Assignment no 4

Submitted by: Waqar Younas

Roll No. FA18-EPE-135

Q-No-1:

Explain the role of power system operation and control in shaping the society.

Electricity is an essential part of modern life and important to the economy. People use
electricity for lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration and for operating appliances,
computers, electronics, machinery, and public transportation systems

1. Power System Operation and Control

A. Importance of Power Systems

A power system comprises of the various subsystems that include generation,

transmission, and distribution. The goals of power system analysis are the following:

 To model or to execute per phase analysis of power system components

 To monitor the voltage at different buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses
 To plan future expansion of the current system
 To analyze the system under different fault conditions and based on different
Scenarios
 To design the Protective Devices, as well as to investigate the ability of the
system to handle small and large disturbances or faults of any kind.

B. Power System Operation and Control

 The main objective of power system operation and control is to maintain continuous
supply of power with an acceptable quality, to all the consumers in the system. The
system will be in equilibrium, when there is a balance between the power demand
and the power generated. As the power in AC form has real and reactive
components: the real power balance; as well as the reactive power balance is to be
achieved.The main objective of Power System Control is to generate and transfer
energy from source to load in the most cost and energy-efficient manner. This it must
do within the constraints of the system in order that it remains both steady-state and
dynamically stable.
 It is a complex system that must optimize the amount of feedstock required as well as
optimal scheduling of generating stations and generators based on historical demand
 and consumption utilizing a real-time load flow and energy management control
system.

 Control is necessary for Power system as we know that when we need more power
we generate the power and complete our needed power as power demand decreases
than we decrease the generation and also during this process System may damage
with out control here are many other reasons to control the power system for better
operation of system.

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:

Basics of speed governing mechanism and modelling – speed - load characteristics – load
sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel. Control area concept. Load
Frequency Control of a single area system. Static and dynamic analysis of uncontrolled
and controlled cases. Integration of economic dispatch control with LFC. Two – area
system –modelling - static analysis of uncontrolled case - tie line with frequency bias
control of two area system - state variable model.

REACTIVE POWER VOLTAGE CONTROL:

Basics of reactive power control, Excitation systems – modelling. Static and dynamic
analysis: stability compensation generation and absorption of reactive power. Methods of
voltage control – tap changing transformer. System level control using generator voltage
magnitude setting. Tap setting of OLTC transformer. MVAR injection of switched
capacitors to maintain acceptable voltage profile and to minimize transmission loss.
ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS:
Statement of economic dispatch problem – cost of generation-Incremental cost curve –
co-ordination equations without loss and with loss, solution by direct method and λ-
iteration
method.

Economic Aspects of Power Generation:

Load curve, load duration and integrated load duration curves – load demand, diversity,
capacity, utilization, and plant use factors.
UNIT COMMITMENT:
Statement of Unit Commitment problem – constraints, spinning reserve, thermal unit
constraints, hydro constraints, fuel constraints and other constraints. Solution methods –
Priority list methods - forward dynamic programming approach. Numerical problems on
priority-list method using full- load average production cost and Forward DP method.
COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS:
Need for computer control of power systems. Concept of energy control center (or) load
dispatch center and the functions – SCADA and EMS functions.
Conclusion:
The conclusion is that Power System Operation and control is a very important subject
and it can save the power system economically and efficiently, hence it can benefit the
Society from huge losses of Environment and Finance