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Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

Board of Studies in Geography
Class : M.A/M.Sc II year (Semester – III) (CBCS 2019 Pattern)
Subject : GGUP-248: Practical in Population and Settlement Geography
Topic: Pull-push factors affecting volume of migration-
simple correlation matrix
Presented by:
Mr. Dadasaheb R. Jawre
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar

Introduction:

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration can

be within a country or between countries. Migration can be permanent, temporary or

seasonal. Migration happens for a range of reasons. These can be economic, social,

political or environmental. Push and Pull factors drive migration. Migration impacts

both the place left behind and, on the place, where migrants settle. These impacts can

be both positive and negative.

Some people decide to migrate, e.g. someone who moves to another country to

improve their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, e.g. someone

who moves due to famine or war.

Migration is a complex phenomenon and an enquiry about the motives behind

it is the most difficult part of the analysis of the process of migration. Not only the
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factors controlling migration vary from area to area but also the significance of the

same factor varies from person to person.

The determinants of population movement distinction has been made between

push factors and pull factors. Push factors are those that operate in area of out –

migration and compel the people to move to other areas. Pull factors are those that

operate in areas of in – migration and attract the people to these areas. It is not

necessary that in an area only push or pull factors should operate in fact, both push

and pull factors operate simultaneously in the same area. It is because of this that is

sometimes becomes difficult to differentiate between push and pull factors.

All migrations in the modern context are born out off growing process of

industrialization, technological advancement and other changes that are taking place

in the social and economic spheres.

Volume of Migration:

The volume and direction of migration are influenced by both, 'push' and 'pull'

factors, which work simultaneously. In India, the 'push' factors are relatively more

important than the 'pull' factors as in the Indian conditions, agriculture is still the

most important economic activity. In the last 50 years, due to enormous increase in

population, the pressure of population on land has increased tremendously. This has

led to movement of people from the rural to urban areas.

There are many economic, social and physical reasons why people emigrate and they
can usually be classified into push and pull factors.
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Pull Factors: Potential jobs, Safer environment, Better services, Greater Wealth,

Fertile land, Lots of food, Political security, Friends and family.

Push Factors: Unemployment, Not Safe, Lack of Services, Poverty, Crop Failure,

Drought, War, Civil Unrest, Hazards, Isolation.

What are push and pull factors?

 Push factors are those associated with the area of origin

 Pull factors are those that are associated with the area of destination

Economic reasons

Economic motives loom large in all human movements, but are particularly important
with regards to migration.

Pull Factors

 More jobs
 Better jobs
 Higher wages
 The promise of a “better life”

Sometimes this is encouraged by the destination country for example, the 1960’s
employment campaign in the Caribbean by London bus companies that actively
recruited young men to move to London to work as bus drivers, who were then often
followed by their families.

Another example might be the “brain drain” to America that occurred in the latter
half of the 20th century from several other western countries.

Push Factors

Economic push factors tend to be the exact reversal of the pull factors:
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 Overpopulation
 Few jobs
 Low wages

This lack of economic opportunity tends to push people to look for their futures
outside the area of their origin.

An example of this is the migration of Mexicans and people from other Central
American countries into the US, where they often work low-wage, long-hour jobs in
farming, construction and domestic labour.

It’s difficult to classify this case purely with push factors though, because often the
factors associated with the country of origin are just as important as the factors
associated with the country of destination.

Forced migration has also been used for economic gain, such as the 20 million men,
women and children who were forcibly carried as slaves to the Americas between the
16th and 18th centuries.

Social reasons

Social reasons tend to involve forced migration

Pull factors

 Principles of religious tolerance

For example the US attracted religious refugees, such as the Mennonites, who settled
in Pennsylvania.

Push factors

 Intolerance towards a certain cultural group

 Active religious persecution
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Examples being the Huguenots in 16th century France, the Puritans in 17th century
England and the Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany.

