7.10E-01
1.5E+00 9.96E-01 9.94E-01 9.82E-01 9.53E-01 9.11E-01 8.40E-01 7.39E-01 8.80E-01 8.52E-01 7.60E-01 7.71E-01 7.46E-01
2.0E+00 9.90E-01 9.91E-01 9.80E-01 9.53E-01 9.17E-01 8.57E-01 7.69E-01 8.96E-01 8.68E-01 7.82E-01 7.98E-01 7.64E-01
(Continued)
5
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
56 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
3.0E+00 9.77E-01 9.83E-01 9.67E-01 9.55E-01 9.35E-01 8.71E-01 8.05E-01 9.15E-01 8.87E-01 8.10E-01 8.24E-01 7.96E-01
4.0E+00 9.64E-01 9.64E-01 9.55E-01 9.51E-01 9.31E-01 8.76E-01 8.25E-01 9.23E-01 8.98E-01 8.24E-01 8.40E-01 8.07E-01
5.0E+00 9.45E-01 9.43E-01 9.40E-01 9.34E-01 9.32E-01 8.80E-01 8.32E-01 9.31E-01 8.96E-01 8.32E-01 8.46E-01 8.18E-01
6.0E+00 9.28E-01 9.32E-01 9.22E-01 9.18E-01 9.16E-01 8.75E-01 8.35E-01 9.28E-01 8.91E-01 8.35E-01 8.47E-01 8.23E-01
8.0E+00 8.84E-01 8.92E-01 8.90E-01 8.90E-01 8.93E-01 8.61E-01 8.32E-01 9.24E-01 8.74E-01 8.25E-01 8.40E-01 8.10E-01
1.0E+01 8.50E-01 8.54E-01 8.51E-01 8.54E-01 8.65E-01 8.46E-01 8.23E-01 9.16E-01 8.58E-01 8.16E-01 8.25E-01 8.00E-01
1.5E+01 7.57E-01 7.66E-01 7.65E-01 7.74E-01 7.92E-01 7.90E-01 7.89E-01 8.82E-01 8.04E-01 7.78E-01 7.77E-01 7.59E-01
2.0E+01 6.79E-01 6.83E-01 6.90E-01 7.04E-01 7.26E-01 7.44E-01 7.57E-01 8.42E-01 7.58E-01 7.45E-01 7.47E-01 7.43E-01
3.0E+01 5.53E-01 5.57E-01 5.64E-01 5.88E-01 6.20E-01 6.54E-01 6.95E-01 7.48E-01 6.71E-01 6.72E-01 6.72E-01 6.72E-01
4.0E+01 4.63E-01 4.62E-01 4.78E-01 5.02E-01 5.45E-01 5.94E-01 6.44E-01 6.62E-01 6.00E-01 6.10E-01 6.07E-01 6.13E-01
5.0E+01 3.95E-01 3.95E-01 4.08E-01 4.37E-01 4.79E-01 5.35E-01 5.96E-01 5.88E-01 5.39E-01 5.55E-01 5.52E-01 5.59E-01
Table A.2.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E-09 3.09E+00 2.93E+00 2.67E+00 2.25E+00 1.86E+00 1.38E+00 9.67E-01 1.85E+00 1.70E+00 1.29E+00 1.35E+00 1.23E+00
1.0E-08 3.55E+00 3.48E+00 3.14E+00 2.67E+00 2.18E+00 1.60E+00 1.06E+00 2.11E+00 2.03E+00 1.56E+00 1.58E+00 1.54E+00
2.5E-08 4.00E+00 3.89E+00 3.48E+00 2.97E+00 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.22E+00 2.44E+00 2.31E+00 1.76E+00 1.76E+00 1.76E+00
1.0E-07 5.20E+00 5.06E+00 4.62E+00 3.93E+00 3.16E+00 2.35E+00 1.56E+00 3.25E+00 2.98E+00 2.26E+00 2.33E+00 2.19E+00
2.0E-07 5.87E+00 5.73E+00 5.20E+00 4.45E+00 3.58E+00 2.61E+00 1.79E+00 3.72E+00 3.36E+00 2.54E+00 2.61E+00 2.47E+00
5.0E-07 6.59E+00 6.65E+00 6.00E+00 5.14E+00 4.16E+00 3.05E+00 2.04E+00 4.33E+00 3.86E+00 2.92E+00 2.99E+00 2.85E+00
1.0E-06 7.03E+00 7.01E+00 6.34E+00 5.51E+00 4.34E+00 3.26E+00 2.21E+00 4.73E+00 4.17E+00 3.15E+00 3.25E+00 3.05E+00
2.0E-06 7.39E+00 7.37E+00 6.70E+00 5.69E+00 4.59E+00 3.41E+00 2.32E+00 5.02E+00 4.40E+00 3.32E+00 3.37E+00 3.27E+00
5.0E-06 7.71E+00 7.69E+00 6.95E+00 5.95E+00 4.83E+00 3.53E+00 2.43E+00 5.30E+00 4.59E+00 3.47E+00 3.56E+00 3.38E+00
1.0E-05 7.82E+00 7.81E+00 7.06E+00 6.02E+00 4.87E+00 3.65E+00 2.45E+00 5.44E+00 4.68E+00 3.52E+00 3.62E+00 3.42E+00
2.0E-05 7.84E+00 7.83E+00 7.09E+00 6.04E+00 4.87E+00 3.64E+00 2.47E+00 5.51E+00 4.72E+00 3.54E+00 3.60E+00 3.48E+00
5.0E-05 7.82E+00 7.81E+00 7.06E+00 6.09E+00 4.87E+00 3.61E+00 2.45E+00 5.55E+00 4.73E+00 3.55E+00 3.65E+00 3.45E+00
1.0E-04 7.79E+00 7.71E+00 7.06E+00 6.00E+00 4.90E+00 3.63E+00 2.44E+00 5.57E+00 4.72E+00 3.54E+00 3.64E+00 3.44E+00
2.0E-04 7.73E+00 7.75E+00 7.01E+00 6.04E+00 4.85E+00 3.63E+00 2.45E+00 5.59E+00 4.67E+00 3.52E+00 3.64E+00 3.40E+00
5.0E-04 7.54E+00 7.59E+00 7.00E+00 5.96E+00 4.78E+00 3.56E+00 2.42E+00 5.60E+00 4.60E+00 3.47E+00 3.67E+00 3.27E+00
1.0E-03 7.54E+00 7.56E+00 6.91E+00 5.89E+00 4.80E+00 3.51E+00 2.41E+00 5.60E+00 4.58E+00 3.46E+00 3.64E+00 3.28E+00
2.0E-03 7.61E+00 7.61E+00 6.94E+00 5.98E+00 4.76E+00 3.54E+00 2.40E+00 5.62E+00 4.61E+00 3.48E+00 3.64E+00 3.32E+00
5.0E-03 7.97E+00 8.03E+00 7.33E+00 6.23E+00 5.03E+00 3.76E+00 2.54E+00 5.95E+00 4.86E+00 3.66E+00 3.88E+00 3.44E+00
1.0E-02 9.11E+00 9.21E+00 8.41E+00 7.21E+00 5.83E+00 4.30E+00 2.90E+00 6.81E+00 5.57E+00 4.19E+00 4.38E+00 4.00E+00
2.0E-02 1.22E+01 1.23E+01 1.13E+01 9.68E+00 7.78E+00 5.78E+00 3.91E+00 8.93E+00 7.41E+00 5.61E+00 5.80E+00 5.42E+00
3.0E-02 1.57E+01 1.59E+01 1.45E+01 1.26E+01 1.00E+01 7.43E+00 5.01E+00 1.12E+01 9.46E+00 7.18E+00 7.66E+00 6.70E+00
5.0E-02 2.30E+01 2.33E+01 2.14E+01 1.83E+01 1.48E+01 1.09E+01 7.35E+00 1.57E+01 1.37E+01 1.04E+01 1.10E+01 9.80E+00
7.0E-02 3.06E+01 3.10E+01 2.84E+01 2.43E+01 1.97E+01 1.45E+01 9.73E+00 2.00E+01 1.80E+01 1.37E+01 1.47E+01 1.27E+01
1.0E-01 4.19E+01 4.25E+01 3.90E+01 3.36E+01 2.70E+01 1.99E+01 1.34E+01 2.59E+01 2.43E+01 1.86E+01 1.94E+01 1.78E+01
1.5E-01 6.06E+01 6.10E+01 5.63E+01 4.86E+01 3.92E+01 2.89E+01 1.94E+01 3.49E+01 3.47E+01 2.66E+01 2.77E+01 2.55E+01
2.0E-01 7.88E+01 7.93E+01 7.35E+01 6.38E+01 5.16E+01 3.81E+01 2.53E+01 4.31E+01 4.47E+01 3.44E+01 3.57E+01 3.31E+01
3.0E-01 1.14E+02 1.13E+02 1.05E+02 9.24E+01 7.50E+01 5.55E+01 3.70E+01 5.81E+01 6.38E+01 4.94E+01 5.11E+01 4.77E+01
5.0E-01 1.77E+02 1.79E+02 1.67E+02 1.48E+02 1.21E+02 8.90E+01 5.91E+01 8.59E+01 9.91E+01 7.71E+01 7.97E+01 7.45E+01
7.0E-01 2.32E+02 2.34E+02 2.20E+02 1.96E+02 1.62E+02 1.20E+02 7.91E+01 1.12E+02 1.31E+02 1.02E+02 1.08E+02 9.60E+01
9.0E-01 2.79E+02 2.81E+02 2.65E+02 2.36E+02 1.96E+02 1.48E+02 9.72E+01 1.36E+02 1.60E+02 1.26E+02 1.30E+02 1.22E+02
1.0E+00 3.01E+02 2.88E+02 2.72E+02 2.42E+02 1.99E+02 1.48E+02 1.06E+02 1.48E+02 1.74E+02 1.37E+02 1.31E+02 1.43E+02
1.2E+00 3.30E+02 3.31E+02 3.15E+02 2.82E+02 2.35E+02 1.79E+02 1.20E+02 1.67E+02 1.93E+02 1.53E+02 1.57E+02 1.49E+02
1.5E+00 3.65E+02 3.69E+02 3.50E+02 3.18E+02 2.70E+02 2.08E+02 1.39E+02 1.95E+02 2.19E+02 1.74E+02 1.83E+02 1.65E+02
(Continued)
Appendices 57
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
2.0E+00 4.07E+02 4.11E+02 3.92E+02 3.57E+02 3.10E+02 2.43E+02 1.66E+02 2.35E+02 2.54E+02 2.03E+02 2.13E+02 1.93E+02
3.0E+00 4.58E+02 4.57E+02 4.39E+02 4.07E+02 3.58E+02 2.93E+02 2.07E+02 2.92E+02 3.01E+02 2.44E+02 2.58E+02 2.30E+02
4.0E+00 4.83E+02 4.90E+02 4.74E+02 4.39E+02 3.88E+02 3.18E+02 2.35E+02 3.30E+02 3.31E+02 2.71E+02 2.81E+02 2.61E+02
5.0E+00 4.94E+02 4.92E+02 4.78E+02 4.52E+02 4.05E+02 3.43E+02 2.55E+02 3.54E+02 3.51E+02 2.90E+02 3.05E+02 2.75E+02
6.0E+00 4.98E+02 4.99E+02 4.85E+02 4.59E+02 4.15E+02 3.54E+02 2.70E+02 3.71E+02 3.65E+02 3.03E+02 3.15E+02 2.91E+02
7.0E+00 4.99E+02 4.95E+02 4.82E+02 4.58E+02 4.18E+02 3.68E+02 2.81E+02 3.83E+02 3.74E+02 3.13E+02 3.28E+02 2.98E+02
8.0E+00 4.99E+02 4.93E+02 4.81E+02 4.56E+02 4.20E+02 3.66E+02 2.90E+02 3.92E+02 3.81E+02 3.21E+02 3.29E+02 3.13E+02
9.0E+00 5.00E+02 4.93E+02 4.82E+02 4.59E+02 4.22E+02 3.72E+02 2.97E+02 3.98E+02 3.86E+02 3.27E+02 3.32E+02 3.22E+02
1.0E+01 5.00E+02 5.04E+02 4.90E+02 4.68E+02 4.32E+02 3.81E+02 3.03E+02 4.04E+02 3.90E+02 3.32E+02 3.40E+02 3.24E+02
1.2E+01 4.99E+02 5.08E+02 4.95E+02 4.73E+02 4.37E+02 3.85E+02 3.13E+02 4.12E+02 3.95E+02 3.39E+02 3.49E+02 3.29E+02
1.4E+01 4.95E+02 4.95E+02 4.87E+02 4.68E+02 4.34E+02 3.93E+02 3.22E+02 4.17E+02 3.98E+02 3.44E+02 3.56E+02 3.32E+02
1.5E+01 4.93E+02 4.93E+02 4.84E+02 4.67E+02 4.36E+02 3.91E+02 3.25E+02 4.19E+02 3.98E+02 3.46E+02 3.59E+02 3.33E+02
1.6E+01 4.90E+02 4.87E+02 4.79E+02 4.62E+02 4.30E+02 3.92E+02 3.28E+02 4.20E+02 3.99E+02 3.47E+02 3.62E+02 3.32E+02
1.8E+01 4.84E+02 4.64E+02 4.62E+02 4.44E+02 4.18E+02 3.83E+02 3.33E+02 4.22E+02 3.99E+02 3.50E+02 3.65E+02 3.35E+02
2.0E+01 4.77E+02 4.62E+02 4.61E+02 4.45E+02 4.22E+02 3.84E+02 3.38E+02 4.23E+02 3.98E+02 3.52E+02 3.73E+02 3.31E+02
2.1E+01 4.74E+02 4.09E+02 4.04E+02 3.97E+02 3.85E+02 3.59E+02 3.39E+02 4.23E+02 3.98E+02 3.53E+02 3.35E+02 3.71E+02
3.0E+01 4.53E+02 4.27E+02 4.23E+02 4.19E+02 4.05E+02 3.88E+02 3.53E+02 4.22E+02 3.95E+02 3.58E+02 3.66E+02 3.50E+02
5.0E+01 4.33E+02 4.01E+02 4.00E+02 4.00E+02 3.92E+02 3.85E+02 3.75E+02 4.28E+02 3.95E+02 3.71E+02 3.46E+02 3.96E+02
7.5E+01 4.20E+02 4.11E+02 4.12E+02 4.09E+02 4.08E+02 4.04E+02 3.96E+02 4.39E+02 4.02E+02 3.87E+02 3.53E+02 4.21E+02
1.0E+02 4.02E+02 4.14E+02 4.18E+02 4.20E+02 4.25E+02 4.24E+02 4.07E+02 4.44E+02 4.06E+02 3.97E+02 3.73E+02 4.21E+02
1.3E+02 3.82E+02 4.23E+02 4.30E+02 4.39E+02 4.46E+02 4.49E+02 4.15E+02 4.46E+02 4.11E+02 4.07E+02 4.12E+02 4.02E+02
1.5E+02 3.73E+02 4.19E+02 4.23E+02 4.40E+02 4.47E+02 4.57E+02 4.19E+02 4.46E+02 4.14E+02 4.12E+02 4.09E+02 4.15E+02
1.8E+02 3.63E+02 4.05E+02 4.09E+02 4.31E+02 4.45E+02 4.59E+02 4.25E+02 4.47E+02 4.18E+02 4.21E+02 4.22E+02 4.20E+02
2.0E+02 3.59E+02 4.04E+02 4.09E+02 4.30E+02 4.49E+02 4.67E+02 4.28E+02 4.48E+02 4.22E+02 4.26E+02 4.33E+02 4.19E+02
3.0E+02 3.63E+02 3.80E+02 3.89E+02 4.06E+02 4.27E+02 4.47E+02 4.46E+02 4.64E+02 4.43E+02 4.55E+02 4.37E+02 4.73E+02
4.0E+02 3.89E+02 3.98E+02 4.07E+02 4.25E+02 4.41E+02 4.61E+02 4.78E+02 4.96E+02 4.72E+02 4.88E+02 4.61E+02 5.15E+02
