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ppfbuftoufarG;0rf;aMumif; (Military Professionalism) \ teuft"dyÜg,f
udk ]]ppfbufacgif;aqmifrsm;onf t"du½kPf;rsm; (Violence) tm; udkifwG,f
xdef;odrf;&mwGif uRrf;usifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; jzpfonf}} [k zGifhqdkygonf/
¤if;aemuf tar&duef wyfrawmf\ Oa&my tzGJUtpnf;wGif ¤if;wdkU\ Military
Professionalism taMumif;udk azmfjycJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf ppf bufqdkif &m
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ pdwf"mwfESifh usifh0wftaMumif;udk a&;om;xm;ygonf/
¤if;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ppfbuf0efxrf;wdkU\ pdwf0,f e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;
udk vGJrSm;pGm ½Ijrifaeonf[k a0zefxm;ygonf/ ppfbufqdkif&m usifh0wfudk
tao;pdwf azmfjy&vQif tajccHwefzdk;ESifh ½IjrifyHk? EdkifiHawmf\ wyfrawmf
rl0g'ESifh EdkifiHawmfESifh wyfrawmfwdkU\ qufqHa&; ponfh tcsuf (3) csuf
tay:rl wnf rS wf , l Ed k if onf / ppf bufqdk if & m usifh 0wf (Ethic) onf
Conservative Realism jzpfonf[k azmfjycJhygonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ppfbuf
qdkif&m Ethic onf jiif;y,fí r&jcif; (Pessimistic)? pkpnf;aqmif½Gufjcif;
(Collectivist)? ord kif ;aMumif;tay: wnfrDj cif; (Historically Inclined) ?
tmPmjzefUcGJxm;jcif ; (Power Oriented)? trsKd;om;a&;toGif aqmifjcif;
(Nationalistic)? ppfrIa&;&m toGif&Sdjcif; (Militaristic)? Nidrf;csrf;rIudk vdkvm;jcif;
(Pacificist) ESifh ppfvufeufrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGm udkifwG,ftoHk;jyKwwfjcif;
(Instrumentalist) tp &Sdonfh tcsuf (8) csufESifhtnD jzpfonf[k ppfbuf
qdkif&m toufarG;0rf;aMumif;tm; ¤if;\ ½Iaxmifrh S oHk;oyfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
¤if;aemuf e,fbuf\ xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif ppfbufwnf&Sda&; oDtdk&Drsm;
taMumif;udk a&;om;cJhygonf/ e,fbufrS ppfbufudk xdef;csKyfrIwGif "r®"dXmef
rusaom (Subjective Civilian Control) t,ltqtjzpf wyfrawmf\
Professionalism udk uefUowfNyD; e,fbufEdkifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rI
atmuf wGif xm;&Sd jcif; ? Oyrmtm;jzifh tajccH Oya'enf;vrf;rS wpfqifh
wyfrawmftm; EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf/
¤if;aemuf "r®"dXmef usaom (Objective Civilian Control) t,ltqtjzpf
e,fbufrS ppfbuftm; xdef;csKyfjcif;? qdkvdkonfrSm ppfbuf Professionalism
tm; EdkifiHa&;rS uif;a0;EdkiforQa0;atmif xm;&Sdjcif;taMumif; a&;om;azmfjy
cJhygonf/
xdkUaemuf tcef; (2) wGif tar&duefEdkifi\ H wyfrawmfpGrf;tm;udk
1789 ckES pfrS 1940 ckESpftwG if; ordkif;jzpf pOfjzpf &yfrsm;tay: tajccH í
a&;om;xm;ygonf/ tcef; (3) wGif tar&duefEdkifiH\ 1940 jynfhESpfrS 1950
jynfhESpfrsm;twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhonfh e,fbuf-ppfbuf y#dyu©rsm; taMumif;
azmf j yxm;ygonf / e,f buf - ppf b uf quf q H a &;\ ueOD ; pH j yKrS w f pk
(Classical Text) tjzpfrSwf,lMuonfh Huntington \ “The Solider and The
State” pmtkyftESpfcsKyfonf ppfbuftm; e,fbuf xdef;csKyfrI atmufwGifom
xm;&SdN yD; ppf buftay: "r®"d Xmef usaom xde f; csKyfrI jzifh aqmif &G uf& ef
axmufcH wifjyxm;onf/
Theoretical Approach on Civil-Military Relations

e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; Old Professionalism t& t"du

jiif;qdkMurI Debate rSm e,fbufrS ¤if;wd\ kY vHkNcHKa&;udk wm0ef,lxm;onfh
ppfbuftay: rnfuJhodkU xdef;csKyfoifhonf[laom jyóemyifjzpfonf/ wyf
tay: xdef;csKyfrI vGefuJygu EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;twGuf xdckdufvmEdkifonf/
wyfrawmftm; tiftm;awmifhwif;apjcif;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkUudk jyefvnf
Ncdrf ;ajcmufvmEdk ifonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh t"du½kPf; rsm;udk (Violence)
xdef;odrf;&ef wyfrawmfrSm r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfouJhodkU ppfwyfonf ¤if;wdkU\
vGwfvyfaom e,fbuftzGJUtpnf;tay: Ncdrf;ajcmuf vmrnfudkvnf; pdk;&drf
aeMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh tar&dueftpdk;&onf wyftiftm;udk tNrJxdef;odrf;
xm;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkU\ zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmftiftm; rBuD;xGm;
vmap&ef xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tar&duefonf 'kwd,urÇmppfumv
1945 ckESpfwGif ppfonf tiftm; (12) oef;txd &SdcJhygonf/ ppftNyD; 1950
ckESpfwGif ppfonf tiftm; (1.5) oef;txd avQmhcscJhygonf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif
ukd&D;,m;ppfyGJaMumifh ppfonftiftm;udk (3.6) oef;txd wdk;csJUcJhygonf/
ppf a t;wd k u f yG J u mv ES pf a ygif ; (40) cef Y w G if v nf ; ppf o nf t if tm;ud k
¤if;ywf0ef;usifwGifom xdef;odrf;xm;&Sdygonf/ 1989 ckESpfwGif ppfat; wdkufyGJ
NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf ppfonftiftm;udk (1.4) oef;txd avQmhcscJhyg onf/ 2009
ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonfh tar&duef ppfwyftiftm;rSm (1398378) om
usef&Sdygonf/ tar&duefonf ¤if;wdkU\ vGwfvyfonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;
(Liberal Society) ESifh oabmobm0 rwlnDonfh ppfbuf\ trltusifh
(Military Culture) onf ¤if;wdkUtay: 'ku©ay;Edkifonf[k ,lqcJhMuygonf/
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif wpfbufESifh wpfbuf oabmobm0jcif;
(Nature) rwlM urI tay: txiftjrif uGJ vGJrIrsm;udk o[Zmwjzpfatmif
rnfuJhodkU xdef;ñSd&rnfESifhywfoufí aqG;aEG;rIrsm; &SdvmcJhMuygonf/ t"du
tajzxkwf&efrSm ¤if;wdkU\ Liberal Democracy tm; tEÅ&m,f rjyKapbJ ESpfOD;
ESpfbuf taumif;qHk; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;Mu&rnfh enf;vrf;udk &SmazG&ef
yifjzpfygonf/ Huntington \ ,lqcsufrSm t&yfbuftmPmydkiftzGJU taejzifh
ppfbuftm; xdef;odrf;&mwGif taumif;qHk; yrmPudk qHk;jzwf xdef;odrf;&ef
jzpfonf/ vGefuJpGm xdef;csKyfjcif;onf rdrpd pfwyfudk ppfajrjyifwGif t½IH;ESifh
BuHKawGU&apNyD; xdef;csKyfrI enf;ygu tmPmodrf;rIudk jzpfay:vmum tpdk;&
us½IH;Edkifygonf/ xdkUaMumifh e,fbufrS ppfbufudk xdef;odrf;&mwGif tao;pdwf
yg0ifpGufzufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ &nfrSef;csuf owfrSwfxm;onfh t&yfbuf
xdef;csKyfrI yHkpHrsKd;jzpfonf[k qdkcJhygonf/ Huntington \ e,fbuf-ppfbuf
qufqHa&;wGif toifhjrwfqHk; yHkpHrSm "r®"dXmefusaom t&yfbufxdef;csKyfrI
(Objective Civilian Control) jzpfonf/ ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ppfa&;
wm0ef uRrf;usifrI (Military Professionalism) udk aumif;pGm em;vnf
oabmaygufvQif t&yfbuf ESifh ppfbuf oD ;jcm;pD jzpfonfudk od&SdN yD;
EdkifiHa&;wGif ppfbufrS yg0ifpGufzufrI avsmhenf;oGm;rnf[k ,lqcJhygonf/
odkUjzpfygí þe,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; ynm&Sif
rsm; a&;om;azmfjyMuaom t,ltqrsm;tay: jiif;cHkrI? aqG;aEG;rIrsm;pGm
ay:xGef;vmouJhodkU oDtdk&Drsm;pGmvnf; ay:xGef;vmcJhygonf/ e,fbuf-
ppfbuf qufqHa&;ESifhywfoufNyD; ay:aygufvmaom oDtdk&Drsm;wGif tzGJU
tpnf; qd k if & m oD td k& D (Institutional Theory)? aygif; pnf ;a&; oDtd k & D
(Convergence Theory)? udk,fpm;jyK oDtdk&D (Agency Theory) wdkUrSm xif&Sm;
onfh oDtdk&Drsm; jzpfMuygonf-
(Institutional Theory)

