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Text Lecture 2c - Joe Kittinger Example
Text Lecture 2c - Joe Kittinger Example
OK,
now
let’s
use
the
results
of
the
derivation
to
see
if
Joe
Kittinger
really
was
in
space
and
how
the
circumstances
were
at
this
extreme
altitude.
And
for
this
we
will
make
an
example
calculation
(and
this
will
show
you
how
to
use
the
different
layers
of
the
standard
atmosphere),
which
will
be
shown
in
the
next
video:
In
this
clip
we
will
actually
use
the
standard
atmosphere
equations
to
calculate
the
pressure,
density
and
temperature
at
the
altitude
at
which
Joe
Kittinger
jumped
from
the
balloon.
And
we
see
on
the
right
side
here
of
the
slide
we
see
Joe
Kittinger
jumping
out
of
his
balloon
(with
a
bit
of
fear)
and
then
making
his
record
jump
from
31,333
metres
down
through
a
number
of
layers
until
he
arrives
safely
at
sea
level.
For
our
calculation
we
are
going
to
travel
in
exactly
the
reverse
way,
so
we
will
start
at
sea
level
and
then
we
will
jump
through
all
the
layers
to
arrive
at
the
altitude
where
Kittinger
jumped.
Luckily
he
is
just
below
the
32
kilometres
(which
is
why
I
chose
to
do
this
example
and
you
can
do
the
one
with
Baumgartner,
which
is
just
above
the
32
kilometres,
as
a
follow-‐on
exercise
in
which
you
can
use
these
results
and
continue
to
an
even
greater
altitude).
So
how
do
we
do
this?
Let’s
start
with
the
first
layer,
the
troposphere,
which
starts
at
0
kilometres
and
goes
up
to
11
kilometres.
The gradient there is minus 6.5 Kelvin per kilometre, so in SI units it is minus 0.0065 Kelvin per metre.
The temperature T_1 is given as T_0 plus a times the difference in altitude.
In
this
case
as
start
value
we
use
the
sea
level
values
(which
are
given):
T_0
is
15
degrees
Celsius,
which
is
288.15
Kelvin.
The
lapse
rate
was
given,
-‐0.0065
Kelvin
per
metre,
so
using
this
with
Toussaint’s
equation
we
can
calculate
the
temperature
at
the
top
of
the
troposphere:
288.15 minus 0.0065 times 11,000 minus 0, and this equals 216.65 Kelvin, this is our T_1.
Now
from
the
equations
for
the
temperature
gradient
layers,
we
know
how
to
calculate
the
pressure
once
we
have
the
temperature.
And that is this equation which we derived in the previous clip, and for this we have everything:
we
have
the
T’s
(we
have
calculated
T),
we
know
the
start
value
(we
use
the
sea
level
value
for
this
which
was
given
in
the
table)
and
we
know
these
constants.
What
do
we
use
for
these
constants?
We
use
a
g
which
is
slightly
more
precise
than
the
9.81
which
we
often
use:
we
use
9.80665.
These
powers
are
very
sensitive
to
significant
digits,
so
also
for
all
the
intermediate
values
I
will
memorise
or
write
down
a
lot
of
digits
to
make
sure
that
we
carry
on
with
maximum
accuracy.
For
the
R,
there
are
in
fact
different
values
which
are
sometimes
used,
we
have
chosen
to
use
the
287.00
Joules
per
kilogram
Kelvin
as
our
specific
R.
Sometimes
you
see
287.05
being
used
and
if
you
use
that
value
you
will
get
the
exact
values
from
the
table
which
you
often
see
for
the
standard
atmosphere,
but
in
our
course
we
consistently
use
the
287.00
(which
to
our
knowledge
is
the
best
value
right
now),
even
though
obviously
there
is
a
choice
of
what
you
choose
as
the
mixture
of
the
air
and
hence
the
molar
mass.
But in our calculation it is important to remember that we will use these values.
Well,
if
we
then
write
down
our
equation
p_1
is
then
T_1
(216.65)
divided
by
T_0
(288.15)
to
the
power
g
(9.80665)
divided
by
R
(287.00)
times
a
(-‐0.0065),
and we see two minus signs, so they cancel each other out,
and
we
have
to
multiply
this
times
the
starting
pressure
p_0
which
we
have
moved
to
the
other
side
of
the
equation
to
calculate
our
p_1.
Well
filling
this
in
gives
us
(if
you
actually
compute
this
it
is
often
a
good
idea
to
first
calculate
the
exponent
to
reduce
the
errors,
because
for
the
troposphere
this
exponent
always
has
the
same
value:
this
is
5.256848,
and
of
course
for
the
density
it
is
one
less
(it
is
4.256848)
but
this
is
a
trick
to
memorise
these
values
to
make
sure
that
you
are
on
the
right
track
and
you
have
done
the
units
right.)
Well
if
we
calculate
then
everything
with
the
values
in
there
we
will
get
our
first
pressure,
p_1
(is
equal
to)
22625.79149
Pascal
(many
digits,
just
to
be
safe).
And
now
simply
using
rho
equals
p
divided
by
RT
gives
us
our
density
(so
we
don’t
even
have
to
use
the
other
equation
for
density,
we
can
simply
use
the
equation
of
state)
and
this
will
be
0.363884193
kilogram
per
metre
cubed.
(Running out of space here, but I don’t want to make a new page for this bit of the layer).
So now we have moved to this altitude, we have stepped to 11 kilometres and found these values.
The next step is to make sure that we carry on in the direction of 20 kilometres.
So
basically
we
are
going
to
do
the
same
but
we
see
in
the
second
layer
that
we
have
an
isothermal
layer.