5.0E+02 4.22E+02 4.38E+02 4.49E+02 4.65E+02 4.85E+02 5.08E+02 5.17E+02 5.33E+02 5.03E+02 5.21E+02 5.09E+02 5.33E+02
6.0E+02 4.57E+02 4.72E+02 4.83E+02 5.03E+02 5.24E+02 5.46E+02 5.55E+02 5.69E+02 5.32E+02 5.53E+02 5.66E+02 5.40E+02
7.0E+02 4.86E+02 4.94E+02 5.06E+02 5.23E+02 5.43E+02 5.69E+02 5.88E+02 5.99E+02 5.58E+02 5.80E+02 6.25E+02 5.35E+02
8.0E+02 5.08E+02 5.10E+02 5.22E+02 5.42E+02 5.64E+02 5.90E+02 6.12E+02 6.23E+02 5.80E+02 6.04E+02 6.38E+02 5.70E+02
9.0E+02 5.24E+02 5.20E+02 5.33E+02 5.54E+02 5.75E+02 6.01E+02 6.30E+02 6.40E+02 5.98E+02 6.24E+02 6.45E+02 6.03E+02
1.0E+03 5.37E+02 5.28E+02 5.40E+02 5.63E+02 5.84E+02 6.12E+02 6.43E+02 6.54E+02 6.14E+02 6.42E+02 6.63E+02 6.21E+02
Figure A.2.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to Figure A.2.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to
personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010). personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
58 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.2.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E-02 2.69E-02 2.60E-02 2.44E-02 2.20E-02 1.98E-02 1.67E-02 1.35E-02 2.68E-02 2.13E-02 1.88E-02 1.89E-02 1.87E-02
1.5E-02 4.04E-02 3.88E-02 3.64E-02 3.28E-02 2.94E-02 2.49E-02 2.02E-02 4.02E-02 3.17E-02 2.83E-02 2.84E-02 2.82E-02
2.0E-02 5.39E-02 5.17E-02 4.85E-02 4.37E-02 3.92E-02 3.32E-02 2.70E-02 5.35E-02 4.22E-02 3.77E-02 3.78E-02 3.76E-02
3.0E-02 8.10E-02 7.76E-02 7.29E-02 6.57E-02 5.88E-02 4.99E-02 4.05E-02 8.01E-02 6.34E-02 5.67E-02 5.70E-02 5.64E-02
4.0E-02 1.08E-01 1.04E-01 9.75E-02 8.80E-02 7.89E-02 6.68E-02 5.41E-02 1.07E-01 8.48E-02 7.58E-02 7.59E-02 7.57E-02
5.0E-02 1.35E-01 1.30E-01 1.22E-01 1.10E-01 9.87E-02 8.37E-02 6.76E-02 1.33E-01 1.06E-01 9.48E-02 9.50E-02 9.46E-02
6.0E-02 1.63E-01 1.56E-01 1.47E-01 1.33E-01 1.19E-01 1.01E-01 8.12E-02 1.60E-01 1.27E-01 1.14E-01 1.15E-01 1.13E-01
8.0E-02 2.18E-01 2.10E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E-01 1.60E-01 1.35E-01 1.09E-01 2.13E-01 1.70E-01 1.52E-01 1.54E-01 1.50E-01
1.0E-01 2.75E-01 2.63E-01 2.49E-01 2.25E-01 2.02E-01 1.70E-01 1.36E-01 2.67E-01 2.13E-01 1.91E-01 1.92E-01 1.90E-01
1.5E-01 4.18E-01 4.02E-01 3.85E-01 3.50E-01 3.12E-01 2.60E-01 2.06E-01 3.99E-01 3.23E-01 2.91E-01 2.94E-01 2.88E-01
2.0E-01 5.69E-01 5.48E-01 5.29E-01 4.85E-01 4.32E-01 3.56E-01 2.78E-01 5.30E-01 4.37E-01 3.93E-01 3.96E-01 3.90E-01
3.0E-01 8.89E-01 8.65E-01 8.50E-01 7.92E-01 6.99E-01 5.63E-01 4.26E-01 7.87E-01 6.73E-01 6.06E-01 6.16E-01 5.96E-01
4.0E-01 1.24E+00 1.22E+00 1.22E+00 1.15E+00 1.01E+00 7.98E-01 5.81E-01 1.04E+00 9.21E-01 8.32E-01 8.51E-01 8.13E-01
5.0E-01 1.63E+00 1.60E+00 1.65E+00 1.56E+00 1.36E+00 1.06E+00 7.48E-01 1.28E+00 1.19E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.07E+00
6.0E-01 2.05E+00 2.06E+00 2.13E+00 2.03E+00 1.77E+00 1.35E+00 9.19E-01 1.50E+00 1.48E+00 1.35E+00 1.38E+00 1.32E+00
8.0E-01 4.04E+00 3.79E+00 3.70E+00 3.36E+00 2.82E+00 2.06E+00 1.33E+00 1.68E+00 2.23E+00 1.97E+00 2.03E+00 1.91E+00
1.0E+00 7.10E+00 6.55E+00 6.07E+00 5.25E+00 4.20E+00 2.94E+00 1.81E+00 1.68E+00 3.23E+00 2.76E+00 2.86E+00 2.66E+00
1.5E+00 1.50E+01 1.40E+01 1.26E+01 1.05E+01 8.16E+00 5.50E+00 3.16E+00 1.62E+00 5.93E+00 4.96E+00 5.10E+00 4.57E+00
2.0E+00 2.24E+01 2.13E+01 1.92E+01 1.60E+01 1.23E+01 8.27E+00 4.76E+00 1.62E+00 8.73E+00 7.24E+00 7.59E+00 6.89E+00
3.0E+00 3.61E+01 3.45E+01 3.12E+01 2.63E+01 2.06E+01 1.40E+01 8.44E+00 1.95E+00 1.42E+01 1.19E+01 1.25E+01 1.13E+01
4.0E+00 4.82E+01 4.69E+01 4.27E+01 3.64E+01 2.85E+01 1.98E+01 1.23E+01 2.62E+00 1.96E+01 1.64E+01 1.72E+01 1.56E+01
5.0E+00 5.93E+01 5.82E+01 5.39E+01 4.65E+01 3.66E+01 2.54E+01 1.63E+01 3.63E+00 2.50E+01 2.10E+01 2.18E+01 2.02E+01
6.0E+00 7.06E+01 6.94E+01 6.54E+01 5.68E+01 4.50E+01 3.16E+01 2.03E+01 5.04E+00 3.07E+01 2.55E+01 2.62E+01 2.48E+01
8.0E+00 9.79E+01 9.70E+01 9.27E+01 8.14E+01 6.46E+01 4.50E+01 2.92E+01 9.46E+00 4.43E+01 3.55E+01 3.59E+01 3.51E+01
1.0E+01 1.25E+02 1.26E+02 1.21E+02 1.09E+02 8.71E+01 6.08E+01 3.96E+01 1.83E+01 5.87E+01 4.67E+01 4.74E+01 4.60E+01
1.5E+01 1.88E+02 1.87E+02 1.80E+02 1.65E+02 1.36E+02 9.95E+01 6.40E+01 5.31E+01 9.63E+01 7.69E+01 7.85E+01 7.18E+01
2.0E+01 2.36E+02 2.35E+02 2.25E+02 2.07E+02 1.76E+02 1.32E+02 8.62E+01 1.04E+02 1.34E+02 1.06E+02 1.10E+02 1.02E+02
3.0E+01 3.02E+02 3.05E+02 2.90E+02 2.72E+02 2.39E+02 1.89E+02 1.27E+02 2.20E+02 2.03E+02 1.64E+02 1.71E+02 1.57E+02
4.0E+01 3.29E+02 3.31E+02 3.25E+02 3.11E+02 2.87E+02 2.46E+02 1.78E+02 2.97E+02 2.56E+02 2.12E+02 2.21E+02 2.01E+02
5.0E+01 3.37E+02 3.40E+02 3.38E+02 3.33E+02 3.18E+02 2.90E+02 2.32E+02 3.31E+02 2.90E+02 2.49E+02 2.57E+02 2.41E+02
6.0E+01 3.41E+02 3.45E+02 3.42E+02 3.41E+02 3.33E+02 3.17E+02 2.71E+02 3.44E+02 3.12E+02 2.75E+02 2.82E+02 2.68E+02
8.0E+01 3.46E+02 3.49E+02 3.49E+02 3.50E+02 3.48E+02 3.45E+02 3.16E+02 3.58E+02 3.37E+02 3.09E+02 3.16E+02 3.02E+02
1.0E+02 3.49E+02 3.52E+02 3.53E+02 3.55E+02 3.55E+02 3.56E+02 3.40E+02 3.66E+02 3.51E+02 3.31E+02 3.37E+02 3.25E+02
1.5E+02 3.55E+02 3.58E+02 3.59E+02 3.63E+02 3.67E+02 3.75E+02 3.70E+02 3.79E+02 3.70E+02 3.63E+02 3.66E+02 3.60E+02
2.0E+02 3.59E+02 3.61E+02 3.62E+02 3.67E+02 3.76E+02 3.85E+02 3.92E+02 3.88E+02 3.84E+02 3.83E+02 3.84E+02 3.82E+02
3.0E+02 3.65E+02 3.67E+02 3.68E+02 3.75E+02 3.86E+02 4.01E+02 4.20E+02 3.99E+02 3.98E+02 4.10E+02 4.09E+02 4.11E+02
4.0E+02 3.69E+02 3.70E+02 3.73E+02 3.81E+02 3.92E+02 4.12E+02 4.37E+02 4.08E+02 4.08E+02 4.30E+02 4.25E+02 4.35E+02
5.0E+02 3.72E+02 3.73E+02 3.75E+02 3.85E+02 4.00E+02 4.19E+02 4.50E+02 4.14E+02 4.16E+02 4.45E+02 4.41E+02 4.49E+02
6.0E+02 3.75E+02 3.78E+02 3.79E+02 3.89E+02 4.06E+02 4.26E+02 4.60E+02 4.19E+02 4.24E+02 4.57E+02 4.50E+02 4.64E+02
8.0E+02 3.79E+02 3.79E+02 3.84E+02 3.94E+02 4.09E+02 4.37E+02 4.78E+02 4.28E+02 4.37E+02 4.78E+02 4.68E+02 4.88E+02
1.0E+03 3.82E+02 3.83E+02 3.86E+02 4.00E+02 4.18E+02 4.45E+02 4.94E+02 4.34E+02 4.47E+02 4.95E+02 4.82E+02 5.08E+02
Appendices 59
Table A.2.4 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E-02 3.28E+00 3.11E+00 2.81E+00 2.37E+00 1.92E+00 1.43E+00 9.99E-01 1.62E+00 1.77E+00 1.39E+00 1.45E+00 1.33E+00
1.5E-02 3.29E+00 3.00E+00 2.70E+00 2.28E+00 1.85E+00 1.38E+00 9.68E-01 1.64E+00 1.71E+00 1.40E+00 1.47E+00 1.33E+00
2.0E-02 3.30E+00 2.98E+00 2.67E+00 2.24E+00 1.82E+00 1.36E+00 9.68E-01 1.65E+00 1.70E+00 1.41E+00 1.46E+00 1.36E+00
3.0E-02 3.33E+00 2.98E+00 2.66E+00 2.24E+00 1.81E+00 1.37E+00 9.71E-01 1.68E+00 1.70E+00 1.43E+00 1.49E+00 1.37E+00
4.0E-02 3.36E+00 3.06E+00 2.74E+00 2.32E+00 1.87E+00 1.42E+00 1.00E+00 1.71E+00 1.75E+00 1.45E+00 1.50E+00 1.40E+00
5.0E-02 3.39E+00 3.07E+00 2.77E+00 2.32E+00 1.87E+00 1.42E+00 1.01E+00 1.73E+00 1.77E+00 1.47E+00 1.52E+00 1.42E+00
6.0E-02 3.42E+00 3.09E+00 2.78E+00 2.34E+00 1.90E+00 1.44E+00 1.03E+00 1.76E+00 1.78E+00 1.49E+00 1.57E+00 1.41E+00
8.0E-02 3.47E+00 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 2.37E+00 1.93E+00 1.46E+00 1.05E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E+00 1.53E+00 1.60E+00 1.46E+00
1.0E-01 3.53E+00 3.18E+00 2.86E+00 2.40E+00 1.97E+00 1.50E+00 1.07E+00 1.87E+00 1.86E+00 1.57E+00 1.63E+00 1.51E+00
1.5E-01 3.67E+00 3.32E+00 2.99E+00 2.53E+00 2.07E+00 1.59E+00 1.14E+00 2.01E+00 1.97E+00 1.67E+00 1.72E+00 1.62E+00
2.0E-01 3.84E+00 3.46E+00 3.13E+00 2.66E+00 2.20E+00 1.68E+00 1.21E+00 2.14E+00 2.07E+00 1.77E+00 1.81E+00 1.73E+00
3.0E-01 4.16E+00 3.79E+00 3.47E+00 2.98E+00 2.47E+00 1.89E+00 1.35E+00 2.40E+00 2.32E+00 1.98E+00 2.05E+00 1.91E+00
4.0E-01 4.52E+00 4.13E+00 3.84E+00 3.37E+00 2.79E+00 2.13E+00 1.50E+00 2.65E+00 2.57E+00 2.21E+00 2.28E+00 2.14E+00
5.0E-01 4.90E+00 4.54E+00 4.29E+00 3.79E+00 3.15E+00 2.39E+00 1.66E+00 2.90E+00 2.84E+00 2.45E+00 2.54E+00 2.36E+00
6.0E-01 5.36E+00 5.00E+00 4.77E+00 4.28E+00 3.57E+00 2.69E+00 1.84E+00 3.12E+00 3.13E+00 2.72E+00 2.82E+00 2.62E+00
8.0E-01 7.41E+00 6.80E+00 6.41E+00 5.65E+00 4.66E+00 3.41E+00 2.24E+00 3.32E+00 3.90E+00 3.38E+00 3.51E+00 3.25E+00
1.0E+00 1.05E+01 9.61E+00 8.83E+00 7.58E+00 6.07E+00 4.33E+00 2.73E+00 3.37E+00 4.94E+00 4.20E+00 4.39E+00 4.01E+00
1.5E+00 1.83E+01 1.71E+01 1.54E+01 1.30E+01 1.01E+01 6.92E+00 4.15E+00 3.44E+00 7.66E+00 6.42E+00 6.50E+00 5.87E+00
2.0E+00 2.57E+01 2.42E+01 2.18E+01 1.83E+01 1.42E+01 9.75E+00 5.79E+00 3.59E+00 1.05E+01 8.70E+00 9.13E+00 8.27E+00
3.0E+00 3.91E+01 3.72E+01 3.37E+01 2.84E+01 2.22E+01 1.55E+01 9.45E+00 4.19E+00 1.59E+01 1.33E+01 1.39E+01 1.27E+01
4.0E+00 5.10E+01 4.92E+01 4.50E+01 3.83E+01 3.01E+01 2.12E+01 1.33E+01 5.11E+00 2.13E+01 1.80E+01 1.88E+01 1.72E+01
5.0E+00 6.17E+01 6.01E+01 5.57E+01 4.79E+01 3.80E+01 2.68E+01 1.72E+01 6.31E+00 2.66E+01 2.24E+01 2.33E+01 2.15E+01