þoDtdk&DrSm 1957 ckESpfü Huntington rS “The Soldier and

The State” pmtkyfwG if a&;om;azmfxkwfcJhj cif; jzpfygonf/
¤if;\ azmfxkwfcsufrSm t&yfbufonf vGwfvyf yGifhvif;aom
Liberal tjrif&Sdonf/ ppfbufonf a&S;½dk;0g'D (Conservative)
jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkU wpfzGJUcsif;pD\ tvkyfvkyfyHk? pOf;pm;yHkESifh pHxm;csuf
(Norms) rsm; uGJjym;MuNyD; udk,fydkifpnf; rsOf; wef zdk ;rsm; &S dMu
onf / ppf buf udk xd e f; csKyf vG ef ; vQif Edk i f iH awmf v Hk N cHKa&;ud k
xdcdkufEdkifonf/ xdef;csKyfrI avsmhenf;vQif e,fbuf vGwfvyfaom
tzGJUtpnf;udk tEÅ&m,fjyKEdkifonf/ ¤if;tpGef; (2)zuf jyóem\
tajzrSm ]]"r®"d|mefusaom t&yfbuf xdef;csKyfr}I } (Objective
Civilian Control) yif jzpfonf/ xdkxdef;csKyfjcif; enf;vrf;tm;
xd a&muf cdk ifrmpGm yHk azmf Edk if &ef ppfbuf \ vkyf ief ;qdk if &m
(Functional) rsm;ESif h tzGJUtpnf;qd kif&m (Societal) ponfh
udk wnfaqmuf&rnf/ tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m oDtdk&D
udk oabmw&m;a&;&mt& (by Ideology) ESifh ppfbuf zGJUpnf;
wnfaqmufrIt& (by Structure) [lí (2) ydkif; xyfrHcGJjcm;xm;
jyefonf/ oabmw&m;a&;&mt& qdkonf rSm urÇmavmu
wpfckvHk;tay:tjrif (World View) jzpfonfh vpfb&,frsm;rS
ppf q ef U usif a &;? a&S ; ½d k ; pGJ rsm;rS ppf a xmuf cH a &;? zuf qpf
qefUusifa&; ponfwdkY jzpfNyD; ppfbuf zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrIt&
qdkonfrSm w&m;Oya'usaom zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'abmifudk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if; tm;ESpf&yfudk cdkifcdkifrmrm wnfaqmuf
Edk ifygu EdkifiHha&;&mrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufrnf jzpfNyD;
e,fbuf-ppfbuf a&;&mudpö&yfrsm;udk wdwdusus od&SdoGm;rnf
jzpfygonf/ Huntington rS ajymqdkxkwfazmfcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;
qdkif&m oDtdk&\ D tESpfcsKyfrSm e,fbufrS ppfbufudk "r®"d|mef
usus xdef ;csKyfEdkif&ef ppfbufqdkif&m t&m&Sdrsm; tm;vHk ;udk
ppfbuf uRrf;usifrI twwfynm (Military Professionalism)
tm; aumif;pGm em;vnf oabmayguf vdkufemap&ef ¤if;wdkU\
tzGJUtpnf ; (Institution) udk avh usifhoif Mum;ay;jcif; jzifh
e,fbufEdkifiHa&; udpörsm;ESifh uif;a0;ap&ef jzpfygonf/
(Convergence Theory)

Huntington \ oDtkd&D xGufay:vmNyD;aemuf 1960 jynfhESpf

wG if Janowitz rS “The Professional Soldier” jzifh ¤if ;\
t,ltqjzpfaom aygif;pnf;a&; oDtdk&Dukd xkwfazmfajymMum;
vmygonf/ Janowitz taejzifh Hutington \ ,lqcsuf jzpf
aom e,fbufESifh ppfbuf oD;jcm;pD&Sdaeonfh avmu (2) &yfudk
vufcHygonf/ odkUaomf vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD tay: tEÅ&m,f
usa&mufvmEdk ifrIudk umuG,f &ef tajz&SmrIwGifawmh tjrif
rwlyg/ ppfbufavmuonf tajccHtm;jzifh a&S;½dk;qefonf/
yHkpHwus zGJUpnf;xm;NyD; trdefUemcHrIESifh pnf;pepf aumif;rGef
onf/ xdkUaMumifh ¤if;udk tvG,fwul rajymif;vJEdkifyg/ t&yfbuf
tzGJUtpnf;onf yGifhvif;vGwfvyfNyD; yHkpHwus zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;
r&SdonfhtwGuf ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f jzpfEdkifygonf/ xdktcsuf
rsm;udk tajccHí Janowitz onf aygif;pnf;jcif; oDtdk&Dudk
pwif rdwfqufcJhygonf/ aygif;pnf;jcif; oDtdk&D t,ltqrSm
ppfbuf\ ,Ofaus;rI (Culture) udk e,fbuf vlUtzGJUtpnf;
rsm;ESifh wajz;ajz;aygif;pnf;apjcif; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ppfbuf
taejzif h ¤if ; wd k U \ oabmobm0t& apmif h x d ef ; &rnf h
usifh0wfESifh pHEIef;rsm;udk vHk;0 ypfy,fívnf; r&yg/ ppfbuf
onf t&yfbuf vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ arQmfrSef;csufESifh pHEIef;rsm;udk
jynfh 0ap&ef jznfhqnf ;ay;&rnf jzpf ygonf / ppf buf tzGJU
tpnf;odkU e,fbuf vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? t&m&Sd t&efwyf&if;
(Reserve Officer Training Corps-ROTC)? wuúodkvf t&ef
wyf&if;rsm; ponfwdkU zGJUpnf;onfh tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Guf
ay;&ef vdktyfonf/ jynfolU &JwyfzGJUrsm;\ apmifha&SmufrI tod
ynmrsm; wdk;wufvmapa&; avhusifhay;&efvnf; vdktyfonf/
xdkodkU ppfbufqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rIodkU e,fbuf vlUtzGJUtpnf;rS
0ifa&mufvmEdkifavav oabmxm; uGJvGJrIrsm; usOf;ajrmif;
vmNyD; ppfbufudk t&yfbufrS vGTrf;rdk;rI rsm;vmvdrfhrnf[k
qdkygonf/ t&yfbufESifh ppfbuf jcm;em;rIudk Huntington u
jcm;em;csufudk xdef;csKyf&ef oDtdk&D azmfxkwfNyD; Janowitz url
jcm;em;csufudk ao;i,farS;rSdefoGm;aprnfh aygif;pnf;a&; oDtdk&D
udk azmfxkwfwifjycJhygonf/
(Agency Theory)