Let’s
first
copy
the
values
which
we
had
at
the
start
,
so
we
had
T_1
(I’ll
use
a
different
colour)
T_1
we
had
at
the
start
is
216.65
Kelvin,
p_1
we
had
as
a
start
value
for
this
layer:
22,625.779149
(Pascal)
and
now
we
have
a
layer
where
the
lapse
rate
is
zero,
which
means
that
our
second
temperature
is
the
same
as
the
first
one,
is
216.65
Kelvin.
So
we
are
quickly
done
with
the
temperature,
and
now
the
pressure.
We
have
to
use
a
different
equation
now
(and
we
have
to
use
the
right
index
as
well),
p_2
over
p_1
equals
‘e’
to
the
power
minus
g
divided
by
RT
times
h_2
minus
h_1.
This
simply
is
filling
in
the
value
again,
p_2
is
‘e’
to
the
power
minus
9.80665
divided
by
287
times
216.65,
times
the
altitude,
which
is
20,000
(again
in
metres)
minus
11,000.
And this all times the starting pressure, which was 22,625.79149 Pa.
If
we
calculate
this
value
(filling
in
all
the
numbers)
you
should
get
5471.935072
(depending
on
how
accurately
you
saved
your
numbers
it
might
be
different)
and
again
rho
equals
p
divided
by
RT,
we
can
now
also
calculate
our
density,
which
is
already
quite
low:
0.0880039
kilograms
per
cubic
metre.
So
let’s
look
at
these
values,
do
they
make
sense?
This
value
of
p
(5,000
Pascal
instead
of
100,000
which
we
started
with)
so
this
means
about
5
percent
of
what
we
had,
and
this
value
(0.088)
it
is
already
not
very
much.
So
already
quite
high
in
the
atmosphere
and
what
did
we
do?
We
jumped
here,
we
jumped
here
so
we
are
currently
at
20
kilometres,
which
is
higher
than
most
aircraft
fly.
And
you
can
see
why:
there
is
hardly
any
air
there.
We
have
to
make
one
final
jump,
and
now
again
we
are
in
a
gradient
layer,
where
there
is
a
positive
gradient.
Will the equations still work then, because pressure always has to reduce when you go up?
Our
start
values
we
have
to
copy
of
course
again,
so
our
start
values
are
now
p_2
equal
to
5471.935072
Pascal
and
our
temperature
T_2
was
the
same
throughout
the
complete
layer,
it
was
216.65
Kelvin.
Now we have a gradient layer, so what equation will we use?
It
is
not
p_1
this
time,
we
are
going
to
step
to
altitude
3
so
let’s
call
it
p_3.
p_3
over
p_2
equals
T_3
over
T_2
to
the
power
minus
g
(over)
aR.
Well T_3 is the first thing we need, we haven’t calculated that yet, so let’s calculate that.
It
is
216.65
plus
1
kelvin
per
kilometre,
so
plus
0.001
times
31,333
minus
20,000.
And
this
gives
us
a
temperature
which
is
higher
than
the
previous
temperature
(obviously,
as
the
temperature
is
increasing)
and
it
is
actually
(not
that
much
higher)
227.983
Kelvin.
Well
it
is
still
better
than
in
the
stratosphere,
where
it
was
-‐55
(or)
-‐56
degrees
Celsius,
now
it
is
a
comfortable
minus
45,
which
I
once
experienced
in
upstate
New
York
as
well
at
sea
level,
so
comfortably
warm
(relative
to
the
stratosphere).
p_3
now
we
can
calculate,
we
fill
in
the
numbers:
T_3
(227.983)
divided
by
the
starting
temperature
(216.65)
to
the
power
minus
9.80665
divided
by
287.00,
and
now
it
is
a
positive
lapse
rate,
so
now
our
exponent
becomes
negative.
But
our
complete
division
of
temperatures
(T_3
over
T_2)
become
larger
than
1,
so
it
all
works
out.
Multiplied
by
the
start
value
which
gives
us
the
pressure
at
the
altitude
where
Joe
Kittinger
started
his
jump:
which
is
958.295
Pascal.
And
using
the
equation
of
state
we
can
also
calculate
at
this
altitude
the
density
which
is
also
incredibly
low:
0.0146
kilogram
per
cubic
metre.
Well let’s look at these values for a minute: Here we have less than 1,000 Pascal as pressure.
So
this
is
less
than
1
percent
of
the
sea
level
pressure,
which
means
that
99
percent
of
the
atmosphere
was
actually
below
Kittinger!
So here you have basically 99 percent of the atmosphere, and all the higher is 1 percent.
And
looking
at
both
the
pressure
and
the
density
I
think
it
is
not
unreasonable
to
say
that
he
was
really
nearly
in
space
(on
the
edge
of
space),
and
in
in
fact
he
experienced
this
himself,
I
think
Joe
Kittinger
clearly
showed
how
great
the
human
body
can
adapt
to
all
kinds
of
situations.
Because
he
once,
during
actually
the
highest
jump,
he
had
a
hole
in
his
glove,
but
automatically
his
fingers
swelled
to
twice
the
normal
size
and
in
this
way
closed
the
hole
in
the
glove
and
he
was
saved
in
this
way.
Ok,
so
we
looked
at
Joe
Kittinger
but
Baumgartner
went
even
higher,
so
for
you
as
an
exercise
I
leave
it
up
to
you
to
start
at
20
kilometres
altitude
and
then
go
to
32
and
then
to
the
altitude
of
Baumgartner
at
over
38
kilometres,
and
then
find
out
what
the
pressure
and
density
were
at
those
values.
So
that
is
a
good
start,
and
I
wish
you
success
with
this
exercise.