6.0E+00 7.29E+01 7.12E+01 6.71E+01 5.84E+01 4.63E+01 3.28E+01 2.13E+01 8.03E+00 3.23E+01 2.69E+01 2.77E+01 2.61E+01
8.0E+00 9.90E+01 9.75E+01 9.32E+01 8.18E+01 6.56E+01 4.58E+01 3.01E+01 1.40E+01 4.61E+01 3.67E+01 3.77E+01 3.57E+01
1.0E+01 1.26E+02 1.24E+02 1.19E+02 1.08E+02 8.65E+01 6.13E+01 3.95E+01 2.36E+01 5.95E+01 4.76E+01 4.89E+01 4.63E+01
1.5E+01 1.84E+02 1.83E+02 1.75E+02 1.59E+02 1.33E+02 9.68E+01 6.37E+01 5.90E+01 9.55E+01 7.55E+01 7.72E+01 7.17E+01
2.0E+01 2.29E+02 2.25E+02 2.16E+02 1.99E+02 1.72E+02 1.28E+02 8.47E+01 1.11E+02 1.30E+02 1.04E+02 1.08E+02 1.00E+02
3.0E+01 2.94E+02 2.89E+02 2.78E+02 2.58E+02 2.28E+02 1.82E+02 1.24E+02 2.21E+02 1.95E+02 1.62E+02 1.65E+02 1.59E+02
4.0E+01 3.20E+02 3.14E+02 3.08E+02 2.95E+02 2.73E+02 2.38E+02 1.72E+02 2.91E+02 2.42E+02 2.09E+02 2.10E+02 2.08E+02
5.0E+01 3.27E+02 3.22E+02 3.20E+02 3.12E+02 3.00E+02 2.75E+02 2.19E+02 3.21E+02 2.76E+02 2.43E+02 2.44E+02 2.42E+02
6.0E+01 3.33E+02 3.26E+02 3.27E+02 3.22E+02 3.16E+02 3.01E+02 2.58E+02 3.34E+02 2.96E+02 2.68E+02 2.67E+02 2.69E+02
8.0E+01 3.39E+02 3.35E+02 3.35E+02 3.34E+02 3.31E+02 3.27E+02 2.98E+02 3.49E+02 3.20E+02 3.02E+02 3.00E+02 3.04E+02
1.0E+02 3.42E+02 3.38E+02 3.40E+02 3.39E+02 3.39E+02 3.40E+02 3.24E+02 3.57E+02 3.34E+02 3.23E+02 3.19E+02 3.27E+02
1.5E+02 3.49E+02 3.47E+02 3.48E+02 3.50E+02 3.54E+02 3.59E+02 3.59E+02 3.71E+02 3.55E+02 3.56E+02 3.49E+02 3.46E+02
2.0E+02 3.54E+02 3.52E+02 3.54E+02 3.58E+02 3.63E+02 3.73E+02 3.79E+02 3.81E+02 3.68E+02 3.77E+02 3.71E+02 3.83E+02
3.0E+02 3.62E+02 3.59E+02 3.61E+02 3.67E+02 3.78E+02 3.90E+02 4.06E+02 3.93E+02 3.85E+02 4.05E+02 3.98E+02 4.12E+02
4.0E+02 3.66E+02 3.64E+02 3.66E+02 3.74E+02 3.86E+02 4.02E+02 4.26E+02 4.02E+02 3.99E+02 4.25E+02 4.15E+02 4.35E+02
5.0E+02 3.69E+02 3.68E+02 3.72E+02 3.81E+02 3.92E+02 4.13E+02 4.39E+02 4.09E+02 4.08E+02 4.40E+02 4.31E+02 4.49E+02
6.0E+02 3.72E+02 3.71E+02 3.75E+02 3.84E+02 3.99E+02 4.20E+02 4.53E+02 4.15E+02 4.18E+02 4.53E+02 4.44E+02 4.62E+02
8.0E+02 3.76E+02 3.76E+02 3.79E+02 3.90E+02 4.08E+02 4.30E+02 4.72E+02 4.24E+02 4.32E+02 4.74E+02 4.63E+02 4.85E+02
1.0E+03 3.79E+02 3.80E+02 3.83E+02 3.95E+02 4.14E+02 4.41E+02 4.89E+02 4.30E+02 4.36E+02 4.91E+02 4.77E+02 5.05E+02
60 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure A.2.4 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to Figure A.2.5 Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to
personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010). personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Table A.2.5 Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E+00 5.46E+00 5.30E+00 5.01E+00 4.53E+00 4.07E+00 3.44E+00 2.81E+00 5.47E+00 4.50E+00 3.52E+00 3.44E+00 3.51E+00
1.5E+00 8.20E+00 7.94E+00 7.50E+00 6.78E+00 6.09E+00 5.15E+00 4.21E+00 8.21E+00 6.75E+00 5.28E+00 5.16E+00 5.26E+00
2.0E+00 1.09E+01 1.06E+01 9.97E+00 9.01E+00 8.10E+00 6.86E+00 5.62E+00 1.09E+01 8.98E+00 7.02E+00 6.86E+00 7.00E+00
3.0E+00 1.64E+01 1.58E+01 1.49E+01 1.34E+01 1.21E+01 1.02E+01 8.42E+00 1.64E+01 1.34E+01 1.05E+01 1.03E+01 1.05E+01
4.0E+00 2.19E+01 2.10E+01 1.97E+01 1.77E+01 1.60E+01 1.36E+01 1.12E+01 2.19E+01 1.78E+01 1.39E+01 1.36E+01 1.39E+01
5.0E+00 2.73E+01 2.61E+01 2.44E+01 2.19E+01 1.98E+01 1.69E+01 1.40E+01 2.73E+01 2.21E+01 1.73E+01 1.69E+01 1.72E+01
6.0E+00 3.28E+01 3.11E+01 2.90E+01 2.60E+01 2.34E+01 2.01E+01 1.68E+01 3.28E+01 2.63E+01 2.05E+01 2.01E+01 2.05E+01
8.0E+00 4.37E+01 4.09E+01 3.76E+01 3.36E+01 3.03E+01 2.63E+01 2.24E+01 4.37E+01 3.45E+01 2.68E+01 2.62E+01 2.67E+01
1.0E+01 5.49E+01 6.28E+01 6.75E+01 6.54E+01 5.78E+01 4.39E+01 2.81E+01 5.46E+01 5.01E+01 4.58E+01 4.66E+01 4.50E+01
1.5E+01 1.89E+02 1.85E+02 1.49E+02 1.30E+02 1.15E+02 8.59E+01 4.98E+01 5.61E+01 9.37E+01 8.01E+01 8.31E+01 7.71E+01
2.0E+01 4.28E+02 4.04E+02 3.52E+02 2.90E+02 2.06E+02 1.45E+02 8.08E+01 4.36E+01 1.65E+02 1.36E+02 1.45E+02 1.27E+02
3.0E+01 7.50E+02 7.26E+02 6.60E+02 5.59E+02 4.28E+02 2.92E+02 1.76E+02 3.61E+01 2.96E+02 2.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.32E+02
4.0E+01 1.02E+03 1.00E+03 9.19E+02 7.80E+02 6.19E+02 4.38E+02 2.84E+02 4.55E+01 4.22E+02 3.58E+02 3.81E+02 3.35E+02
5.0E+01 1.18E+03 1.18E+03 1.15E+03 1.04E+03 7.97E+02 5.50E+02 3.76E+02 7.15E+01 5.32E+02 4.51E+02 4.62E+02 4.40E+02
6.0E+01 1.48E+03 1.46E+03 1.41E+03 1.30E+03 1.05E+03 7.18E+02 4.74E+02 1.56E+02 6.87E+02 5.51E+02 5.47E+02 5.55E+02
8.0E+01 2.16E+03 2.14E+03 2.04E+03 1.86E+03 1.58E+03 1.19E+03 7.01E+02 5.60E+02 1.09E+03 8.37E+02 8.71E+02 8.03E+02
1.0E+02 2.51E+03 2.48E+03 2.36E+03 2.17E+03 1.90E+03 1.46E+03 9.06E+02 1.19E+03 1.44E+03 1.13E+03 1.18E+03 1.08E+03
1.5E+02 2.38E+03 2.40E+03 2.41E+03 2.44E+03 2.30E+03 2.10E+03 1.55E+03 2.82E+03 2.16E+03 1.79E+03 1.85E+03 1.73E+03
2.0E+02 1.77E+03 1.79E+03 1.81E+03 1.84E+03 1.91E+03 2.01E+03 2.17E+03 1.93E+03 1.96E+03 1.84E+03 1.90E+03 1.78E+03
3.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.39E+03 1.40E+03 1.41E+03 1.43E+03 1.44E+03 1.45E+03 1.45E+03 1.44E+03 1.42E+03 1.45E+03 1.39E+03
4.0E+02 1.23E+03 1.25E+03 1.25E+03 1.26E+03 1.28E+03 1.28E+03 1.28E+03 1.30E+03 1.28E+03 1.25E+03 1.28E+03 1.22E+03
5.0E+02 1.15E+03 1.19E+03 1.19E+03 1.21E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.21E+03 1.24E+03 1.22E+03 1.18E+03 1.21E+03 1.15E+03
6.0E+02 1.16E+03 1.16E+03 1.17E+03 1.18E+03 1.20E+03 1.20E+03 1.20E+03 1.23E+03 1.22E+03 1.17E+03 1.21E+03 1.13E+03
8.0E+02 1.11E+03 1.13E+03 1.14E+03 1.15E+03 1.17E+03 1.17E+03 1.20E+03 1.23E+03 1.20E+03 1.17E+03 1.18E+03 1.16E+03
1.0E+03 1.09E+03 1.11E+03 1.12E+03 1.14E+03 1.15E+03 1.16E+03 1.19E+03 1.23E+03 1.19E+03 1.15E+03 1.18E+03 1.12E+03
Appendices 61
Table A.2.6 Conversion coefficients from negative muon fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E+00 1.80E+02 1.77E+02 1.62E+02 1.40E+02 1.14E+02 8.32E+01 5.33E+01 7.52E+01 9.75E+01 7.87E+01 8.18E+01 7.56E+01
1.5E+00 1.80E+02 1.80E+02 1.64E+02 1.41E+02 1.15E+02 8.39E+01 5.42E+01 7.68E+01 9.93E+01 7.95E+01 8.28E+01 7.62E+01
2.0E+00 1.84E+02 1.82E+02 1.68E+02 1.43E+02 1.16E+02 8.58E+01 5.46E+01 7.83E+01 1.00E+02 8.09E+01 8.39E+01 7.79E+01
3.0E+00 1.88E+02 1.87E+02 1.70E+02 1.48E+02 1.21E+02 8.85E+01 5.69E+01 8.14E+01 1.04E+02 8.37E+01 8.70E+01 8.04E+01
4.0E+00 1.93E+02 1.93E+02 1.77E+02 1.55E+02 1.26E+02 9.23E+01 5.89E+01 8.48E+01 1.07E+02 8.71E+01 9.06E+01 8.36E+01
5.0E+00 2.05E+02 2.04E+02 1.86E+02 1.64E+02 1.34E+02 9.76E+01 6.14E+01 8.77E+01 1.12E+02 9.15E+01 9.51E+01 8.79E+01
6.0E+00 2.42E+02 2.36E+02 2.11E+02 1.77E+02 1.43E+02 1.04E+02 6.61E+01 8.67E+01 1.22E+02 9.81E+01 1.03E+02 9.32E+01
8.0E+00 2.93E+02 2.82E+02 2.56E+02 2.16E+02 1.69E+02 1.21E+02 7.46E+01 8.68E+01 1.41E+02 1.13E+02 1.18E+02 1.08E+02
1.0E+01 3.32E+02 3.22E+02 2.95E+02 2.48E+02 1.97E+02 1.41E+02 8.79E+01 8.86E+01 1.58E+02 1.27E+02 1.33E+02 1.21E+02
1.5E+01 4.14E+02 4.07E+02 3.73E+02 3.21E+02 2.58E+02 1.85E+02 1.21E+02 1.00E+02 2.00E+02 1.61E+02 1.68E+02 1.54E+02
2.0E+01 4.65E+02 4.65E+02 4.45E+02 3.98E+02 3.18E+02 2.26E+02 1.52E+02 1.22E+02 2.41E+02 1.91E+02 1.97E+02 1.85E+02
3.0E+01 6.57E+02 6.54E+02 6.20E+02 5.64E+02 4.78E+02 3.53E+02 2.25E+02 2.51E+02 3.57E+02 2.75E+02 2.83E+02 2.67E+02
4.0E+01 7.35E+02 7.29E+02 6.95E+02 6.41E+02 5.63E+02 4.40E+02 2.91E+02 4.57E+02 4.62E+02 3.63E+02 3.77E+02 3.49E+02
5.0E+01 7.55E+02 7.59E+02 7.08E+02 6.58E+02 5.91E+02 4.94E+02 3.40E+02 7.03E+02 5.56E+02 4.46E+02 4.64E+02 4.28E+02
6.0E+01 6.28E+02 6.38E+02 6.57E+02 6.69E+02 6.09E+02 5.71E+02 4.29E+02 7.75E+02 5.98E+02 4.96E+02 5.15E+02 4.77E+02
8.0E+01 4.31E+02 4.36E+02 4.49E+02 4.79E+02 5.27E+02 5.89E+02 6.19E+02 4.85E+02 5.29E+02 4.98E+02 5.05E+02 4.91E+02
1.0E+02 3.82E+02 3.89E+02 3.90E+02 3.97E+02 4.06E+02 4.26E+02 4.80E+02 4.02E+02 4.27E+02 4.32E+02 4.35E+02 4.29E+02
1.5E+02 3.40E+02 3.48E+02 3.48E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.50E+02 3.61E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.54E+02 3.53E+02 3.55E+02
2.0E+02 3.26E+02 3.36E+02 3.37E+02 3.41E+02 3.41E+02 3.37E+02 3.45E+02 3.29E+02 3.39E+02 3.32E+02 3.31E+02 3.33E+02
3.0E+02 3.19E+02 3.33E+02 3.34E+02 3.38E+02 3.37E+02 3.32E+02 3.39E+02 3.21E+02 3.33E+02 3.21E+02 3.20E+02 3.22E+02
4.0E+02 3.20E+02 3.35E+02 3.37E+02 3.40E+02 3.40E+02 3.35E+02 3.41E+02 3.21E+02 3.36E+02 3.21E+02 3.20E+02 3.22E+02
5.0E+02 3.21E+02 3.39E+02 3.41E+02 3.45E+02 3.44E+02 3.39E+02 3.46E+02 3.24E+02 3.41E+02 3.23E+02 3.22E+02 3.24E+02
6.0E+02 3.25E+02 3.43E+02 3.44E+02 3.48E+02 3.47E+02 3.41E+02 3.48E+02 3.26E+02 3.43E+02 3.26E+02 3.24E+02 3.28E+02
8.0E+02 3.27E+02 3.45E+02 3.47E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.32E+02 3.47E+02 3.31E+02 3.29E+02 3.33E+02
1.0E+03 3.33E+02 3.50E+02 3.52E+02 3.55E+02 3.54E+02 3.49E+02 3.56E+02 3.37E+02 3.51E+02 3.37E+02 3.32E+02 3.42E+02