Physical reasons

Pull factors

 Attractive environments, such as mountains, seasides and warm climates

For example the Alps pull French people to eastern France. Spain attracts migrants,
especially retirees, who seek warmer winters

Push factors

 Natural disasters

Examples would be the east African drought of 2011 and the mass exodus from the
island of Montserrat leading up to the eruption of the *La Soufriere Hills volcano in
1995, which led to two thirds of the population abandoning the island.
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Eg. 1. Represent the following data for pull-push factor’s affecting volume of
migration, prepare suitable diagram and interpret it.

Sr. No. State In migration Out migration

1 Tripura 94.25 7.75
2 Nagaland 92.00 7.15
3 Sikkim 83.97 16.3
4 Haryana 58.47 41.55
5 Punjab 57.2 42.98
6 West Bengal 85.89 40.41
7 Himachal Pradesh 45.2 54.78
8 Meghalaya 89.51 0.49
9 Maharashtra 75.72 24.28
10 Rajasthan 46.4 23.16
11 Karnataka 82.55 47.45
12 Madhya Pradesh 61.85 38.75
13 Uttar Pradesh 59.3 45.95
14 Gujarat 28.65 7.91
15 Kerala 24.16 75.84
16 Tamilnadu 35.44 54.57
17 Orisa 58.62 41.38
18 Andhra Pradesh 40.22 59.78
19 Manipur 62.91 67.9
20 Jammu and Kashmir 55.91 44.9
21 Arunachal Pradesh 97.59 2.59
22 Mizoram 80.43 9.91
23 Bihar 34.05 65.69
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In migration / Pull factors

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Out migration / Push factors

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Interpretation:
Migration means the one geographical or political region movement or a

another geographical or political in this migration some social economic and political

and demographic factor affect on it.

 The given choropleth map showing the Indian state wise migration data for

immigration and out migration.

 In India North east part highest people attract to region compart to out

migration Tripura, Nagaland this region immigration is more because tribal

area and tribal people.

 In North and North – East and North -West part of the India out migration is

highest than the immigration. The state of Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Haryana lowest immigration. Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar,

Manipur highest out migration. Arunachal Pradesh having highest immigration

which is 97.59 %.
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What is a Correlation Matrix?

A correlation matrix is simply a table which displays

the correlation coefficients for different variables. The matrix depicts the
correlation between all the possible pairs of values in a table. It is a
powerful tool to summarize a large dataset and to identify and visualize
patterns in the given data.

A correlation matrix consists of rows and columns that show the variables.
Each cell in a table contains the correlation coefficient.

In addition, the correlation matrix is frequently utilized in conjunction with

other types of statistical analysis. For instance, it may be helpful in the
analysis of multiple linear regression models. Remember that the models
contain several independent variables. In multiple linear regression, the
correlation matrix determines the correlation coefficients between
the independent variables in a model.

How to Create a Correlation Matrix in Excel?

In order to understand the necessary steps in creating a correlation matrix

in Excel, let’s consider the following example. You are the stock analyst in
the investment bank. Your manager recently asked you to analyze the
correlations between prices of stocks that can be potentially added to
the portfolio. You then analyze the stocks of the following companies:
NVIDIA, Ford, Shell, and Alphabet.

The best way to analyze the correlations between the stock prices of the
abovementioned companies is to create a correlation matrix. It can be done
through the following steps:
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1. Download the data into Excel and arrange the data into the columns.

Each column represents the stock prices of a distinct company for the
specified period (from December 2015 to November 2018).

2. Click Data -> Data Analysis -> Correlation

3. Enter the input range that contains the name of the companies and the stock
prices.
4. Ensure that Grouped By: Columns option is chosen (because our data is
arranged in the columns).
5. Ensure that Labels in First Row option is chosen (the first rows of each
column contain the names of the companies).
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6. Choose the desired output option (i.e., the location on the spreadsheet where
the correlation matrix will appear).
7. Click OK.

Your matrix should look like the image below:

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