AD,uferf ppfyGJwGif tar&duef wdkU ppf½IH;NyD;aemuf e,fbuf-

ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif BuD;rm;onfh jiif;cHkrIrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhyg
onf/ tar&d uefwdkU ppf ½HI; &onfh t"du taMumif ;&if ; rSm
ppfwyf tif tm;udk rnf uJh odkU xd a &muf pGm toHk;cs&rnfudk
em;rvnfonfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS ppfa&;udpöwGif twGif;
usus 0ifa&mufpGufzufcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf[k rSwf,lMuyg
onf/ Harry Summers \ jiif ;qdk csuf rSm ppff acgif;aqmif
wdkUonf AD,uferf ppfy\ GJ tvHk;pHk atmifEdkifa&; (Victory) \
&nfrSef;csuf (Goal) udk em;vnfrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh ppf½IH;cJh&onf
[k azmfxkwfwifjyygonf/ ppfajrjyifwGif atmifjrifaomfvnf;
tqHk;pGefaom atmifEdkifa&; (Victory) udk r&&SdcJhyg/ taMumif;rSm
ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;tjrif vGJrSm;aejcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf[k wifjyygonf/ Huntington \ ,lqcsuft& t&yfbuf
Edk if iH a &; acgif ; aqmif rsm;onf ppf a &; acgif ; aqmif rsm;udk
&nf r S e f ; csuf owf r S w f a y;NyD ; xd a &muf o nf h enf ; vrf ; ud k
toHk;jyKcGifh ay;&rnf[k qdkygonf/ odkUaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&; tjrif
r&Sdonfh ppfbuf Profession rsm;onf ppfy\ GJ t"du Victory
udk taumiftxnf razmfEdkifjcif;tay: jiif;cHkrIrsm; jzpfvmMu
ygonf/ xd k r S ygarmu© Peter. D. Feaver onf e,f buf -
ppfbuf qufqHa&;\ udk,fpm;jyK oDtdk&D (Agency Theory) udk
azmfxkwfcJhygonf/ ¤if;oDtdk&\D oabmrSm e,fbuf-ppfbuf
qufqHa&;wG if e,fbufonf tvkyf &Sif (Principle) jzpfNyD;
ppfbufonf udk,fpm; vS,f (Agent) jzpfonf/ tvkyf&Sifonf
¤if;\ vdkvm;csufudk ñTefMum;NyD; udk,fpm;vS,fonf tvkyf&Sif\
udk,fpm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/
þae&mwGif tvkyf&Si\ f vdkvm;csuftay: udk,fpm;vS,frS
rnfrQrSefuefpGm aqmif&Gufaeonfudk od&Sd&rnf/ udk,fpm;vS,f
onf tvkyfvkyfjcif; (odkUr[kwf) tvkyfa&Smifjcif;udk ppfaq;Edkif&ef
tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJU (Executive) wpfzGJUjzifh edpö"l0 ppfaq;
MuyfrwfoGm;&rnf [laom oDtdk&Dudk azmfxkwfcJhygonf/ ¤if;\
oDtdk&Djzifh Huntington \ xdef;csKyfjcif; oDtdk &Dudk tpm;xdk;
&rnf[k qdkygonf/
 (Civil-Military Culture Gap Thesis)
e,fbuf tzGJUtpnf;onf vpfb&,f (Liberal) jzpfonf/ ppfbuf
onf a&S;½dk;0g'D (Conservative) jzpfonf/ þrwlnDMuonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;
(2) &yf wG if toG i f rwl nD M uonfh ,Of a us;rI rsm; (Culture) &SdM uonf/
xdk,Ofaus;rI uGm[csuf (Culture Gap) udk Huntington u xd ef;csKyfrnf ?
Janowitz rS usOf;ajrmif;aprnf tp&Sdonfjzifh jiif;cHkMuonf/ 1989 ckESpfwGif
ppfat;umv NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf xdktoGifrwlonfh ,Ofaus;rI uGm[jcif;\
oabmobm0udk ydkrdkí tm½Hkpdkuf aqG;aEG;vmcJh Muonf/ xdkuGm[rIonf
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif e,fbuf\ xdef;csKyfrIrS vGwfuif;aom
ppfbuf wnf&Sdaejcif;onf rnfrQtEÅ&m,f oufa&mufaeonfudk ydkrdkí
tav;ay; aqG;aEG;vmcJhMuonf/ 'kwd, urÇmppf NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf tar&duef
onf ¤if;\ ppfbuftzGJUtpnf;tm; ordkif;tpOftvmt& tqifhtwef;
jrifhrm;aerIudk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfvmcsdefwGif tqdkyg aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIonf
a&SUwef;odkU ydkrdkí a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ tqdkyg taMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;í
aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkr\ I aemufcHtcsdefumvudk tMurf;zsOf;tm;jzifh umv (3) yg;
cGJjcm; ½IjrifEdkifygonf/ rSm 'kwd, urÇmppftNyD;rS 1973
ckESpf txd umvtwGif; jzpfNyD; Huntington ESifh Janowitz wdkU\ tawG;
tac:rsm;tay: e,fbuf -ppfbuf quf qHa&;udk t"d yÜg,f zG ifhqd kjcif ;?
ppfbuf Professionalism qdkif&m t,ltqrsm;? e,fbufrS ppfbufudk
xd ef; csKyfEdkifrnfh enf;vrf; rsm;tay: t"du aqG;aEG ;Muygonf/
rSm 1973 ckESpfrS ppfat;wdkufyGJ umv NyD;qHk;onftxd
jzpf y gonf/ ¤if ; umvwG if AD ,uf erf p pf yGJ oifc ef ; pmud k &,l NyD ; rd rd qE´
tavsmuf ppfrIxrf;onfh ppfwyfzGJUpnf;NyD; ppfwyf\ oabmobm0 rnfodkU
ajymif;vJvmonfudk avhvmaqG;aEG;Muonf/ rdrdqE´tavsmuf ppfrIxrf;
onfh ppfwyfonf e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; uGufvyfudk ydkrdkí uGm[rIudk
jzpfapjcif; &Sd^ r&Sd jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; &SdvmcJhygonf/
rSm ppfat;wdkufyGJNyD;qHk;csdefrS ,aeUtcsdefumvtxd jzpfygonf/ þumv
wGif e,fbuf-ppfbuf toGifrwlonfh ,Ofaus;rI uGm[csufESifhpyfvsOf;í
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif þ,Ofaus;rI uGm[csufonf vuf&Sd
tcsdefwGif xdyfqHk;tqifhodkUa&muf &SdaeNyDvm;? a&muf&Sdaeygu rnfonfh
tusKd;quf jzpfay:aeoenf;? ra&muf&Sdao;ygu xdkuGm[csuftay: qdk;usKd;
oufa&mufapjcif;tm; avsmhenf;apEdkifrnfh rl0g'? tp&Sdonfh tcsufrsm;
tay: A[dkjyKí aqG; aEG;cJhMuygonf/
trsm;pk u awmh tqdk yg vlU tzG JUtpnf; (2) &yf \ rwl n D onfh
,Ofaus;rI uGm[csufonf vuf&SdtcsdefwGif xdyfwef;odkUa&muf&Sdaeonf [k
vufrcHMuyg/ trsm;pk pdwf0ifpm;onfrSm ¤if;uGm[rIudk avsmhyg;aprnfh
rl0g'udk aqG;aEG;jcif;xuf ¤if;,Ofaus;rI uGm[csufudk jzpfa y:aponfh
oabmobm0ESifh jzpfay:&onfh taMumif;t&if;tay: aqG;aEG;rIudk ydkrdk
pdwf0ifpm;cJhMuygonf/ aqG;aEG;rItrsm;qHk;rSm ¤if;uGm[csuf\ oabmobm0
(Nature of Gap)? uGm[csufjzpfjcif;\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIESifh ¤if;udk jyKjyif
Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;wdkUjzpfygonf/
xdkvlUtzGJUtpnf; (2) &yfwGif rwlnDonfh ,Ofaus;rI uGm[csufrsm;
jzpfay:&onfh oabmobm0udk avhvmMu&mü t"du jiif;cHkMuonfh t,l
tqrsm;rSm rwlnDonfh ,Ofaus;rI uGufvyftay: t,ltqrsm; (qdkvdk
onfrSm e,fbuf-ppfbufwGif uGmjcm;onfh ,Ofaus;rI? pHxm; owfrSwf
csufESifh wefzdk;rsm;? xdkuGm[csuftay: qufoG,frI jyKEdkifonfh t,ltq
rsm;) ponfwdkU jzpfygonf/
xdk,Ofaus;rIuGm[csufonf rnfuJhodkU tusKd;oufa &muf apEdkif
oenf;¿ (Why does the Gap matter?) xdkuGufvyfonf e,fbuf-ppfbuf
qufqHa&;tm; tEÅ&m,fjyKapEdkifjcif; (odkYr[kwf) pufbuf pGrf;tm;xda&muf
rIudk xdef;odrf;&mwGif jzpfay:vmonfh tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk avhvmcJhMuyg
onf/ þonfudk pdk;&drfpdwfvGefuJNyD; tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufrI r&Sdonfh e,fbuf
tpdk;&onf ppfwyfudk tajcysufap&ef vGJrSm;pGm aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzifh EdkifiHawmf
vHkNcHKa&;udk xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ þavmu (2) &yf\ oabmobm0rSm
uGmjcm;rI &Sd onf udk trsm;u vuf cHMuonf/ e,fbuf tzGJUtpnf ; rsm;
xifrSwfaeouJhodkU tEÅ&m,f r&Sdyg/ tzGJUtpnf; wpfckESifh wpfck em;vnfrI
enf;yg;aejcif;aMumifhom jzpfonf[k qdkMuygonf/
þe,fbuf-ppfbuf toGifrwlonfh uGm[rIudk usOf;ajrmif; ap&ef
twGuf ukpm;Edkifonfh enf;vrf; (3) &yfudk tBuHjyK wifjyMuygonf/ yxr
tBuHjyKcsufrSm e,fbufavmutwGif; ppfbufrS yg0ifywfoufrI r&Sdapjcif;
jzpfonf/ þonfudk wpfurÇmvHk;u oabmwlvufcHusifhoHk;onfh enf;[k
rSwf,lvmap&rnf/ 'kwd, tBuHjyKcsufrSm e,fbufrS ¤if;wdkUvdktyfonfh
ppfbuf&nfrSef;csufwm0eftm; &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm azmfjyEdkif&rnf jzpfonf/
aemufqHk; tBuHjyKcsuf taejzifh e,fbuf-ppfbuf em;vnfrI ydkrdk&Sdap&ef
twGuf ¤if;wdkUtcsif;csif; awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rI (Dialogue)? oifwef;rsm; twlwuG
wufa&mufaprI (Bilateral Education) rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k tBuHjyK
csufrsm; ay:xGufvmygonf/
( Old Professional )

