ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Physical Environmental Factors

The factors in the physical environment that are important to health include harmful substances,
such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology);
access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational
resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix,
street connectivity, transportation systems).

Social Environmental Factors

Factors in the social environment that are important to health include those related to safety,
violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality,
and stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital,
and the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment (Ahern and Galea,
2011). Social participation and integration in the immediate social environment (e.g., school,
work, neighborhood) appear to be important to both mental and physical health (DeSilva et al.,
2005).

Understanding Environmental Health

The 6 themes of the Environmental Health topic area draw attention to elements of the
environment and their linkages to health.

 Outdoor Air Quality

Poor air quality is linked to premature death, cancer, and long-term damage to
respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Progress has been made to reduce unhealthy
air emissions, but in 2008, approximately 127 million people lived in U.S. counties that
exceeded national air quality standards. Decreasing air pollution is an important step in
creating a healthy environment.

 Surface and Ground Water

Surface and ground water quality concerns apply to both drinking water and recreational
waters. Contamination by infectious agents or chemicals can cause mild to severe
illness. Protecting water sources and minimizing exposure to contaminated water
sources are important parts of environmental health.
  Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes
The health effects of toxic substances and hazardous wastes are not yet fully
understood. Research to better understand how these exposures may impact health is
ongoing. Meanwhile, efforts to reduce exposures continue. Reducing exposure to toxic
substances and hazardous wastes is fundamental to environmental health.

 Homes and Communities

People spend most of their time at home, work, or school. Some of these environments
may expose people to:
o Indoor air pollution
o Inadequate heating and sanitation
o Structural problems
o Electrical and fire hazards
o Lead-based paint hazards

These hazards can impact health and safety. Maintaining healthy homes and communities is
essential to environmental health.

 Infrastructure and Surveillance

Preventing exposure to environmental hazards relies on many partners, including state
and local health departments. Personnel, surveillance systems, and education are
important resources for investigating and responding to disease, monitoring for hazards,
and educating the public. Additional methods and greater capacity to measure and
respond to environmental hazards are needed.

 Global Environmental Health

Water quality is an important global challenge. Diseases can be reduced by improving
water quality and sanitation and increasing access to adequate water and sanitation
facilities.

Emerging Issues in Environmental Health

Environmental health is a dynamic and evolving field. While not all complex environmental
issues can be predicted, some known emerging issues in the field include:

 Climate Change
Climate change is projected to impact sea level, patterns of infectious disease, air
quality, and the severity of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and storms.
 Disaster Preparedness
Preparedness for the environmental impact of natural disasters as well as disasters of
human origin includes planning for human health needs and the impact on public
infrastructure, such as water and roadways.

 Nanotechnology
The potential impact of nanotechnology is significant and offers possible improvements
to:
o Disease prevention, detection, and treatment
o Electronics
o Clean energy
o Manufacturing
o Environmental risk assessment

 The Built Environment

Features of the built environment appear to impact human health—influencing
behaviors, physical activity patterns, social networks, and access to resources.

 Exposure to Unknown Hazards

Every year, hundreds of new chemicals are introduced to the U.S. market. It is
presumed that some of these chemicals may present new, unexpected challenges to
human health, and their safety should be evaluated prior to release.

 Blood Lead Levels

As of 2017, there are approximately 4 million houses or buildings that have children
living in them who are potentially being exposed to lead. Nearly half a million U.S.
children ages 1 to 5 have blood lead levels at or above 5 micrograms per deciliter
(µg/dL), which is currently the reference level at which CDC recommends public health
actions be taken. Even blood lead exposure levels as low as 2 micrograms per deciliter
(µg/dL) can affect a child’s cognitive function. Since no safe blood lead level have been
identified for children, any exposure should be taken seriously. However, since lead
exposure often occurs with no obvious signs or symptoms, it often remains
unrecognized. CDC’s Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program is committed
to the Healthy People 2020 goals of eliminating childhood lead exposures and
decreasing disparities in the differences in average risk of lead exposure based on race
and social class as public health concerns.