Figure A.2.6 Conversion coefficients from negative muon Figure A.2.7 Conversion coefficients from positive muon
fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2017). fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
62 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.2.7 Conversion coefficients from positive muon fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Ep MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E+00 1.94E+02 1.79E+02 1.65E+02 1.41E+02 1.15E+02 8.50E+01 5.45E+01 8.26E+01 1.00E+02 8.52E+01 8.89E+01 8.15E+01
1.5E+00 1.96E+02 1.81E+02 1.67E+02 1.43E+02 1.16E+02 8.51E+01 5.53E+01 8.41E+01 1.01E+02 8.62E+01 9.00E+01 8.24E+01
2.0E+00 1.98E+02 1.83E+02 1.69E+02 1.44E+02 1.18E+02 8.64E+01 5.63E+01 8.57E+01 1.02E+02 8.75E+01 9.12E+01 8.38E+01
3.0E+00 2.02E+02 1.89E+02 1.75E+02 1.49E+02 1.23E+02 8.97E+01 5.78E+01 8.89E+01 1.05E+02 9.03E+01 9.40E+01 8.66E+01
4.0E+00 2.07E+02 1.94E+02 1.81E+02 1.56E+02 1.27E+02 9.37E+01 5.97E+01 9.21E+01 1.09E+02 9.36E+01 9.74E+01 8.98E+01
5.0E+00 2.16E+02 2.04E+02 1.89E+02 1.65E+02 1.35E+02 9.90E+01 6.20E+01 9.43E+01 1.14E+02 9.77E+01 1.02E+02 9.34E+01
6.0E+00 2.51E+02 2.34E+02 2.10E+02 1.77E+02 1.44E+02 1.06E+02 6.61E+01 9.25E+01 1.22E+02 1.03E+02 1.08E+02 9.80E+01
8.0E+00 3.00E+02 2.83E+02 2.55E+02 2.16E+02 1.68E+02 1.22E+02 7.57E+01 9.28E+01 1.40E+02 1.17E+02 1.23E+02 1.11E+02
1.0E+01 3.40E+02 3.22E+02 2.94E+02 2.48E+02 1.97E+02 1.40E+02 8.86E+01 9.48E+01 1.58E+02 1.32E+02 1.38E+02 1.26E+02
1.5E+01 4.25E+02 4.07E+02 3.76E+02 3.21E+02 2.60E+02 1.88E+02 1.23E+02 1.08E+02 2.02E+02 1.67E+02 1.74E+02 1.60E+02
2.0E+01 4.81E+02 4.68E+02 4.48E+02 4.02E+02 3.21E+02 2.27E+02 1.55E+02 1.33E+02 2.43E+02 1.99E+02 2.05E+02 1.93E+02
3.0E+01 6.74E+02 6.60E+02 6.26E+02 5.68E+02 4.82E+02 3.56E+02 2.27E+02 2.65E+02 3.61E+02 2.84E+02 2.93E+02 2.75E+02
4.0E+01 7.51E+02 7.34E+02 6.99E+02 6.46E+02 5.68E+02 4.42E+02 2.94E+02 4.73E+02 4.67E+02 3.73E+02 3.89E+02 3.57E+02
5.0E+01 7.68E+02 7.64E+02 7.14E+02 6.63E+02 5.94E+02 4.95E+02 3.42E+02 7.21E+02 5.59E+02 4.56E+02 4.76E+02 4.36E+02
6.0E+01 6.35E+02 6.42E+02 6.59E+02 6.72E+02 6.13E+02 5.75E+02 4.32E+02 7.87E+02 5.99E+02 5.06E+02 5.25E+02 4.87E+02
8.0E+01 4.31E+02 4.37E+02 4.49E+02 4.79E+02 5.26E+02 5.91E+02 6.20E+02 4.83E+02 5.29E+02 5.02E+02 5.10E+02 4.94E+02
1.0E+02 3.81E+02 3.89E+02 3.90E+02 3.97E+02 4.06E+02 4.27E+02 4.79E+02 3.99E+02 4.27E+02 4.32E+02 4.37E+02 4.27E+02
1.5E+02 3.39E+02 3.48E+02 3.48E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.50E+02 3.61E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.54E+02 3.54E+02 3.54E+02
2.0E+02 3.26E+02 3.35E+02 3.37E+02 3.41E+02 3.41E+02 3.37E+02 3.45E+02 3.28E+02 3.39E+02 3.32E+02 3.31E+02 3.33E+02
3.0E+02 3.18E+02 3.33E+02 3.34E+02 3.38E+02 3.37E+02 3.32E+02 3.38E+02 3.20E+02 3.33E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02
4.0E+02 3.19E+02 3.35E+02 3.37E+02 3.40E+02 3.39E+02 3.34E+02 3.41E+02 3.21E+02 3.36E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02
5.0E+02 3.20E+02 3.39E+02 3.41E+02 3.45E+02 3.44E+02 3.39E+02 3.46E+02 3.23E+02 3.41E+02 3.22E+02 3.22E+02 3.22E+02
6.0E+02 3.22E+02 3.43E+02 3.44E+02 3.48E+02 3.46E+02 3.41E+02 3.48E+02 3.25E+02 3.43E+02 3.24E+02 3.24E+02 3.24E+02
8.0E+02 3.25E+02 3.45E+02 3.47E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.30E+02 3.46E+02 3.29E+02 3.29E+02 3.29E+02
1.0E+03 3.27E+02 3.50E+02 3.51E+02 3.55E+02 3.54E+02 3.49E+02 3.56E+02 3.33E+02 3.51E+02 3.33E+02 3.32E+02 3.34E+02
Table A.2.8 Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E+00 4.06E+02 3.99E+02 3.73E+02 3.27E+02 2.81E+02 2.25E+02 1.70E+02 1.94E+02 2.45E+02 1.76E+02 1.91E+02 1.61E+02
1.5E+00 4.22E+02 4.19E+02 3.91E+02 3.42E+02 2.92E+02 2.31E+02 1.70E+02 2.01E+02 2.53E+02 1.89E+02 2.06E+02 1.72E+02
2.0E+00 4.33E+02 4.36E+02 4.09E+02 3.57E+02 3.03E+02 2.37E+02 1.73E+02 2.10E+02 2.61E+02 1.98E+02 2.17E+02 1.79E+02
3.0E+00 4.58E+02 4.69E+02 4.44E+02 3.88E+02 3.28E+02 2.53E+02 1.78E+02 2.25E+02 2.80E+02 2.15E+02 2.37E+02 1.93E+02
4.0E+00 4.91E+02 5.12E+02 4.84E+02 4.26E+02 3.60E+02 2.72E+02 1.85E+02 2.33E+02 3.00E+02 2.32E+02 2.55E+02 2.09E+02
5.0E+00 5.28E+02 5.66E+02 5.41E+02 4.77E+02 3.98E+02 2.96E+02 1.92E+02 2.37E+02 3.27E+02 2.51E+02 2.70E+02 2.32E+02
6.0E+00 6.73E+02 6.90E+02 6.26E+02 5.32E+02 4.40E+02 3.26E+02 2.03E+02 2.08E+02 3.59E+02 2.71E+02 3.02E+02 2.40E+02
8.0E+00 9.65E+02 9.79E+02 8.81E+02 7.26E+02 5.32E+02 3.95E+02 2.37E+02 1.81E+02 4.37E+02 3.17E+02 3.52E+02 2.82E+02
1.0E+01 1.09E+03 1.08E+03 1.00E+03 8.20E+02 6.46E+02 4.59E+02 2.80E+02 1.78E+02 4.88E+02 3.61E+02 3.96E+02 3.26E+02
1.5E+01 1.25E+03 1.25E+03 1.15E+03 9.85E+02 8.07E+02 5.86E+02 3.71E+02 1.97E+02 5.81E+02 4.39E+02 4.70E+02 4.08E+02
2.0E+01 1.28E+03 1.33E+03 1.31E+03 1.17E+03 9.13E+02 6.43E+02 4.56E+02 2.44E+02 6.62E+02 5.08E+02 5.31E+02 4.85E+02
3.0E+01 1.77E+03 1.83E+03 1.75E+03 1.57E+03 1.33E+03 9.32E+02 5.82E+02 5.47E+02 9.51E+02 6.76E+02 6.98E+02 6.54E+02
4.0E+01 1.92E+03 1.92E+03 1.84E+03 1.69E+03 1.48E+03 1.16E+03 7.53E+02 1.02E+03 1.18E+03 8.68E+02 9.01E+02 8.35E+02
5.0E+01 1.93E+03 1.93E+03 1.77E+03 1.63E+03 1.47E+03 1.22E+03 8.20E+02 1.70E+03 1.36E+03 1.02E+03 1.07E+03 9.70E+02
6.0E+01 1.68E+03 1.71E+03 1.79E+03 1.61E+03 1.50E+03 1.33E+03 9.36E+02 1.99E+03 1.47E+03 1.15E+03 1.21E+03 1.09E+03
8.0E+01 1.14E+03 1.17E+03 1.21E+03 1.26E+03 1.41E+03 1.43E+03 1.41E+03 1.31E+03 1.36E+03 1.15E+03 1.19E+03 1.11E+03
1.0E+02 9.95E+02 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.04E+03 1.08E+03 1.19E+03 9.91E+02 1.08E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03
1.5E+02 9.27E+02 9.50E+02 9.48E+02 9.45E+02 9.25E+02 9.12E+02 8.75E+02 8.89E+02 9.22E+02 8.57E+02 8.45E+02 8.69E+02
2.0E+02 9.02E+02 9.01E+02 8.98E+02 9.01E+02 8.89E+02 8.70E+02 8.41E+02 8.71E+02 8.71E+02 8.15E+02 8.28E+02 8.02E+02
3.0E+02 8.48E+02 8.63E+02 8.65E+02 8.72E+02 8.60E+02 8.54E+02 8.24E+02 8.43E+02 8.57E+02 7.94E+02 8.06E+02 7.82E+02
4.0E+02 8.44E+02 8.62E+02 8.62E+02 8.66E+02 8.52E+02 8.48E+02 8.26E+02 8.50E+02 8.43E+02 8.07E+02 8.02E+02 8.12E+02
5.0E+02 8.69E+02 8.82E+02 8.86E+02 8.87E+02 8.70E+02 8.67E+02 8.45E+02 8.80E+02 8.63E+02 8.38E+02 8.37E+02 8.39E+02
6.0E+02 9.01E+02 8.96E+02 8.84E+02 8.95E+02 8.93E+02 8.79E+02 8.62E+02 9.17E+02 8.83E+02 8.75E+02 8.90E+02 8.60E+02
8.0E+02 9.47E+02 9.31E+02 9.26E+02 9.39E+02 9.27E+02 9.24E+02 8.99E+02 9.76E+02 9.18E+02 9.35E+02 9.37E+02 9.33E+02
1.0E+03 9.77E+02 9.43E+02 9.38E+02 9.57E+02 9.44E+02 9.39E+02 9.22E+02 1.02E+03 9.38E+02 9.79E+02 9.78E+02 9.80E+02
Appendices 63
Figure A.2.8 Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence Figure A.2.9 Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence
to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010). to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Table A.2.9 Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E+00 3.14E+02 2.75E+02 2.53E+02 2.23E+02 1.92E+02 1.53E+02 1.16E+02 1.21E+02 1.65E+02 1.51E+02 1.70E+02 1.32E+02
1.5E+00 3.24E+02 2.87E+02 2.64E+02 2.32E+02 1.99E+02 1.56E+02 1.15E+02 1.25E+02 1.71E+02 1.60E+02 1.82E+02 1.38E+02
2.0E+00 3.40E+02 3.01E+02 2.77E+02 2.42E+02 2.06E+02 1.58E+02 1.16E+02 1.33E+02 1.76E+02 1.68E+02 1.84E+02 1.52E+02
3.0E+00 3.79E+02 3.33E+02 3.06E+02 2.67E+02 2.24E+02 1.72E+02 1.23E+02 1.51E+02 1.91E+02 1.83E+02 2.02E+02 1.64E+02
4.0E+00 4.29E+02 3.78E+02 3.48E+02 3.02E+02 2.50E+02 1.90E+02 1.31E+02 1.70E+02 2.16E+02 1.98E+02 2.20E+02 1.76E+02
5.0E+00 4.89E+02 4.36E+02 4.05E+02 3.48E+02 2.85E+02 2.13E+02 1.44E+02 1.83E+02 2.45E+02 2.16E+02 2.39E+02 1.93E+02
6.0E+00 5.40E+02 4.92E+02 4.49E+02 3.94E+02 3.17E+02 2.31E+02 1.49E+02 1.85E+02 2.64E+02 2.33E+02 2.57E+02 2.09E+02
8.0E+00 7.17E+02 6.50E+02 5.87E+02 4.84E+02 3.77E+02 2.72E+02 1.72E+02 1.77E+02 3.11E+02 2.65E+02 2.93E+02 2.37E+02
1.0E+01 8.19E+02 7.43E+02 6.71E+02 5.59E+02 4.46E+02 3.17E+02 2.01E+02 1.79E+02 3.52E+02 2.96E+02 3.28E+02 2.64E+02
1.5E+01 1.00E+03 9.14E+02 8.38E+02 7.17E+02 5.80E+02 4.18E+02 2.71E+02 2.01E+02 4.38E+02 3.67E+02 3.93E+02 3.41E+02
2.0E+01 1.10E+03 1.03E+03 9.91E+02 8.71E+02 6.82E+02 4.89E+02 3.38E+02 2.47E+02 5.17E+02 4.39E+02 4.66E+02 4.12E+02
3.0E+01 1.52E+03 1.44E+03 1.36E+03 1.22E+03 1.03E+03 7.23E+02 4.65E+02 4.94E+02 7.49E+02 6.02E+02 6.21E+02 5.83E+02
4.0E+01 1.75E+03 1.64E+03 1.56E+03 1.43E+03 1.23E+03 9.59E+02 6.27E+02 9.06E+02 9.77E+02 7.87E+02 8.20E+02 7.54E+02
5.0E+01 1.83E+03 1.71E+03 1.59E+03 1.47E+03 1.31E+03 1.07E+03 7.21E+02 1.48E+03 1.17E+03 9.53E+02 9.93E+02 9.13E+02
6.0E+01 1.66E+03 1.62E+03 1.64E+03 1.49E+03 1.37E+03 1.18E+03 8.38E+02 1.82E+03 1.30E+03 1.09E+03 1.15E+03 1.03E+03
8.0E+01 1.22E+03 1.21E+03 1.24E+03 1.28E+03 1.36E+03 1.35E+03 1.28E+03 1.38E+03 1.30E+03 1.16E+03 1.21E+03 1.11E+03