'Drdkua&pD euf½Idif;cdkifrma&;wGif e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;onf

ta&;ygonfh tcef;u@wGif &Sdonf/ 'Drdkua&pD zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkESifhtnD
ppfwyfonf e,fbuf xdef;csKyfrI atmufwGif r&SdvQif 'Drdkua&pD yef;wdkifokdU
rnfodkUrQ ra&mufEdkifaMumif; oHk;oyfMuygonf/ ppfwyfonf jynfolxdef;csKyfrI
(Civilian Control) atmufwGif r&Sdoa&GU 'Drdkua&pDonf b,fenf;ESifhrQ
cdkifrmrnf r[kwf[k ,lqMuonf/ xdkUtjyif Felipe Aguero \ tqdkt&
vl xktmPmoufa &mufrI (Civilian Supremacy) &Sd aom 'D rdkua&pD
enf;vrf;jzifh a&G;cs,fxm;aom tpdk;&onf rl0g'e,fy,ftm;vHk;udk vkyfydkifcGifh
&&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ Oyrm- EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;qdkif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm;?
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk BuD;Muyfjcif;? &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk csrSwfay;jcif;rsm; jzpfonf/
Edk ifiH awmf umuG,fa&;qdkif&m ud pö&yfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&m
udpö&yfrsm;wGif Civil Ministry of Defense uJhodkU tzGJUtpnf;Xmersm; zGJUpnf;
aqmif&GufNyD; tpdk;&\ zGJUpnf;yHkwGif ppfwyf\ yg0ifywfoufrIrsm;udk z,f&Sm;
oifhonf/ ,cif ppfwyftkyfcsKyfpOfu Edk ifiHa&;t& tmPmudk 0ifa&muf
pGufzufcJhjcif;? vGeu f Jaom EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk ,lcJh
onfh tpOftvmrsm;aMumifh 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHopftaejzifh tcuftcJrsm;?
tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&pNrJjzpfonf/ þtajctaersKd;wGif vlxktmPm
oufa&mufrI (Civilian Supremacy) rSm ½IwfaxG;cufcJonfh taetxm;rsKd;
&Sdvmonf/ txl;ojzifh 'Drdkua&pD cdkifrmapEdkifaom Factors rsm; vdktyfvm
ygonf/ ppfwyf\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pD cdkifrm
apEdkifaom Factors rsm;rSm uRrf;usifaom EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifrI? t&yfom;
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; pnf;vHk;rI? EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;wGif tpdk;&twGif;
ESifh jyify&Sd uRrf;usifol Edkif iHom; ynm&Sif rsm; yg0if rIjzpfonf/ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm; atmifjrifEdkif&ef a&&Snfrl0g'rsm; vdktyfygonf/ ppfwyf\
tcef;u@tm; EdkifiHa&;jrifuGif;rS wjznf;jznf; z,f&Sm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
ppfwyf\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; r[kwfonfh aus;vufa'o zGHUNzdK;rIrsm;? tpdk;&
Cabinet tzGJUtwGif; Policy rsm; csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifrIrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;&rnf
jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;a&;&mrsm;wGif xdkodkUyg0if ywfoufrIrsm;onf umuG,fa&;
tiftm;pktjzpf &yfwnfaeaom ppfwyfudk tusOf;wefapygonf/ EdkifiHawmf
vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm; wnfaqmuf&mwGif ppfwyf\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk avQmhcsí
jynfol\ xdef;csKyfrIjzifhom aqmif&Guf&efvdkonf/ ppfwyf\ &mxl;? vpmESifh
p&dwf? *kPfjyKjcif; ponfwdkUudkvnf; jynfolvlx\ k oabmwlnDrIjzifh jyKvkyf
Edkifygu ppfwyf\ Reaction udk xdef;csKyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkUtwl EdkifiHa&;
t& ,SOfNydKifrIrsm;wGifvnf; ppfwyfudk yg0gwpfck tjzpf toHk;rcsvQif ppfwyf\
Reaction udk xdef;xm;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ tjcm; u@&yfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD
enf;vrf;usonfqdkygu e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGifvnf; wdk;wufrI
&Sdvmayrnf/ 'Drdkua&pD tpktzGJUrsm; tjrpfwG,fí tajccHOya'udkvnf;
uwdu0wfrsm; xm;&SdrI euf½Idif;vmonf ESifhtrQ Edkif iHa&;wGif ppfwyf\
0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrSm tvdkvdk aysmufuG,foGm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufvmonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHonfvnf; tv,ftvwf tqifhodkU wufvSrf;
vmEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ vlaerItqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmNyD; ynmwwfrsm; aygrsm;
vmonfhtwGuf ppfwyfrS xdef;csKyfaom taetxm;rsm; avsmhenf;vmrnf
jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;yHk&dyf? p½dkufvu©Pmrsm;vnf; ajymif;vJvmNyD; y#dyu©rsm;
udkvnf; Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vmrnfjzpfonf/ trsKd;om; EdkifiHrsm; wnf&Sdvm
jcif;rSm rdrdEdkifiHwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;twGuf tajccH taqmufttHk vdktyfcsuf
jzpfaom vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? vHkNcHKrI ay;Edkifa&;?
pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? ywf0ef;usif xdef;ausmif;BuD;MuyfrIrsm;? EdkifiHawmf
wnfNidrfa&;? w&m;a&;pepf ponfrsm; zefwD;ay;&ef ay:ayguf&yfwnfvm
jcif; jzpfonf/ ppfwyfonf Edkif iHa wmf vHkNcHKa&;\ Tool wpfck jzpfonf/
xdkUtwGufaMumifh vHkNcHKa&; wyfzGJUrsm; (Security Forces) taejzifh ¤if;wdkUudk
tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhudk taumif;qHk; enf;vrf;oHk;í EdkifiHawmf\
oufqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh twlwuG yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&ef vdkayonf/
xdkYtwl Security Forces rsm;onf Hard Power udk vufudkifxm;&Sd&m rdrd
vufudkifxm;onfh Hard Power rSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ]]wl}} (Hammer) jzpfygu
]]oH}} udk &SmazG ½dkuf&rnfjzpfonf/ odkUaomf tqdkyg ]]wl}} onf ]]oH}} rsm;udk
rSm;,Gif;pGm r½dkuf&ef vdkayonf/ xdkUaMumifh trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jznfhpGrf;&ef
taumif;qHk ; enf;vrf; tm; toHk ;jyK&ef vdktyfouJhodkU ay;tyfxm;aom
tcGi fh tmPmudk tvG JoH k ; pm; rvk yf &efvnf ; vd k tyf onf / jynf ol v l xk
(Civilian) onf EdkifiHawmf\ ppfwyfudk vrf;ñTefNyD; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;
udkvnf; tqHk;tjzwfay;onf/ þodkUjyKvkyfjcif;rSm Military Professionalism
rsm;xuf ydkrdkwwfuRrf;í r[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolrsm;\ udk,fpm;jzpfjcif;
aMumifhyif jzpfonf/
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ppfyGJ? EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;udk
Ncdrf;ajcmufaeaom tcsufrsm;onf vlrItzGJUtpnf;\ t"du &ifqdkifae&aom
ud pö&yf rsm;yif jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDqefaom ppfwyfonf Edk ifiHawmfudk
OD;aqmifjcif;xuf EdkifiHawmfudk tvkyftauR;jyKpk&rnf jzpfonf/ ppfwyf
tBuD;tuJrsm;onf tBuHOmPfay;í&aomfvnf; qHk;jzwfcsufrSmrl a&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;uom vkyfaqmif&rnf jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmf\ uHMur®mtwGuf qHk;jzwf&efrSm ppfwyf rjzpfap&bJ jynfolu
a&G;aumufxm;aom jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,frsm;om jzpf&rnf/ Democratization
vkyfonfhtcg ppfwyfudk t&yfbufrS xdef;ausmif;&rnf qdkaomfvnf; tcuf
tcJrsm;pGm &Sdonf/ t&yfom; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkU\ yg0gcdkifNrJ&ef
twGuf ppfwyfudk toHk;csí tmPm&Sifqefonfh yHkpHrsKd; wpfcgwpf&H jzpfvm
wwfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;aom taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif ppfwyfukd xdef;ausmif;
Edkifonfh Mechanism t& ppfwyfonf EdkifiHawmfta&;udpörsm;wGif Mum;ae
onfh oabm (Neutrality) udk aqmifwwfonf/ ppfwyfudk xdef;csKyfonf[k
qdk&m0,f “Subjective Civilian Control” ESifh “Objective Civilian Control”
[lí yHkpH (2) rsKd;udk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ odkUaomf Mum;aerI (Neutrality)
oDtdk&DusifhoHk;jcif;ESifh ppfwyfudk EdkifiHa&;rS cGJjcm;xm;jcif;onf vHk;0 NyD;jynfhpHkpGm
aumif;jcif;jzpfonf[k rqdkEdkifay/ ppfom;ESifh jynfoltMum; aeUpOfESifhtrQ
tjyeftvS ef xda wGU jcif ; jzifhvnf ; ppf wyfudk vTr f; rdk ; xd ef ; csKyf Edk ifonf /
xdkoDtdk&Drsm;jzpfonfh Mum;aerI (Neutrality) oDtdk&DusifhoHk;jcif;ESifh ppfwyfudk
EdkifiHa&;rS cGJjcm;xm;jcif;onf Africa EdkifiHrsm;wGif xda&mufrI r&Sday/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf Africa EdkifiHa&;wGif ppfwyf\ 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrsm;rSm tpOftvm
uJhodkU &SdaecJhonf/ tpdk;& tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ppfwyfudk vufeufwpfcktjzpf
toHk;csvsuf &Sdonf/
The Modern Civil-Military Relationship Axis
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif e,fbufuGyfuJrI atmufü ppfbuf
tm; xm;&Sdjcif; wpfenf;tm;jzifh ppfbufudk EdkifiHa&;rS z,fxkwfjcif; t,l
tq (ppfbuf\ wm0efudk Old Professionalism om aqmif&Gufapjcif;)
½IaxmifhrS aemufqHk; yHkazmfxm;onfh yHkpHonf acwfopf e,fbuf-ppfbuf
qufqH a &; 0if ½dk ; (The Modern Civil-Military Relationship Axis) [k
trnfay;xm;NyD; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf-