1.0E+02 1.13E+03 1.11E+03 1.10E+03 1.10E+03 1.11E+03 1.14E+03 1.20E+03 1.12E+03 1.12E+03 1.10E+03 1.10E+03 1.10E+03
1.5E+02 1.22E+03 1.19E+03 1.18E+03 1.16E+03 1.12E+03 1.08E+03 1.01E+03 1.15E+03 1.09E+03 1.05E+03 1.04E+03 1.06E+03
2.0E+02 1.25E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.19E+03 1.15E+03 1.09E+03 1.23E+03 1.18E+03 1.08E+03 1.12E+03 1.04E+03
3.0E+02 1.07E+03 1.08E+03 1.09E+03 1.09E+03 1.09E+03 1.10E+03 1.07E+03 1.10E+03 1.09E+03 1.02E+03 1.04E+03 1.00E+03
4.0E+02 9.69E+02 9.91E+02 9.98E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+03 1.01E+03 9.87E+02 9.98E+02 1.00E+03 9.53E+02 9.36E+02 9.70E+02
5.0E+02 9.43E+02 9.73E+02 9.69E+02 9.81E+02 9.73E+02 9.72E+02 9.53E+02 9.70E+02 9.75E+02 9.30E+02 9.19E+02 9.41E+02
6.0E+02 9.52E+02 9.58E+02 9.58E+02 9.65E+02 9.65E+02 9.62E+02 9.48E+02 9.80E+02 9.62E+02 9.38E+02 9.44E+02 9.32E+02
8.0E+02 9.99E+02 1.00E+03 1.01E+03 1.02E+03 1.01E+03 1.01E+03 9.96E+02 1.04E+03 1.00E+03 9.93E+02 9.97E+02 9.89E+02
1.0E+03 1.04E+03 1.02E+03 1.03E+03 1.04E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.02E+03 1.09E+03 1.03E+03 1.05E+03 1.05E+03 1.05E+03
64 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.2.10 Conversion coefficients from He2+ ion fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E+00 2.19E+02 2.12E+02 2.00E+02 1.81E+02 1.63E+02 1.37E+02 1.10E+02 2.19E+02 1.76E+02 1.41E+02 1.38E+02 1.40E+02
2.0E+00 4.38E+02 4.23E+02 3.99E+02 3.60E+02 3.24E+02 2.74E+02 2.20E+02 4.38E+02 3.52E+02 2.81E+02 2.75E+02 2.80E+02
3.0E+00 6.56E+02 6.32E+02 5.95E+02 5.37E+02 4.83E+02 4.10E+02 3.30E+02 6.57E+02 5.26E+02 4.19E+02 4.10E+02 4.18E+02
5.0E+00 1.09E+03 1.04E+03 9.75E+02 8.77E+02 7.90E+02 6.75E+02 5.50E+02 1.09E+03 8.66E+02 6.89E+02 6.74E+02 6.87E+02
1.0E+01 2.19E+03 2.51E+03 2.70E+03 2.61E+03 2.31E+03 1.75E+03 1.10E+03 2.19E+03 1.97E+03 1.82E+03 1.86E+03 1.73E+03
1.4E+01 4.61E+03 4.95E+03 4.74E+03 4.58E+03 4.03E+03 2.94E+03 1.61E+03 2.56E+03 3.09E+03 2.81E+03 2.95E+03 2.64E+03
2.0E+01 1.72E+04 1.61E+04 1.41E+04 1.16E+04 8.24E+03 5.78E+03 3.19E+03 1.74E+03 6.56E+03 5.46E+03 5.73E+03 5.02E+03
3.0E+01 3.01E+04 2.89E+04 2.63E+04 2.23E+04 1.70E+04 1.16E+04 7.00E+03 1.44E+03 1.18E+04 9.86E+03 1.04E+04 9.15E+03
5.0E+01 4.75E+04 4.70E+04 4.58E+04 4.13E+04 3.17E+04 2.20E+04 1.51E+04 2.88E+03 2.15E+04 1.78E+04 1.86E+04 1.71E+04
7.5E+01 8.05E+04 7.91E+04 7.59E+04 6.90E+04 5.87E+04 4.19E+04 2.50E+04 1.75E+04 3.94E+04 3.00E+04 3.11E+04 2.91E+04
1.0E+02 1.01E+05 9.66E+04 9.18E+04 8.46E+04 7.39E+04 5.69E+04 3.58E+04 4.84E+04 5.64E+04 4.55E+04 4.62E+04 4.23E+04
1.5E+02 9.25E+04 9.16E+04 9.18E+04 9.29E+04 8.78E+04 8.00E+04 6.01E+04 1.10E+05 8.26E+04 6.95E+04 7.21E+04 6.61E+04
2.0E+02 6.74E+04 6.79E+04 6.86E+04 7.01E+04 7.25E+04 7.52E+04 8.22E+04 7.29E+04 7.36E+04 7.01E+04 7.20E+04 6.90E+04
3.0E+02 5.14E+04 5.13E+04 5.14E+04 5.19E+04 5.23E+04 5.22E+04 5.29E+04 5.33E+04 5.22E+04 5.25E+04 5.33E+04 5.22E+04
5.0E+02 4.27E+04 4.23E+04 4.22E+04 4.26E+04 4.27E+04 4.24E+04 4.23E+04 4.49E+04 4.23E+04 4.27E+04 4.27E+04 4.20E+04
7.0E+02 4.11E+04 3.98E+04 3.98E+04 4.01E+04 4.05E+04 4.04E+04 4.04E+04 4.60E+04 4.03E+04 4.19E+04 4.04E+04 4.03E+04
1.0E+03 4.00E+04 3.84E+04 3.82E+04 3.90E+04 3.93E+04 3.93E+04 3.91E+04 4.47E+04 3.92E+04 4.09E+04 3.89E+04 3.94E+04
Table A.3.0 Conversion coefficients to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and right irradiations, dlens,
for angle ranges of 0°–90°, to 180° for neutrons, and for rotational.
Table A.3.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Figure A.3.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure A.3.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye
left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a). for left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Appendices 67
Table A.3.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Table A.3.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations.6
Ep/MeV dlens, (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ
1.00E-09 2.31E+00 2.38E+00 2.49E+00 2.31E+00 2.04E+00 1.64E+00 1.17E+00 1.19E-01 4.73E-01
1.00E-08 2.75E+00 2.83E+00 2.89E+00 2.72E+00 2.49E+00 1.97E+00 1.47E+00 1.39E-01 5.67E-01
2.50E-08 2.73E+00 2.90E+00 3.02E+00 2.87E+00 2.57E+00 2.10E+00 1.57E+00 1.62E-01 6.06E-01
1.00E-07 2.79E+00 2.94E+00 3.07E+00 3.14E+00 2.76E+00 2.38E+00 1.86E+00 2.07E-01 6.70E-01
2.00E-07 2.76E+00 3.06E+00 3.22E+00 2.99E+00 2.80E+00 2.46E+00 1.95E+00 2.45E-01 6.99E-01
5.00E-07 2.78E+00 3.03E+00 3.06E+00 3.02E+00 2.83E+00 2.46E+00 2.07E+00 2.77E-01 7.09E-01
1.00E-06 2.80E+00 2.87E+00 3.14E+00 2.99E+00 2.78E+00 2.50E+00 2.04E+00 3.18E-01 7.22E-01
2.00E-06 2.73E+00 2.75E+00 2.88E+00 2.83E+00 2.76E+00 2.43E+00 2.06E+00 3.32E-01 7.39E-01
5.00E-06 2.62E+00 2.72E+00 2.87E+00 2.87E+00 2.66E+00 2.42E+00 2.01E+00 3.54E-01 7.22E-01
1.00E-05 2.57E+00 2.68E+00 2.67E+00 2.77E+00 2.57E+00 2.35E+00 1.94E+00 3.54E-01 6.98E-01
2.00E-05 2.39E+00 2.51E+00 2.67E+00 2.46E+00 2.48E+00 2.20E+00 1.84E+00 3.68E-01 6.90E-01
5.00E-05 2.20E+00 2.50E+00 2.40E+00 2.48E+00 2.26E+00 2.09E+00 1.82E+00 3.53E-01 6.61E-01
1.00E-04 2.20E+00 2.22E+00 2.29E+00 2.34E+00 2.18E+00 2.00E+00 1.75E+00 3.71E-01 6.41E-01
2.00E-04 2.02E+00 2.17E+00 2.28E+00 2.26E+00 2.09E+00 1.92E+00 1.66E+00 3.88E-01 6.07E-01
5.00E-04 1.93E+00 2.04E+00 2.14E+00 2.12E+00 2.00E+00 1.88E+00 1.59E+00 3.73E-01 5.97E-01
1.00E-03 1.97E+00 1.91E+00 2.00E+00 2.08E+00 1.94E+00 1.81E+00 1.60E+00 3.77E-01 5.76E-01
2.00E-03 1.91E+00 2.03E+00 2.09E+00 2.12E+00 1.85E+00 1.80E+00 1.58E+00 3.52E-01 5.81E-01
5.00E-03 1.99E+00 2.17E+00 2.25E+00 2.07E+00 2.12E+00 1.88E+00 1.62E+00 3.62E-01 6.12E-01
1.00E-02 2.39E+00 2.52E+00 2.47E+00 2.41E+00 2.35E+00 2.13E+00 1.87E+00 3.62E-01 6.85E-01
2.00E-02 3.04E+00 3.11E+00 3.05E+00 3.03E+00 2.93E+00 2.70E+00 2.33E+00 3.52E-01 8.07E-01
3.00E-02 3.69E+00 3.73E+00 3.71E+00 3.66E+00 3.54E+00 3.31E+00 2.80E+00 4.01E-01 9.62E-01
5.00E-02 4.94E+00 4.88E+00 4.82E+00 4.60E+00 4.60E+00 4.32E+00 3.79E+00 3.86E-01 1.24E+00
7.00E-02 5.99E+00 5.93E+00 5.95E+00 5.64E+00 5.71E+00 5.37E+00 4.77E+00 4.05E-01 1.55E+00
1.00E-01 7.29E+00 7.42E+00 7.35E+00 7.02E+00 7.19E+00 6.65E+00 5.89E+00 4.23E-01 1.84E+00
1.50E-01 9.41E+00 9.43E+00 9.29E+00 9.05E+00 9.00E+00 8.60E+00 7.76E+00 4.45E-01 2.37E+00
2.00E-01 1.11E+01 1.12E+01 1.10E+01 1.08E+01 1.07E+01 1.03E+01 9.39E+00 4.45E-01 2.80E+00
3.00E-01 1.39E+01 1.43E+01 1.39E+01 1.36E+01 1.37E+01 1.33E+01 1.23E+01 4.88E-01 3.66E+00
5.00E-01 1.83E+01 1.89E+01 1.85E+01 1.78E+01 1.84E+01 1.78E+01 1.70E+01 5.63E-01 4.99E+00
7.00E-01 2.14E+01 2.19E+01 2.16E+01 2.08E+01 2.11E+01 2.09E+01 1.98E+01 6.69E-01 6.07E+00
9.00E-01 2.48E+01 2.53E+01 2.49E+01 2.42E+01 2.37E+01 2.42E+01 2.30E+01 8.41E-01 7.05E+00
1.00E+00 2.96E+01 3.01E+01 2.95E+01 3.01E+01 2.87E+01 2.82E+01 2.66E+01 6.48E-01 7.85E+00
1.20E+00 2.84E+01 2.89E+01 2.88E+01 2.69E+01 2.75E+01 2.77E+01 2.70E+01 1.09E+00 8.42E+00
1.50E+00 3.07E+01 3.11E+01 3.11E+01 2.95E+01 3.06E+01 2.98E+01 2.97E+01 1.64E+00 9.42E+00
2.00E+00 3.48E+01 3.44E+01 3.43E+01 3.54E+01 3.37E+01 3.35E+01 3.32E+01 2.76E+00 1.11E+01
3.00E+00 4.02E+01 4.01E+01 3.97E+01 4.08E+01 3.90E+01 3.91E+01 3.89E+01 5.53E+00 1.40E+01
4.00E+00 4.78E+01 4.70E+01 4.79E+01 4.86E+01 4.61E+01 4.59E+01 4.72E+01 7.34E+00 1.64E+01
5.00E+00 5.00E+01 4.93E+01 4.96E+01 5.07E+01 4.85E+01 4.72E+01 4.83E+01 1.09E+01 1.83E+01
6.00E+00 5.40E+01 5.38E+01 5.41E+01 5.42E+01 5.27E+01 5.17E+01 5.25E+01 1.29E+01 1.99E+01
7.00E+00 5.37E+01 5.32E+01 5.34E+01 5.38E+01 5.27E+01 5.18E+01 5.27E+01 1.65E+01 2.10E+01
8.00E+00 5.68E+01 5.61E+01 5.74E+01 5.62E+01 5.58E+01 5.51E+01 5.56E+01 1.79E+01 2.21E+01
9.00E+00 6.06E+01 5.95E+01 6.00E+01 6.02E+01 5.92E+01 5.82E+01 5.89E+01 1.94E+01 2.33E+01
1.00E+01 6.31E+01 6.31E+01 6.49E+01 6.44E+01 6.19E+01 6.14E+01 6.15E+01 2.15E+01 2.51E+01
1.20E+01 7.00E+01 6.89E+01 7.03E+01 7.01E+01 6.71E+01 6.72E+01 6.88E+01 2.42E+01 2.74E+01
1.40E+01 7.09E+01 7.11E+01 7.18E+01 7.17E+01 6.83E+01 6.95E+01 7.04E+01 2.81E+01 2.88E+01
1.50E+01 7.46E+01 7.38E+01 7.54E+01 7.47E+01 7.22E+01 7.20E+01 7.36E+01 3.01E+01 3.00E+01
1.60E+01 7.44E+01 7.52E+01 7.50E+01 7.54E+01 7.29E+01 7.21E+01 7.33E+01 3.22E+01 3.06E+01
1.80E+01 7.45E+01 7.47E+01 7.37E+01 7.51E+01 7.26E+01 7.19E+01 7.51E+01 3.55E+01 3.16E+01
2.00E+01 7.56E+01 7.37E+01 7.74E+01 7.60E+01 7.29E+01 7.35E+01 7.61E+01 3.87E+01 3.24E+01
3.00E+01 7.01E+01 7.05E+01 7.44E+01 7.97E+01 6.71E+01 7.43E+01 7.91E+01 4.88E+01 3.43E+01
5.00E+01 5.57E+01 5.82E+01 6.19E+01 7.13E+01 7.09E+01 7.66E+01 7.97E+01 6.61E+01 3.50E+01
6
K.G. Veinot et al. (2020). Personal communication (Y-12 National
Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee).