နယ်ဘက်ကွပ်ကဲမ
(Civilian Control)

ေကာင်းမွန်ေသာ အုပ်ချပ်ေရးှင့်
ထိေရာက်မရိှြခင်း အကျိးရှိြခင်း
တရားဉပေဒစိုးမိုးမ
(Effectiveness) (Efficiency)
(Good Governance and Rule of
Law)

တရားဝင်ြဖစ်ြခင်း
(Legitimacy)

yHk (1) acwfopf e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; 0if½dk;

The Modern Civil-Military Relationship Axis

e,fbufuG yfuJrI[lonf e,fbufonf Edkif iHawmf

rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwftaumiftxnfazmf &ef tjynfht0 wm0ef&Sdonf/
e,fbuf onf ppf buf tay: qHk; jzwf ydk if cG i fh &Sd onf / ppf buf onf
 e,fbufrS owfrSwfay;onfh {&d,me,fedrdwf twGif;wGifom vkyfydkifcGifh
tmPm&Sdonf/ e,fbufrS owfrSwfay;onfh EdkifiHa&;e,fy,ftwGif;
wGifom ppfbufonf taumif txnfazmf aqmif&Guf&onf/
xda&mufr I&Sdjcif;[lonf ppfbufonf ¤if;wdkU\ tcef;
u@ESifh vkyfief;wm0eftay: uRrf;usifpGmjzifh rnfrQtaumiftxnf
azmfEdkifjcif;ESifh vHkNcHKa&; csKd;azmufrIrsm;tay: xdxda&mufa&muf rnfrQ
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifjcif; ponfwdkUudk ppfbufrS wm0efcH? wm0ef,l
&rnf/
tusKd;&Sdjcif;[lonf ppfbuftzGJUtpnf;onf ¤if;wdkUudk
ay;tyf xm;onfh wm0efrsm;udk tenf;qHk; ukef usp&dwfjzifh tusKd;&Sd&Sd
xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf/ umuG,fa&;
toHk;p&dwf BuD;rm;aeygu pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIudk t[efUtwm; jzpfEdkif
onf/
w&m;0if jzpfjcif ; [lonf w&m;rQwrIudk tajccHí
e,fbufonf pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIESifh ta&;,lrIwdkUudk aqmif&GufEdkifonfh
pHj yKtmPm (Normative Power) &Sd jcif ; udk qdkvd k onf / ppfbuf ESifh
jynfolwdkU wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; ,HkMunfrI tjyeftvSef&Sdapjcif; jzpfonf/
txufazmfjyyg taemuf EdkifiHrsm;\ acwfopf e,fbuf-ppfbuf
qufqHa&;yHkpHonf wdkif;jynf wnfNidrfat;csrf;NyD; 'Drdkua&pD cdkifrmaeonfh
EdkifiHBuD;rsm;wGif vufawGU taumiftxnf azmfEdkifygrnf/ 'Drdkua&pDonf
usifhpOf wpfckom jzpfNyD; jynfolwdkU\ todynmESifh 0ifaiG jrifhrm;jcif;onf
'Drdkua&pD cdkifrma&;ES ifh wdkuf ½dkuf tcsKd;usvsuf &Sdygonf/ wdkif ;jynfEdk ifiH
wpfckwGif jynfwGif; vufeufudkif y#dyu©rsm; &Sdaejcif;? w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;rI
tm;enf ;jcif;ES ifh jynfoltrsm;rSm todynm acgif; yg;jcif ;wdkU jzpfaeygu
txufazmfjyyg yHkpH&Sd e,fbufuGyfuJrI? w&m;0ifrIrsm; ,kwfavsmhoGm;EdkifNyD;
ppfbuf\ xda&mufrI &Sdjcif;ESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmf&m
wGif tusKd;&Sdjcif; wdkUudkyg rsm;pGm xdcdkufoGm;Edkifygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm tajccH
jzpfaom Good Governance ESifh Rule of Law onf t"du jzpfNyD; ¤if;tcsuf
tm;enf;aeygu txufyg yHkpHjzpfaom acwfopf e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;
0if½dk; (The Modern Civil-Military Relationship Axis) udk yHkazmf&efrSm
cufcJEdkifygonf/
Concept of Modern Civil-Military Relations
e,fbuf-ppfbufqufqHa&; bmom&yf us,fjyefUpGm ay:xGef;vmcJh
NyD;aemuf EdkifiHa&; odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf (State) ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;
(Society) wdkU tjyeftvSef qufqHMuyHkrsm;udk txl; tav;teufxm; avhvm
cJhMuygonf/ Edkifi\ H t0ef;0dkif; (Polity Arenas) (3) &yf jzpfaom t&yfbuf
tzGJUtpnf; (Civil Society)? EdkifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf; (Political Society) ESifh
EdkifiHawmf (State) wdkUwGif EdkifiHa&; tcef;u@ü ppfbufrS rnfuJhokUd yg0if
ywfoufrI &SdaeMuonfudk azmfxkwfMuygonf/ urÇmhEdkifiHtcsif;csif; rwlnD
Muonfh taMumif ;w&m;rsm;aMumifh ppfbufrS EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifrIonf
wpf Edk ifiH ESifh wpfEdkifiH rwlnDMuonfh tajctaersm;udk avhvmazmfxkwf
awGU&SdcJhygonf/ tar&duefEdkifiH? Columbia wuúodkvfrS ygarmu© Alfred. C.
Stepan u 1973 ckESpfwGif “The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare
and Military Role Expansion” pmtkyfudk vnf;aumif;? 1979 ckESpfwGif
“The State and Society: Peru Comparative Perspective” pmtkyfrsm;udk
xkwfa0í ¤if;\ acwfopf e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; t,ltqrsm;udk
azmfxkwf cJhygonf/ Stepan onf 1958 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom Samuel. P.
Huntington \ “The Solider and The State” wGif azmfjycJhonfh ppfbuf
uRrf;usifrIynm Military Professionalism onf EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;om
jzpfNyD; ppfbufonf 'Drdku&ufwpf e,fbufuGyfuJrI atmufwGif&Sd&rnf
qdkaom t,ltqudk jiif;qdkcsufrsm; (Argument) xkwfcJhygonf/ Huntington
\ azmfjycsufj zpfonfh ppfbuf udk "r® "d Xmef usaom e,fbuf uGyf uJrI
(Objective Civilian Control) atmufwGif &Sd&rnf[laom t,ltqudk
wowfrwfwnf; owfrSwfí r&EdkifaMumif; t"duxm; a0zef jiif;qdkxm;
onf/ Stepan onf vufwiftar&du Edk ifiH rsm;jzpf aom b&mZD;ESifh yD½l;
EdkifiHwdkY\ ppfbuf-e,fbuf qufqHa&;wGif ppfbuf\ Military Professionalism
udktxl;jyK avhvmazmfxkwfcJhygonf/
b&mZD;EdkifiH\ ordkif;aMumif;udk avhvmMunfhvsif 1954 ckESpfwGif
or®w Getúlio Vargas onf rdrdudk,frdrd tqHk;pD&ifcJhojzifh ppfwyfrS EdkifiHudk