Appendices 69
Table A.3.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Table A.3.4 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
of density 1.09 g cm−3 (ICRP, 2009), of elemental •• For the finger: at the half-length of the cylindrical
composition given in ICRP Publication 89 (2002). surface of a rod with dimensions 15 mm diameter and
The absorbed dose is averaged over the volume of a 300 mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with den-
right circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular to sity in this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g cm−3),
the surface between the depths of 50 μm and 100 µm the cylindrical surface of which is covered with a 2
and a cross-sectional area of 1 cm²; mm layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over
•• For the extremities: at the half-length of the cylindri- a volume between the radii 9.4 mm and 9.45 mm with
cal surface of a pillar with dimensions 69 mm diame- a circle of area 1 cm2 projected onto the upper and
ter and 300 mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with lower cylindrical surfaces, perpendicular to the radii.
density in this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g
cm−3), the cylindrical surface of which is covered with The conversion coefficients for alpha particles given in Table
a 2 mm layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged A.4.5 and Fig. A.4.5 have been calculated for the volume of a
over a volume between the radii 36.4 mm and 36.45 right circular cylinder between depths of 50 μm and 100 µm and
mm with a circle of area 1 cm2 projected onto the a cross-sectional area of 1 cm² at the center of the front surface of
upper and lower cylindrical surfaces, perpendicular to a 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm phantom of ICRU 4-element
the radii; tissue density 1 g cm−³, without a 2 mm skin layer (ICRP, 2010).
Table A.4.0 Conversion coefficients to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin, d′local skin and dp local skin
Table/figure Particle type Phantom Physical quantity Energy range (MeV) Angle range
A.4.1.1a Photon Slab Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.1.1b Photon Slab Air kerma 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.1.2a Photon Pillar Fluence 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.1.2b Photon Pillar Air kerma 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.1.3a Photon Rod Fluence 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.1.3b Photon Rod Air kerma 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.2.1 Neutron Slab Fluence 1.0 E-09–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.2.2 Neutron Pillar Fluence 1.0 E-09–2.0E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.2.3 Neutron Rod Fluence 1.0 E-09–5.0E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.3.1 Electron Slab Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.3.2 Electron Pillar Fluence 5.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.3.3 Electron Rod Fluence 5.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.4.1 Positron Slab Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.4.2. Positron Pillar Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.4.3 Positron Rod Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.5 He2+ions Slab Fluence 6.6 E+00–1.0 E+01 0°
Table A.4.1.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.8
Figure A.4.1.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence Figure A.4.1.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the
slab phantom.9 slab phantom.9
9
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal commu-
nication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
74 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.4.1.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.10
Table A.4.1.2a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.11
(Continued)
10 11
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal com- T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette, Switzerland).
Cedex France).
Appendices 75
Figure A.4.1.2a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.12
Table A.4.1.2b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.12
Figure A.4.1.2b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.13
13
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
78 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.4.1.3a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.14
14
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 79
Figure A.4.1.3a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.15
15
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
80 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.4.1.3b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.16
(Continued)
16
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 81
Figure A.4.1.3b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.17
Table A.4.2.1 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose on local skin on the slab
phantom (Veinot et al., 2020).
Table A.4.2.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom (Veinot
et al., 2020).
Figure A.4.2.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom (Veinot
et al., 2020).
Table A.4.2.3 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom (Veinot et al.,
2020).
(Continued)
86 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure A.4.2.3 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom (Veinot
et al., 2020).
88 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.4.3.1 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.18
18
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 89
Table A.4.3.2 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.19
19
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
90 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure A.4.3.2 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.20
Table A.4.3.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.20
(Continued)
20
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 91
Figure A.4.3.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.21
21
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
92 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.4.4.1 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.22
22
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 93
Table A.4.4.2 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.23
23
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
94 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure A.4.4.2 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.24
Table A.4.4.3 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.24
24
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 95
Figure A.4.4.3 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.25
25
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
96 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
A.5 Operational Quantities for Photons of Data for the lens of the eye: Table A.5.1a and Fig. A.5.1a
Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields With Charged- give values of conversion coefficients from photon fluence to
ambient dose; Table A.5.1b and Fig. A.5.1b from air kerma;
Particle Equilibrium
Table A.5.2a and Fig. A.5.2a from photon fluence to personal
The calibration of area monitoring instruments and personal dose; and in Table A.5.2b and Fig. A.5.2b from air kerma;
dosimeters for photon radiation to measure ambient dose, Table A.5.3a and Fig. A.5.3a from photon fluence to direc-
personal dose, directional and personal absorbed dose in the tional and personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye; and in
lens of the eye and local skin is performed routinely in air Table A.5.3b and Fig. A.5.3b from air kerma (See Table A.5.0).
with sufficient material in front of the instrument to provide Data for local skin: Tables A.5.4.1a, A5.4.2a, A5.4.3a, and
full charged-particle equilibrium at the point of test (Section Figs. A.5.4.1a, A5.4.2a, A5.4.3a from photon fluence to
6.2). The calculations of conversion coefficients given here directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin, and in
use the kerma-approximation method to approximate Tables A.5.4.1b, A5.4.2b, A5.4.3b and Figs. A.5.4.1b,
absorbed dose when there is charged-particle equilibrium. A5.4.2b, A5.4.3b from air kerma.
Table A.5.0 Conversion coefficients for photons calculated with the kerma-approximation method.
Table A.5.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Table A.5.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to
ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method
(Endo, 2017). (Endo, 2017).
Figure A.5.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure A.5.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method to ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation
(Endo, 2017). method (Endo, 2017).
98 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.5.2a Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Endo,
2017).
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E-02 6.75E-02 6.68E-02 6.13E-02 5.26E-02 4.24E-02 3.06E-02 1.83E-02 1.80E-02 3.31E-02 2.90E-02 2.94E-02 2.76E-02
1.5E-02 1.53E-01 1.50E-01 1.39E-01 1.19E-01 9.29E-02 6.41E-02 3.91E-02 1.53E-02 6.57E-02 5.45E-02 5.63E-02 5.33E-02
2.0E-02 2.22E-01 2.17E-01 2.03E-01 1.80E-01 1.42E-01 9.70E-02 5.96E-02 2.65E-02 9.97E-02 8.04E-02 8.00E-02 7.73E-02
3.0E-02 3.10E-01 3.05E-01 2.87E-01 2.55E-01 2.10E-01 1.52E-01 9.63E-02 9.61E-02 1.58E-01 1.24E-01 1.27E-01 1.22E-01
4.0E-02 3.45E-01 3.41E-01 3.22E-01 2.87E-01 2.41E-01 1.84E-01 1.23E-01 1.62E-01 1.97E-01 1.57E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01
5.0E-02 3.64E-01 3.60E-01 3.41E-01 3.07E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.43E-01 2.07E-01 2.22E-01 1.78E-01 1.82E-01 1.72E-01
6.0E-02 3.85E-01 3.82E-01 3.62E-01 3.27E-01 2.81E-01 2.22E-01 1.59E-01 2.40E-01 2.44E-01 1.97E-01 2.01E-01 1.91E-01
7.0E-02 4.11E-01 4.07E-01 3.85E-01 3.51E-01 3.04E-01 2.42E-01 1.76E-01 2.71E-01 2.67E-01 2.16E-01 2.21E-01 2.11E-01
8.0E-02 4.43E-01 4.37E-01 4.16E-01 3.80E-01 3.30E-01 2.64E-01 1.94E-01 3.01E-01 2.95E-01 2.37E-01 2.43E-01 2.28E-01
1.0E-01 5.19E-01 5.12E-01 4.87E-01 4.50E-01 3.93E-01 3.19E-01 2.36E-01 3.61E-01 3.50E-01 2.85E-01 2.94E-01 2.76E-01
1.5E-01 7.48E-01 7.40E-01 7.11E-01 6.58E-01 5.82E-01 4.81E-01 3.65E-01 5.39E-01 5.21E-01 4.31E-01 4.44E-01 4.17E-01
2.0E-01 9.98E-01 9.91E-01 9.54E-01 8.91E-01 7.97E-01 6.68E-01 5.13E-01 7.35E-01 7.15E-01 5.94E-01 6.07E-01 5.72E-01
3.0E-01 1.50E+00 1.49E+00 1.45E+00 1.37E+00 1.24E+00 1.06E+00 8.33E-01 1.15E+00 1.11E+00 9.34E-01 9.64E-01 9.06E-01
4.0E-01 2.00E+00 1.98E+00 1.93E+00 1.83E+00 1.68E+00 1.46E+00 1.16E+00 1.57E+00 1.51E+00 1.28E+00 1.32E+00 1.25E+00
5.0E-01 2.46E+00 2.45E+00 2.39E+00 2.28E+00 2.10E+00 1.85E+00 1.50E+00 1.98E+00 1.90E+00 1.64E+00 1.68E+00 1.58E+00
6.0E-01 2.91E+00 2.89E+00 2.83E+00 2.71E+00 2.51E+00 2.23E+00 1.84E+00 2.37E+00 2.29E+00 1.98E+00 2.02E+00 1.91E+00
8.0E-01 3.73E+00 3.72E+00 3.65E+00 3.50E+00 3.29E+00 2.96E+00 2.48E+00 3.12E+00 3.01E+00 2.63E+00 2.69E+00 2.57E+00
1.0E+00 4.49E+00 4.47E+00 4.40E+00 4.24E+00 4.01E+00 3.64E+00 3.09E+00 3.82E+00 3.70E+00 3.25E+00 3.33E+00 3.18E+00
1.5E+00 6.13E+00 6.11E+00 6.03E+00 5.86E+00 5.60E+00 5.18E+00 4.52E+00 5.38E+00 5.22E+00 4.68E+00 4.77E+00 4.58E+00
2.0E+00 7.54E+00 7.52E+00 7.43E+00 7.26E+00 6.98E+00 6.52E+00 5.80E+00 6.75E+00 6.57E+00 5.95E+00 6.05E+00 5.83E+00
3.0E+00 9.98E+00 9.97E+00 9.86E+00 9.67E+00 9.36E+00 8.88E+00 8.05E+00 9.10E+00 8.90E+00 8.18E+00 8.32E+00 8.03E+00
4.0E+00 1.21E+01 1.21E+01 1.20E+01 1.18E+01 1.15E+01 1.09E+01 1.01E+01 1.12E+01 1.10E+01 1.02E+01 1.03E+01 1.00E+01
5.0E+00 1.42E+01 1.41E+01 1.40E+01 1.38E+01 1.34E+01 1.29E+01 1.20E+01 1.31E+01 1.29E+01 1.20E+01 1.22E+01 1.19E+01
6.0E+00 1.61E+01 1.61E+01 1.59E+01 1.57E+01 1.53E+01 1.47E+01 1.38E+01 1.50E+01 1.47E+01 1.38E+01 1.40E+01 1.36E+01
8.0E+00 1.99E+01 1.99E+01 1.97E+01 1.94E+01 1.90E+01 1.83E+01 1.72E+01 1.86E+01 1.83E+01 1.73E+01 1.75E+01 1.71E+01
1.0E+01 2.37E+01 2.36E+01 2.35E+01 2.31E+01 2.26E+01 2.19E+01 2.07E+01 2.22E+01 2.19E+01 2.07E+01 2.10E+01 2.05E+01
1.5E+01 3.33E+01 3.32E+01 3.30E+01 3.25E+01 3.18E+01 3.08E+01 2.93E+01 3.12E+01 3.09E+01 2.93E+01 2.96E+01 2.90E+01
2.0E+01 4.32E+01 4.31E+01 4.28E+01 4.22E+01 4.14E+01 4.01E+01 3.81E+01 4.05E+01 4.02E+01 3.82E+01 3.85E+01 3.77E+01
3.0E+01 6.41E+01 6.39E+01 6.35E+01 6.26E+01 6.13E+01 5.94E+01 5.65E+01 6.00E+01 5.96E+01 5.66E+01 5.72E+01 5.60E+01
4.0E+01 8.63E+01 8.61E+01 8.55E+01 8.42E+01 8.25E+01 7.99E+01 7.61E+01 8.08E+01 8.02E+01 7.62E+01 7.70E+01 7.54E+01
5.0E+01 1.09E+02 1.09E+02 1.08E+02 1.07E+02 1.05E+02 1.01E+02 9.63E+01 1.02E+02 1.02E+02 9.64E+01 9.75E+01 9.55E+01
Table A.5.2b Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method
(Endo, 2017).
Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(Sv Gy−1)
0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO
1.0E-02 9.12E-03 9.03E-03 8.28E-03 7.11E-03 5.73E-03 4.14E-03 2.47E-03 2.44E-03 4.47E-03 3.91E-03 3.98E-03 3.73E-03
1.5E-02 4.89E-02 4.80E-02 4.43E-02 3.81E-02 2.97E-02 2.05E-02 1.25E-02 4.90E-03 2.10E-02 1.74E-02 1.80E-02 1.71E-02
2.0E-02 1.32E-01 1.29E-01 1.21E-01 1.07E-01 8.44E-02 5.76E-02 3.54E-02 1.57E-02 5.92E-02 4.77E-02 4.75E-02 4.59E-02
3.0E-02 4.30E-01 4.23E-01 3.98E-01 3.53E-01 2.91E-01 2.10E-01 1.33E-01 1.33E-01 2.19E-01 1.72E-01 1.76E-01 1.69E-01
4.0E-02 8.05E-01 7.95E-01 7.52E-01 6.69E-01 5.62E-01 4.30E-01 2.87E-01 3.79E-01 4.60E-01 3.65E-01 3.74E-01 3.51E-01
5.0E-02 1.13E+00 1.11E+00 1.06E+00 9.52E-01 8.10E-01 6.29E-01 4.42E-01 6.40E-01 6.87E-01 5.52E-01 5.65E-01 5.33E-01
6.0E-02 1.33E+00 1.32E+00 1.25E+00 1.13E+00 9.73E-01 7.67E-01 5.49E-01 8.30E-01 8.44E-01 6.82E-01 6.96E-01 6.62E-01
7.0E-02 1.43E+00 1.41E+00 1.34E+00 1.22E+00 1.06E+00 8.40E-01 6.10E-01 9.41E-01 9.28E-01 7.49E-01 7.70E-01 7.32E-01
8.0E-02 1.44E+00 1.43E+00 1.36E+00 1.24E+00 1.08E+00 8.60E-01 6.34E-01 9.83E-01 9.62E-01 7.74E-01 7.93E-01 7.45E-01
1.0E-01 1.40E+00 1.38E+00 1.31E+00 1.21E+00 1.06E+00 8.59E-01 6.36E-01 9.71E-01 9.42E-01 7.67E-01 7.90E-01 7.44E-01
1.5E-01 1.25E+00 1.23E+00 1.19E+00 1.10E+00 9.70E-01 8.03E-01 6.09E-01 8.99E-01 8.69E-01 7.19E-01 7.41E-01 6.95E-01
2.0E-01 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.11E+00 1.04E+00 9.30E-01 7.80E-01 5.99E-01 8.58E-01 8.34E-01 6.93E-01 7.08E-01 6.68E-01
3.0E-01 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.05E+00 9.88E-01 8.96E-01 7.66E-01 6.02E-01 8.34E-01 8.06E-01 6.75E-01 6.97E-01 6.55E-01
4.0E-01 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.02E+00 9.68E-01 8.87E-01 7.70E-01 6.15E-01 8.29E-01 7.99E-01 6.79E-01 6.98E-01 6.59E-01
5.0E-01 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.00E+00 9.57E-01 8.84E-01 7.77E-01 6.31E-01 8.32E-01 8.01E-01 6.88E-01 7.04E-01 6.64E-01
6.0E-01 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 9.95E-01 9.52E-01 8.83E-01 7.85E-01 6.46E-01 8.35E-01 8.04E-01 6.95E-01 7.10E-01 6.72E-01
8.0E-01 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 9.86E-01 9.47E-01 8.88E-01 8.00E-01 6.70E-01 8.44E-01 8.13E-01 7.10E-01 7.25E-01 6.94E-01
1.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.99E-01 9.83E-01 9.47E-01 8.95E-01 8.13E-01 6.90E-01 8.52E-01 8.25E-01 7.25E-01 7.42E-01 7.10E-01
1.5E+00 9.98E-01 9.94E-01 9.80E-01 9.53E-01 9.11E-01 8.43E-01 7.35E-01 8.76E-01 8.50E-01 7.61E-01 7.76E-01 7.46E-01
2.0E+00 9.97E-01 9.95E-01 9.84E-01 9.61E-01 9.24E-01 8.63E-01 7.67E-01 8.93E-01 8.69E-01 7.87E-01 8.01E-01 7.71E-01
3.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.99E-01 9.89E-01 9.69E-01 9.39E-01 8.90E-01 8.07E-01 9.12E-01 8.92E-01 8.20E-01 8.34E-01 8.05E-01
4.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.98E-01 9.90E-01 9.72E-01 9.44E-01 9.01E-01 8.30E-01 9.20E-01 9.03E-01 8.39E-01 8.51E-01 8.25E-01
5.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.97E-01 9.89E-01 9.72E-01 9.47E-01 9.08E-01 8.43E-01 9.24E-01 9.08E-01 8.50E-01 8.61E-01 8.37E-01
6.0E+00 9.97E-01 9.94E-01 9.86E-01 9.71E-01 9.47E-01 9.10E-01 8.51E-01 9.26E-01 9.11E-01 8.56E-01 8.66E-01 8.43E-01
8.0E+00 9.89E-01 9.87E-01 9.80E-01 9.66E-01 9.43E-01 9.10E-01 8.56E-01 9.24E-01 9.10E-01 8.61E-01 8.70E-01 8.48E-01
1.0E+01 9.82E-01 9.80E-01 9.73E-01 9.59E-01 9.38E-01 9.07E-01 8.57E-01 9.19E-01 9.07E-01 8.59E-01 8.68E-01 8.48E-01
1.5E+01 9.65E-01 9.63E-01 9.57E-01 9.43E-01 9.24E-01 8.95E-01 8.50E-01 9.06E-01 8.96E-01 8.51E-01 8.60E-01 8.42E-01
2.0E+01 9.52E-01 9.50E-01 9.44E-01 9.30E-01 9.12E-01 8.83E-01 8.40E-01 8.93E-01 8.85E-01 8.41E-01 8.50E-01 8.32E-01
3.0E+01 9.34E-01 9.32E-01 9.26E-01 9.13E-01 8.94E-01 8.66E-01 8.24E-01 8.75E-01 8.69E-01 8.25E-01 8.34E-01 8.16E-01
4.0E+01 9.25E-01 9.23E-01 9.16E-01 9.03E-01 8.84E-01 8.57E-01 8.16E-01 8.66E-01 8.60E-01 8.16E-01 8.26E-01 8.09E-01
5.0E+01 9.17E-01 9.15E-01 9.09E-01 8.95E-01 8.77E-01 8.49E-01 8.08E-01 8.58E-01 8.52E-01 8.09E-01 8.18E-01 8.01E-01
Table A.5.3a Conversion coefficients from photons fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).
Table A.5.3b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).
Table A.5.4.1a Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom, calculated using the kerma-approximation method.26
Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ
26
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J. M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 103
Table A.5.4.1b Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom calculated using the kerma-approximation method.27
27
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J. M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
104 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.5.4.2a Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.28
Figure A.5.4.2a Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.29
29
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
106 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.5.4.2b Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.30
(Continued)
30
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
Appendices 107
Figure A.5.4.2b Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom
calculated using the kerma-approximation method.31
31
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
108 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table A.5.4.3a Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.32
Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ
0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°
0.002 2.54E+00 2.28E+00 1.63E+00 9.08E-01 3.63E-01 8.56E-02 0.00E+00
0.003 1.97E+01 1.87E+01 1.58E+01 1.14E+01 6.66E+00 2.91E+00 7.39E-01
0.004 2.56E+01 2.49E+01 2.29E+01 1.90E+01 1.32E+01 7.35E+00 2.84E+00
0.005 2.24E+01 2.21E+01 2.10E+01 1.88E+01 1.45E+01 9.19E+00 4.36E+00
0.007 1.39E+01 1.39E+01 1.36E+01 1.30E+01 1.14E+01 8.19E+00 4.71E+00
0.01 7.21E+00 7.20E+00 7.15E+00 7.04E+00 6.64E+00 5.39E+00 3.62E+00
0.015 3.21E+00 3.21E+00 3.20E+00 3.18E+00 3.12E+00 2.84E+00 2.30E+00
0.02 1.81E+00 1.81E+00 1.80E+00 1.79E+00 1.77E+00 1.69E+00 1.50E+00
0.03 8.16E-01 8.15E-01 8.13E-01 8.10E-01 8.04E-01 7.84E-01 7.42E-01
0.05 3.79E-01 3.80E-01 3.80E-01 3.81E-01 3.80E-01 3.74E-01 3.59E-01
0.06 3.42E-01 3.42E-01 3.42E-01 3.41E-01 3.40E-01 3.36E-01 3.25E-01
0.07 3.46E-01 3.44E-01 3.43E-01 3.42E-01 3.40E-01 3.37E-01 3.28E-01
0.1 4.43E-01 4.43E-01 4.43E-01 4.43E-01 4.42E-01 4.38E-01 4.26E-01
0.15 6.98E-01 6.98E-01 6.98E-01 6.99E-01 7.00E-01 6.98E-01 6.86E-01
0.2 9.90E-01 9.87E-01 9.87E-01 9.87E-01 9.88E-01 9.87E-01 9.71E-01
0.5 2.67E+00 2.67E+00 2.67E+00 2.67E+00 2.68E+00 2.68E+00 2.65E+00
0.662 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.46E+00
1 4.98E+00 4.97E+00 4.97E+00 4.98E+00 4.98E+00 4.98E+00 4.95E+00
1.25 5.93E+00 5.93E+00 5.94E+00 5.95E+00 5.96E+00 5.95E+00 5.92E+00
1.5 6.78E+00 6.79E+00 6.79E+00 6.80E+00 6.81E+00 6.80E+00 6.77E+00
2 8.31E+00 8.32E+00 8.32E+00 8.32E+00 8.34E+00 8.33E+00 8.30E+00
3 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 1.10E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01
5 1.53E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.53E+01 1.53E+01
10 2.56E+01 2.56E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.54E+01
20 4.68E+01 4.68E+01 4.68E+01 4.66E+01 4.65E+01 4.65E+01 4.65E+01
30 6.91E+01 6.92E+01 6.91E+01 6.91E+01 6.91E+01 6.90E+01 6.87E+01
50 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.18E+02
105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT
0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.45E-01
0.003 4.70E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.51E+00
0.004 4.54E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.62E+00
0.005 1.09E+00 1.93E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.52E+00
0.007 1.77E+00 1.72E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.14E+00
0.01 1.83E+00 4.98E-01 5.45E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.59E+00
0.015 1.61E+00 9.40E-01 5.00E-01 2.93E-01 2.05E-01 1.80E-01 1.92E+00
0.02 1.24E+00 9.51E-01 7.19E-01 5.79E-01 5.05E-01 4.81E-01 1.29E+00
0.03 6.77E-01 6.02E-01 5.35E-01 4.87E-01 4.59E-01 4.50E-01 6.80E-01
0.05 3.38E-01 3.14E-01 2.93E-01 2.78E-01 2.70E-01 2.67E-01 3.39E-01
0.06 3.09E-01 2.90E-01 2.72E-01 2.60E-01 2.52E-01 2.50E-01 3.09E-01
0.07 3.14E-01 2.95E-01 2.78E-01 2.65E-01 2.57E-01 2.55E-01 3.12E-01
0.1 4.09E-01 3.88E-01 3.69E-01 3.54E-01 3.46E-01 3.43E-01 4.08E-01
0.15 6.66E-01 6.37E-01 6.08E-01 5.86E-01 5.73E-01 5.69E-01 6.57E-01
0.2 9.43E-01 9.06E-01 8.70E-01 8.45E-01 8.28E-01 8.23E-01 9.34E-01
0.5 2.60E+00 2.53E+00 2.47E+00 2.42E+00 2.39E+00 2.38E+00 2.58E+00
0.662 3.41E+00 3.33E+00 3.26E+00 3.20E+00 3.17E+00 3.16E+00 3.38E+00
1 4.88E+00 4.80E+00 4.72E+00 4.65E+00 4.59E+00 4.58E+00 4.85E+00
1.25 5.84E+00 5.75E+00 5.66E+00 5.59E+00 5.55E+00 5.54E+00 5.82E+00
1.5 6.70E+00 6.61E+00 6.52E+00 6.44E+00 6.39E+00 6.37E+00 6.67E+00
2 8.23E+00 8.12E+00 8.02E+00 7.95E+00 7.92E+00 7.92E+00 8.19E+00
3 1.08E+01 1.07E+01 1.06E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.08E+01
5 1.52E+01 1.51E+01 1.50E+01 1.49E+01 1.48E+01 1.48E+01 1.52E+01
10 2.53E+01 2.52E+01 2.50E+01 2.49E+01 2.48E+01 2.47E+01 2.53E+01
20 4.64E+01 4.61E+01 4.58E+01 4.56E+01 4.55E+01 4.54E+01 4.63E+01
30 6.85E+01 6.80E+01 6.76E+01 6.75E+01 6.74E+01 6.75E+01 6.85E+01
50 1.17E+02 1.16E+02 1.16E+02 1.15E+02 1.14E+02 1.15E+02 1.17E+02
32
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 109
Figure A.5.4.3a Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.33
Table A.5.4.3b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.33
(Continued)
33
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
110 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure A.5.4.3b Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.34
34
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
Appendices 111
A.6 Air Kerma kerma. The values for (µen/ρ) are from the calculations of
Seltzer (1993) and Hubbell and Seltzer (1995) with renormal-
The Table gives values of conversion coefficients from pho- ized Scofield photoeffect cross sections (ICRU, 2014). The
ton fluence to air kerma for energies from 2 keV to 50 MeV. values for g are from Seltzer.35 The values written in bold
Air kerma coefficients, Kair/Φ = (µen/ρ) Ep (1 − g) −1, are used italics are obtained by interpolation as no values for (µen/ρ)
for the conversion from dose per fluence to dose per air are available.
Photon energy E (MeV) Air kerma coefficient (pGy cm²) Photon energy E (MeV) Air kerma coefficient (pGy cm²)
0.002 163.7 0.500 2.379
0.003 75.32 0.511 2.431
0.004 47.62 0.600 2.844
0.005 30.65 0.662 3.112
0.006 21.25 0.700 3.275
0.007 15.50 0.800 3.702
0.008 11.79 1.000 4.481
0.009 9.221 1.117 4.884
0.010 7.400 1.200 5.165
0.011 6.043 1.250 5.332
0.012 5.022 1.300 5.498
0.013 4.236 1.330 5.596
0.015 3.125 1.500 6.147
0.017 2.388 1.700 6.725
0.020 1.684 2.000 7.557
0.024 1.150 2.400 8.563
0.025 1.056 3.000 9.977
0.030 0.7217 4.000 12.14
0.040 0.4289 5.000 14.18
0.050 0.3229 6.000 16.17
0.060 0.2889 6.129 16.44
0.070 0.2878 7.000 18.19
0.080 0.3067 8.000 20.13
0.100 0.3714 10.000 24.13
0.120 0.4606 15.000 34.46
0.150 0.5994 20.000 45.36
0.200 0.8567 30.000 68.59
0.240 1.062 40.000 93.29
0.300 1.383 50.000 119.2
0.400 1.892
Note. For the values written in bold italics a log-log-interpolation was used except for 70 keV: At this energy, the values take a minimum resulting in a
curved energy dependence. Therefore, a natural cubic spline was used for this energy.