acwå xdef; od rf ;xm;cJh&ygonf / ¤if ;aemuf 1964 ckES pfwG if AdkvfcsKyfB uD;
Humberto C. Branco onf ppftpdk;& tjzpf wdkif;jynf tmPmudk vTJajymif;
&,lcJhygonf/ ppftpdk;& vufxufwGif b&mZD;onf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI &Sdvmum
wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;onfvnf; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmcJh ygonf/ ppftpdk;& oufwrf;
wpfavsmuf AdkvfcsKyfBuD; (5) OD; tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ 1985 ckESpf
wGif ppftpdk;&onf 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&odkU tmPmvTJajymif; ay;tyfcJhNyD; 1988
ckESpfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfudk twnfjyKcJhygonf/ 1989
ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD; Fernando Collor de Mello onf 1960 jynfhESpf
aemufydkif; yxrqHk;aom a&G;cs,fcH or®w jzpfvmcJhygonf/ b&mZD;onf
,aeUEdkifiHwumwGif tiftm;BuD; EdkifiHtjzpf &yfwnfvmEdkifjcif;rSm ppftpdk;&\
EdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;wGif pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ b&mZD;
ppfbuf AsL½dku&ufrsm;u pGrf;tm;&Sdonfh EdkifiHtjzpfodkU xlaxmifEdkifcJhjcif;
onf e,fbuf-ppfbuf pHjyKyHkpH wpf&yf jzpfonf[k rSwf,líyif &&SdEdkifaMumif;
avhvm azmfxkwfEdkifcJhMuygonf/
tvm;wl yD½l;? csDvD? pydef? tif'dkeD;&Sm; wdkUonfvnf; ppfbufonf
ppfa&;ESifh trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wdkUudk yl;wGJxrf;aqmifNyD; wdkif;jynfudk wnfaqmuf
cJhMuygonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif ppfbufrS
wwfuRrf;&rnfh Professionalism onf Huntington \ t,ltqjzpfaom
EdkifiHa&;uif;onfh ppfbufqdkif&m Professionalism udk Old Professionalism
[k owfrSwfNyD; Stepan \ t,ltqjzpfaom ppfa&;ESifh trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;
wm0ef (2)&yftm; yl;wGJxrf;aqmifonfh ppfbufqdkif&m Professionalism udk
New Professionalism [k owfrSwfum e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif
ppfbuf\ Professionalism ESifhywfoufí (2)rsKd; cGJjcm;owfrSwf Edkifygonf/
Old Professionalism t,ltqonf jynfy&efudk umuG,f&efom t"du
&nfñTef;ojzifh ¤if;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh tcsufBuD; (5) csuf &Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkU
rSm-
ppfbuf\ wm0efonf jynfy&ef umuG,f&efom jzpfjcif;/
ppfbufonf ppfrIa&;&m wm0ef udkom txl;jyK uRrf; usifpGm
aqmif&Guf&jcif;/
ppfbufvkyfief;wm0ef Action onf uefUowfcsuf &Sdjcif;/
ppfbufonf EdkifiHa&;wGif bufvdkufrI r&Sd? Mum;ae (Neutral)
jzpf&ygrnf/
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; tusKd;oufa&mufrIrSm ppfbufonf
EdkifiHa&; uif;&Sif;NyD; e,fbuf uGyfuJrIatmufwGif &Sdapjcif;/
ponfwdkU jzpfygonf/
jynfwGif; tajctaeudk OD;pm;ay;onfh Stepan \ New Professionalism
t,ltqwGi-f
ppfbufonf jynfwGif; vHkNcHKa&;udk t"duxm; aqmif&Gufjcif;/
ppfrIa&;&m uRrf;usifrIonf ppfa&;tjriftjyif qufpyfaeonfh
trsKd;om; EdkifiHa&;udyk g uRrf;usif&rnf/
ppfbufvkyfief;wm0ef yrmP (Scope) onf uefUowfcsuf r&Sd
jcif;/
ppfbufonf ppfa&;ESifh trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;udkyg yl;wGJxrf;aqmif
&rnf/ (Politicizing the Military)
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; tusKd;oufa&mufrI (Impact) rSm
ppfbuf\ tcef;@onf us,fjyefUNyD; EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0if ywfoufrI
&Sdonf/
 2011 ckESpfwGif Muthiah Alagappa wnf;jzwfxkwfa0onfh “Military
Professionalism in Asia” pmtkyfwGif pma&;olrS Huntington \ ppfbuf
uRrf;usifrI (Military Professionalism) wGif ppfbufonf jynfwGif; y#dyu©ü
yg0ifywfoufrI r&Sdaponfh ,lqcsufudk azmfxkwfxm;aMumif;? Stepan \
New Military Professionalism t,ltqwGif ppfbufonf jynfw Gif ;
vHkNcHKa&;ESifh EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wGif wm0ef&SdaMumif; toGifrwlonfh ,lq
csuf (2) rsKd;udk azmfjycJhonf/ Alagappa onf txufazmfjyyg Formulation
(2) &yfudk atmufazmfjyyg ,lqcsufrsm;tm; tajccHí av;av;euf euf
pOf;pm; qHk;jzwf&ef vdktyfaMumif; azmfjycJhonf-
jynfwGif;vHkNcHKa&; tcef;@wGif tMurf;zuf aomif;usef;ol
ESd rfES if; a&; uRrf;usifrI (Violence Skill) wGif ppfbuf yg0ifrI
r&Sdjcif;/
jynf wG if ; ppf tajctaewG i f e,fbuf u G yf u J rI
atmufwGif ppfbufudk xm;&Sdjcif;onf rjzpfEdkif/
jynfwGif;vHkNcHKa&; tcef;@wGif tMurf;zuf aomif;usef;ol
ESd rfES if; a&; pDrH cefUcGJrIwGif ppfbufonf Edkif iHa&;? vlrIa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&; wdkUwGif yg0ifywfouf&ef vdktyfygonf/
¬ ppfrIa&;&muRrf;usifrI (Military Professionalism)
t,ltqwGif jynfy&ef umuG,fa&;om wm0ef&SdrI [laom Old
Military Professionalism t,ltqESifh jynfwGif; vHkN cHKa&;ESifh
EdkifiH zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdkUwGif wm0ef&SdrI [laom New Military
Professionalism t,ltq [lí t,ltq (2)&yf &SdaMumif;udk
vufcHxm;Mu&rnf jzpfygonf/
 Alfred Stepan u Old Military Professionalism ESifh New Military
Professionalism wdkU\ uGmjcm;rIudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf-