35
S. Seltzer (2017). Personal communication (National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland).
112 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
the steep dose gradients accurately. Photons were transported were with the code MCNPX version 2.7e. No bias was intro-
until they reached an energy of 1 keV, electrons until an duced in the calculations; just a higher importance was set in
energy of 10 keV. the tally cell to improve the convergence. The ITP option
Outside the scoring volume, higher transport and produc- was used for the electron transport. Tests were performed on
tion thresholds for electrons and photons apply. Eight milli- the impact of the electron energy tracking cut-off, the photon
meters is more than the range of electrons with Ekin = 500 energy tracking cut-off and the number of electron sub-steps
keV. This value was taken as production and transport thresh- per energy step. The variation of the results sometimes
old for electrons and positrons at high primary energies. important for low energies was difficult to interpret espe-
Photons were tracked until an energy of 10 keV. cially for the electron sub-step parameter. So it was decided,
For electrons and positrons, internal checks and compari- in order to remain consistent over all energy ranges, the iden-
son with other codes showed that the introduction of single tical set of these parameters . So the default modeling param-
scattering at region boundaries was yielding more precise eters provided by the code were mostly used: an electron
results. The standard Molière multiple scattering algorithm energy cutoff of 1 keV (except 100 eV for tissue); a photon
for electron/positron transport was superseded at boundary energy cutoff of 1 keV and a value of 3 for the number of
crossings (between vacuum and phantom, at the boundary of electron sub-steps per energy step. The last releases, avail-
the sensitive volume, and between ICRP skin and ICRU tis- able with this MCNP version, of the photon and electron
sue) and replaced with 2 single scattering events. Single scat- libraries were used, that is to say 04p and 03e corresponding
tering is modeling the physics of electron transport very for the photons to the ENDF/B-VI release 8.
precisely but would be too costly in terms of calculation time The neutron calculations of conversion coefficients for
to be employed throughout; therefore, the FLUKA manual absorbed dose in the lens of the eye and in local skin in this
(option MULSOPT) recommends applying it locally in sen- Report were performed with MCNP 6.2 and used pointwise
sitive regions. In addition, a correction for the influence of cross section. In the present calculations, the S(α, β) thermal
atomic electrons during secondary electron production (tech- neutron scattering model for water was used in the computa-
nically, the FUDGEM parameter was set to 10−5) was turned tions of neutron skin doses and lens of the eye doses. If avail-
off in the scoring region. able neutron cross-section tables extending to 150 MeV were
All calculations were performed with a Monte Carlo statis- used for the computations at 30 MeV and 50 MeV. Some of
tical uncertainty below 1 %. The Monte Carlo uncertainty is the minor isotopes in the simulations have cross section that
determined from the standard error of the results of 10 inde- are only tabulated data up to 20 MeV. In that case, the code
pendent runs. The attained level of precision required typi- mixes and matches tabulated cross-sectional library data with
cally 107 histories (in 10 batches of 106 histories) for electron physics models as needed, to cover the energy range required
simulations, and 108 histories for photon simulations. in the simulations. The neutron library data used in the pres-
ent computations are taken from Conlin (2017) and the cross
sections with the latest evaluation were selected for this work.
B.3 MCNP For photons, the code accounts for incoherent and coher-
The particle radiation transport code Monte Carlo N-Particle ent scattering, the possibility of fluorescent emission after
(MCNP) is a general-purpose 3-dimensional simulation tool photoelectric absorption, absorption in pair production with
that transports 37 different particle types. It can be applied in local emission of annihilation radiation, and bremsstrahlung.
many applications including radiation protection and dosim- A continuous-slowing-down model is used for electron
etry, radiation shielding, radiography, medical physics, transport that includes positrons, characteristic K-shell x
nuclear criticality safety, detector design and analysis, accel- rays, and bremsstrahlung. Photonuclear physics is available
erator target design, fission and fusion reactor design, decon- for a subset of a number of nuclides.
tamination, and decommissioning. The specific release of MCNP contains numerous flexible scoring options: sur-
the codes used in this Report was MCNPX version 2.7e and face current and flux (surface crossing), volume flux (track
MCNP 6.2 (Werner et al., 2017; 2018). length), point or ring detectors, particle heating, fission heat-
Neutrons, protons, electrons, and photons are transported ing, pulse height tally for energy or charge deposition, mesh
using tabulated data below an upper energy table limit. That tallies, and radiography scoring options. In this work for neu-
upper energy limit varies with nuclide and cross-sectional trons, the energy deposition tally (+f6) was used to compute
data requested. Above that upper energy limit, a combination absorbed dose.
of models can be used to describe the transport and reactions.
The reader is referred to (Goorley et al., 2013) for more
details on the models available in the code.
B.4 EGSnrc
The photon, electron, and positron calculations of conver- For the calculations presented in this Report, the electron-
sion coefficients for directional and personal absorbed dose gamma-shower code system EGSnrc Version v4-r2-4-0
in local skin for the slab phantom carried out in this Report (Kawrakow et al., 2013) has been used. This code, which is
114 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
maintained by the National Research Council of Canada MeV traveling in low-Z media, ICRU Report 37 (ICRU,
(NRC), is an extended and improved version of EGS4 1984) states “Above 100 keV, the uncertainties of the colli-
(Nelson et al., 1985). The transport of photons, electrons, sion stopping powers are estimated to be 1 % to 2 %.” The
and positrons can be simulated for particle kinetic energies remaining nonstatistic contributions are estimated to be
from a 1 keV up to several hundred GeV. Some enhance- about 1.5 %. The total nonstatistical uncertainties on the
ments to the physics, however, can only be enabled below 1 stopping powers above 100 keV are therefore estimated to be
GeV. 2.5 %. At photon energies below 40 keV, the values obtained
For photon transport, the EGSnrc cross sections from with the XCOM photon cross sections deviate at maximum
Storm and Israel were used. Bound Compton scattering and by up to ± 9 % from the values obtained with the EGSnrc
photo-electrons from K, L, and M shells are considered for standard photon cross sections. Therefore, an additional
all energies. In both cases, resulting fluorescence or Auger mean standard uncertainty contribution of 3 % is assumed in
and Coster-Kronig electrons are followed. Photon-nuclear this energy region. The remaining nonstatistical contribu-
reactions are not taken into consideration as their contribu- tions below 40 keV are estimated from general experience
tion to organ dose was found to be much less than 1 % as with Monte Carlo calculations to be about 2 %. Thus, the
simulations using MCNP at 10 MeV, 20 MeV, and 50 MeV total nonstatistical uncertainty is estimated to be 2.5 %
showed (Behrens, 2017a). In this Report, photon transport is (3.6 % below 40 keV).
terminated when the photon energy falls below 10 keV, Conversion coefficients for ambient dose and personal
except for primary particles with an initial kinetic energy dose are calculated using ICRP/ICRU adult reference phan-
below 510 keV, where photon transport is terminated when toms in conjunction with Monte Carlo codes simulating the
the photon energy falls below 1 keV. transport of radiation within the human body. As the phan-
Electron and positron transport calculations are performed toms and the elemental compositions and densities of organs
by a Class II condensed history technique (Berger, 1963), and tissues are specified, nonstatistical uncertainty of the
which transports generated particles produced above a cer- conversion coefficients originates from interaction models
tain chosen energy. Bremsstrahlung cross sections are those and cross-sectional data employed in the Monte Carlo codes.
from Bethe-Heitler, that is, as in EGS4 (Nelson et al., 1985). The issue is discussed in ICRP Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010).
Bremsstrahlung angle sampling following Koch and Motz Conversion coefficients of absorbed doses of organs were
(1959) is used. Electron impact ionization is modeled using calculated for given radiations and irradiation geometries
default cross sections (Kawrakow, 2002). When the sam- using the same ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms but
pling does not lead to ionization, the classical Møller or different Monte Carlo codes, such as EGSnrc, FLUKA,
Bhabha cross sections are applied. For elastic scattering, spin GEANT4, MCNPX, and PHITS. In general, calculated
effects are taken into account. Pair production is simulated as absorbed doses of organs agreed well, typically within 10 %,
in EGS4 (Nelson et al., 1985). Triplet-production processes for all radiations, whatever the Monte Carlo codes used. At
are neglected for all particles. In this Report, the transport higher energies, however, certain differences were observed
history of electrons is generally terminated when their kinetic among the different calculations, which may be attributed to
energy falls below 10 keV. Exceptions are used for primary the application of different interaction models and cross-sec-
particles with an initial kinetic energy below 110 keV, whose tional data. The degree of differences of organ absorbed
histories are followed down to 1 keV. For external irradia- doses depends on several parameters such as organ size, loca-
tion, electrons with kinetic energies below 500 keV rarely tion in the human body, particle type and energy, and irradia-
reach internal organs. The dose to those organs is low and tion geometry. As an example, absorbed dose of the gonads
mainly caused by bremsstrahlung production within the first for the female phantom under neutron irradiation agreed very
few millimeters of the phantoms. The kerma-approximation well among PHITS, FLUKA, MCNPX, and GEANT4 for
method was implemented by not following electrons at all, neutron energies up to 20 MeV, where all codes use evaluated
that is, their cut-off energy was set to the maximum value of cross-sectional data to simulate the transport and nuclear
primary energies. reaction of neutrons. In contrast, from 20 MeV to 10 GeV,
EGSnrc was used to determine all conversion coefficients relative differences of the absorbed doses were found to be
for the absorbed dose in the lens of the eye. between 10 % and 50 %. The differences originate from the
use of different theoretical models and cross-sectional data in
B.5 Uncertainties in Conversion Coefficient the respective codes. As effective dose is the weighted sum of
absorbed doses in all specified organs and tissues of the body,
Calculations difference in conversion coefficients of organ absorbed doses
For the calculations of conversion coefficients for absorbed is not reflected directly to those of effective dose. The overall
dose in the lens of the eye, the total nonstatistical uncertainty difference in conversion coefficients for ambient dose and
is estimated to be 2.5 % (3.6 % below 40 keV) (Behrens, personal dose based on effective dose calculated by different
2017a). These are dominated by the uncertainties of the col- codes is estimated to be less than 10 % in the radiations and
lisional stopping power of electrons. For electrons below 12 energy ranges considered in this Report.
Appendices 115
Appendix C. Alternative Conversion and Dietze, 2011) for uniform broad parallel beams inci-
Coefficients for Absorbed Dose in the dent in the horizontal plane as a function of angle, ϕ, from
0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps, and for a rotational field
Lens of the Eye
(ROT). The conversion coefficient calculations for neu-
C.1 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose trons are for exposure of the head and neck and include the
in the Lens of the Eye, Absorbed Dose in the angle, ϕ, of 180°. The conversion coefficients are calcu-
lated for the sensitive cells as the maximum of the left and
Sensitive Cells, dlens sens
right lens. If the larger values for the sensitive cells are inte-
The numerical values of conversion coefficients from par- grated over all angles, ϕ, to obtain the value for rotational
ticle fluence to directional absorbed dose in the lens of the irradiation, the results are not congruent with the values
eye d'lens max and from fluence to personal absorbed dose in calculated for rotational irradiation. For the particles, pho-
the lens of the eye dp lens sens are the same and the symbol tons, with and without charged-particle equilibrium, elec-
dlens sens, is used in the following Tables. The conversion trons, and positrons, the ratios of these values lie between
coefficients given here, Figure C.1.0, are not to the value of 1.0 and 1.3: the difference of using the integration of larger
the absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye as given values over the angle, ϕ, instead of the rotational results is
in Section A.3, but to the value of the absorbed dose in the always less than 30 %. The radiation protection and regula-
radiation-sensitive cells of the lens which are mainly tory aspects must be considered on the use of these conver-
located in the front equator region of the lens, see ICRP sion coefficients.
Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010). The maximum value of Tables C.1.1a to C.1.4, and Figs. C.1.1a to C.1.4, give the
absorbed dose in the radiation-sensitive cells in the right numerical values of the conversion coefficients from particle
and left lens is taken for radiation incident from the left and fluence for photons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons for
the right. The conversion coefficients given here are calcu- energies up to 50 MeV; Table C.1.1b and Fig. C.1.1b from air
lated for whole-body exposure of the eye model (Behrens kerma, Table C.1.0.
Figure C.1.0 Top view of the left eye cut (left part) and the two eyes (right part) at their central level. The radiation sensitive part
(red) and the rest of the lens (dark blue) can be seen. The arrows indicate examples of radiation incidences of broad parallel radiation
beams (Behrens, 2017a).
Table C.1.0 Conversion coefficients to the larger value of maximum absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations, dlens sens for the angle range 0°–90°, and to 180° for neutrons, and for ROT.
Table C.1.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Figure C.1.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure C.1.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to
the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the
eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a). eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Table C.1.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the value of absorbed dose to the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
(Continued)
118 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table C.1.2 Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye for
the maximum of left and right irradiations.36
36
N. E. Hertel (2020). Personal communication (Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia).
Appendices 119
Table C.1.3 Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye for
the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Table C.1.4 Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
C.2 Photons for Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields charged-particle equilibrium, from photon fluence to direc-
With Charged-Particle Equilibrium tional and personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, and
in Table C.2.1b and Fig. C.2.1b from air kerma. The conver-
The calibration of area monitoring instruments and personal sion coefficients given here are calculated for whole-body
dosimeters to measure photons for ambient dose, directional exposure of the eye model (Behrens and Dietze, 2011) for
and personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye and local uniform broad parallel beams incident in the horizontal plane
skin, and personal dose is performed routinely with suffi- as a function of angle, ϕ, from 0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps,
cient material in front of the instrument and personal dosim- and for a rotational field (ROT). The conversion coefficients
eter to provide full charged-particle equilibrium at the point are calculated for the sensitive cells as the maximum of the
of test. left and right lens. If the larger values for the sensitive cells
Table C.2.1a and Fig. C.2.1a give values of conversion are integrated over all angles, ϕ, to obtain the value for rota-
coefficients for this procedure for photon energies up to 50 tional irradiation, the results are not congruent with the val-
MeV using the kerma-approximation method to approximate ues calculated for rotational irradiation.
Table C.2.1a Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cell of the lens of the eye for
the maximum of left and right irradiations, calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).
(Continued)
124 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Table C.2.1b Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations, calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).
References
2020, Vol. 20(1) 127–130
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on Radiation Units & Measurements.
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