Old Military New Military

Professionalism Professionalism

jynfy&ef umuG,fa&;/ jynfwGif;&ef umuG,fa&;/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;\
e,fbufonf tpdwftydkif; wpf&yf tjzpf
tpdk;&tay: w&m;0if rSwf,lonf/ tpdk;&\
(Attitudes) tjzpfrSwf,lonf/ w&m;0if jzpfrItay:
pdefac:rIudk jzpfaponf/

uRrf;usifrI txl;jyK EdkifiHa&;ESifh ppfa&;

vdktyfonf/ odkU&mwGif uRrf;usifrI (2)&yf txl;jyK
EdkifiHa&; uRrf;usifrI ryg/ vdktyfonf/

uefUowfcsuf&Sdonf/ uefUowfcsuf r&Sd/

(“DWI-FUNGSI” )

tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHonf tus,ft0ef; (741102) pwk&ef;rdkif us,f0ef;NyD;

uRef;aygif; (18000) cefUjzifh pkzGJUxm;ygonf/ vlaeaom uRef;aygif; (6000)
ausmf &Sdygonf/ tBuD;qHk;uRef; (5) uRef;rSm *smAm;? qlrm;Mwm;? abmfeD,dk?
qlvma0pDESifh e,l;*DeD wdkUjzpfMuygonf/ ta&SUESifh taemuf (3000) rdkif
cefUESifh awmifESifh ajrmuf (1400) rdkif cefU&SdNyD; urf;½dk;wef; t&SnfrSm rdkifaygif;
(34000) cefU &Sd ygonf/ vlOD;a&rSm 2020 ckES pfu (267) oef; cefU &SdNyD;
udk;uG,frI taejzifh qGefeD rGwfpvif? c&pf,mefESifh Ak'¨bmom wdkUudk udk;uG,f
Muonf/ vlrsKd;pkaygif; (300) cefU txd &Sdygonf/ ESpfaygif; (100) ausmf
wdkif atmif 'wfcsfwdkU\ udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf rIatmufwGif aecJh &onf/ 'kwd,
urÇmppfNyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (17) &ufaeUwGif 'wfcsfwdkUxHrS
vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhNyD; qlumEdkonf yxrqHk; or®wjzpfvmNyD; Republic of
Indonesia EdkifiHudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtwl EdkifiHawmf\
tmPmudk &,lvdkonfh tkyfpkBuD; (4) ck ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ yxr tkyfpk
onf ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkvm;olrsm; jzpfonf/ 'kwd, tkyfpkrSm
taemufwdkif ; vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pDudk vdk vm;olrsm; jzpfonf/ wwd,
tkyfpkrSm rwfpf0g'udk BudKufESpfoufonfh uGefjrLepftkyfpk jzpfonf/ pwkw¬
tkyfpkrSm tpövmrfbmomudk tajccHonfh tpövmrfrpfEdkifiH wnfaxmifvdk
olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; wyfrawmfonf 'kwd, tkyfpkudk a,bk,s
tm;jzifh axmufcHtm;ay;cJhonf/ þodkUaom tajctaewGif 'wfcsfwdkU\
axmufyHhrIjzifh aomif;usef;olrsm; tHk<uaecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf/
qlumEdkonf txdef;tuGyfjzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk yHkazmfonfh (Guided
Democracy) pepfjzifh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhygonf/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;onf jynfwGif;
aomif;usef;ol vuf eufudk ifrsm;&Sdjcif;? vlrsKd ;pk rsm; rsm;jym;jcif;? ynma&;
edrfhyg;jcif; wdkUaMumifh wdkif;jynfonf tbufbufrS edrfhusaecJhygonf/ or®w
ql umEdk onf vGwfvyf onfh 'D rdk ua&pD0 g'rSm tif 'dke D; &S m; ,Of aus;rI ES ifh
rudkufnD? xdkUaMumifh OD;aqmifxdef;uGyfrIjzifh taumiftxnfazmfonfh
'Drdkua&pD (Guided Democracy) vrf;pOfudk csrSwaf qmif&Guf cJhjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ xdkpOfu tif'dkeD;&Sm; uGefjrLepfrsm;rSm tvGeftiftm; BuD;xGm;vmcJhNyD;
wpfcsdefcsdefwGif EdkifiHawmf tmPmudk uGefjrLepfrsm;u odrf;ydkufvdrfhrnf[k
trsm;u ,HkMunfcJhMuygonf/ 1965 ckESpfwGif or®w qlumEdk emrusef;
jzpf a epOf uG e f jrLepf rsm; vT rf ; rd k ; xm;aom wyf r awmf twG if ; &Sd t&m&Sd
tcsKdUonf tmPmodrf;&ef tm;xkwf cJh ygonf/ tif 'dkeD ;&Sm; ppfOD;pD;csKyf
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ql[mwdk onf *smAm;&Sd ppfwyfjzifh tqdkyg t&m&Sdrsm;udk (24) em&D
twGif; zrf;qD;cJhonf/ xdktmPmodrf;rIwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;bufrS yg0ifol[k
pGyfpGJcH&ol tif'dkeD;&Sm; wyfrawmfrS tqifhjrifh t&m&SdBuD; (6) OD;udk uGyfrsuf
cJhygonf/ xdkUaemuf t"du½kPf;BuD;rSm (6) vcefUtxd jzpfyGm;cJhNyD; *smAm;ESifh
bmvDuRef;wGif vlaygif; tenf;qHk; (400000) cefU toufqHk;½IH;cJh&NyD;aemuf
uGefjrLepfygwDvnf; usqHk;oGm;cJhonf/ 1965 ckESpfwGif ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
ql[mwdkonf wdkif ;jynfudk xdef;od rf;NyD; tif'dkeD;&Sm;Edkif iH\ 'kwd,ajrmuf
or®w jzpfvmcJhonf/ or®w ql[mwdkonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh tiftm;
csdefcGifvQmxdef;nd§Edkif&ef wyfrawmf? tvkyform;? v,form;ESifh rGwfpvif
vli,frsm;yg0ifonfh “Functional Group” tzGJUrsm;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk
tzGJUrsm;ES if h “Golkar” ygwDudkvnf; wnfaxmif cJh ygonf/ 1966 ckE Spf ?
Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeUrS (31) &ufaeUtxd tif'dkeD;&Sm; 'kwd, wyfawmf wyfwGif;
ESD ;aESmzvS,fyGJ wpf &yf udk usif ; yjyKvkyfc Jhygonf/ ¤if;ESD ;aESmzvS,fyGJ odkU
ql [ mwd k E S if h t wl ppf O D ; pD ; wuú o d k v f r S oif w ef ; om; (100) ausmf rQ
wufa&mufcJhNyD; wyfrawmf\ ppfa&; r[kwfaom tjcm;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;
t,ltq (Army Non-Military Function Doctrine) udk azmfxkwfcJhygonf/
¤if;udk “DWI-FUNGSI DOCTRINE” (Dual Function) [k ac:ygonf/
t"d yÜg,frSm ppfbuf rS ppfa&;ESifh trsKd; om;Edk ifiHa&; wm0ef (2) &yftm;
wpfNydKif euf xrf;aqmifjcif ; (Dual Function) [l í jzpfygonf/ ql[mwdk
onf “New Order” [k ac:onfh tv,ftvwf vrf; pOfES ifh ppf buf rS
wm0ef (2)&yf xrf;aqmifaom “DWI-FUNGSI” (Dual Function) t,ltq
wpf&yfudk csrSwftaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ tpdk;& taejzifh
“DWI-FUNGSI” tm; EdkifiHawmf\ w&m;0ifrl0g' wpf&yftjzpf usifhoHk;NyD;
Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefum ppfbufrS e,fbuf udpö&yfrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufcJhyg
onf/ xdkpOfumv tif'dkeD;&Sm;Edkifi\ H EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;wGif
t"du ppfqifa&;BuD; (3) &yfudk csrSwfxm;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkUrSm axmufvSrf;rI
ppf q if a &; (Intelligence Operation)? wd k uf yG J 0if ppf qifa &; (Combat
Operation) ESifh e,fajrxdef; ppfqifa&; (Territorial Operation) wdkU jzpfyg
onf/ jynfwGif; aomif;usef;ol ESdrfESif;a&;? aomif;usef;ol vufatmufwGif
a&muf&Sdaeonfh e,fajrrsm; jyefvnfodrf;ydkufa&;wdkUwGif axmufvSrf;rI
ppfqifa&;ESifh wdkufyGJ0if ppfqifa&;wdkUjzifh aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ e,fajrtvdkuf
axmufvSrf;a&; wyfzGJUrsm; xm;&SdNyD; aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; armif;xkwfEdkif&ef
pdwf"gwf ppfqifa&;ESifh owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;&,l axmuf vS rf;rI rsm;
aqmif&Gufa pygonf/ ¤if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdrItay: rlwnf í
aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; acsrIef;&ef vdktyfygu wdkufyGJ0if ppfqifa&;udk toHk;jyK
ygonf/ odkU&mwGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI tp&SdonfwdkUudk
jynfvnfwnf aqmuf xdef ;odrf; vdkygu wyf rawmf onf e,fa jrxd ef ;
ppfqifa&;udk toHk;jyKygonf/ tif'kdeD;&Sm wyfrawmf\ tiftm; (202900)
cefUrS oHk;yHkwpfyHkaom tiftm;udk e,fajrxdef; ppfqifa&;wGif ppfa&; r[kwfonfh
tusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;wGif aqmif&Gufapygonf/ e,fajrxdef; ppfqifa&;wGif
]]e,f a jrxd e f ; ppfqif a&; (wnf a qmuf a &;) (Territorial Operation -
Construction)” ESifh ]]e,fajrxdef; ppfqifa&; (qefUusifbuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk
umuG,fa&;) (Territorial Operation – Opposition/ Resistance) [lí cGJxm;
ygonf/ tqdkyg e,fajrxdef; wyf&if;^ wyfzGJUrsm;udk e,fajrtESH jzefcGJxm;
&SdNyD; oD;oefU wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Gufapygonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;Edkifi\ H or®w
ql[mwdk vufxufwGif e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;ü ppfbuf\ vTrf;rdk;rI
atmufwGif e,fbuf &SdcJhygonf/ ppfbufonf EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;wm0ef
tjyif wdkif;jynf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; (Nation Building and State
Building) wm0efrsm;udkyg wpfNydKifeuf &,laqmif&GufcJhygonf/ ¤if;t,ltq
t& wyfrawmfrS tiftm; (30000) ausmfcefUudk e,fbuftkyfcsKyfa&;
wm0efrsm; ay;tyfcJhygonf/ &yfuGuf? aus;&Gm tqifh tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; tm;vHk;
onf wyfrawmfrS t&mcHAdkvfrsm; jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHawmf\ ta&;BuD;onfh
Xmeqdkif&m tBuD;tuJrsm;wGif wyfrawmfrS t&m&SdBuD;rsm;udk wm0ef,lapí
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;wdkUwGif yg0ifywfoufapcJhygonf/ or®w
ql[mwdkonf jynfwGif;a&;udk aocsmpGm avhvmNyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;Edkifi\ H pD;yGm;a&; OD;armhvmjcif;onf or®w
ql[mwdk vufxufwG if jzpfygonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\
wpf{u qeftxGufEIef;onf odomxif&Sm;pGm wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ 1983
ckES pfwGif jynfwGif;qef vdktyfcsufxuf ausmfvGef í jynfyodkU qefwifydkU
EdkifonfhEdkifiH jzpfvmcJhonf/ þonfrSm ESpfaygif; (100) ausmftwGif; xl;jcm;
onfh pGrf;aqmifrI wpf&yf jzpfcJhonf/ 1980 ckESpfrsm;wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;onf
txnftvdyf? zdeyfESifh t0wftxnfrsm;udk jynfyodkU wifydkUEdkifonfh EdkifiH
rsm;wGif t"duusonfh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH tqifhodkU a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ xdkUtjyif
ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh a&eH wifydkUrIwGifvnf; urÇmhtqifh0ifEdkifiHtjzpf &yfwnf
vmEdkifcJhonf/ ]]*½k'g}} (Garuda) av,mOf ukrÜPDudkyg wnfaqmifEdkifonf
txd ajcvSrf;BuJcJhygonf/ odkU&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsm;pkrSm or®w
rdom;pkESifh ¤if;\ rdwfaqGrsm; vuf0,fwGifom &Sdonf[k trsm;u a0zefrIrsm;
&Sd cJh ygonf / ql [mwdk \ e,f ajrxde f; ppf qif a&; t,ltq (Territorial
Operation Doctrine) aMumif h jynf w G i f ; aomif ; usef ; ol r sm; ud k v nf ;
atmifjrifpGm acsrIef; ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhygonf/
ql[mwdkonf e,fbufwGif ppfbufyg0ifywfoufaerItm; wajz;ajz;
jyefvnfavQmhcscJhygonf/ 1992 ckESpf? a½G;aumufyGJtNyD; tpdk;&tzGJU zGJU&mwGif
0efB uD ; Xme (41) ck teuf (8) OD ; om wyf rS yg0if cJh onf / 1993 ckE Spf wGif
wyfrawmf aemufcHjyKxm;onfh tmPm& “Golkar” EdkifiHa&; ygwD\ OuúX
tjzpf jyefMum;a&; 0efBuD;jzpfol t&yfom; “Harmoko” udk wm0efay;cJhyg
onf/ “Golkar” ygwD OuúX tjzpf wyfrawmfrS AdkvfcsKyfrsm;udkom ,cifu
wm0ef ay;tyfavh&Sdonf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif or®w ql[mwdkonf odyÜH
aumifpD (Council of Science) udk vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&; tajctaet& vTwfawmf
wGif wyfrawmfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifoifhonfh ta&twGufudk avhvm
azmfxkwfapcJhygonf/ 1997 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ uHMur®mrSm qdk;&Gm;cJh
onf/ tm&SaiGaMu;*,uf\ ½dkufcwfrI cHcJh&NyD; t,feDndKaMumifh &moDOwk
azmufjyefum rdk;r&Gmojzifh oD;ESHtxGufEIef; usqif;cJhNyD; wdkif;jynf rNidrfrouf
jzpfcJhonf/ ql[mwdkonf rwwfomonfhtqHk; IMF \ aq;cg;udk aomuf&í
aiGaMu;taxmuftul &,lcJhygonf/ tqdkyg taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk tajccHum
¤if;\ or®w oufwrf; ukefqHk;cJh&ygonf/ 1998 ckESpfwGif t&yfom;jzpfol
“Habibie” rS m wwd,ajrmuf or®w jzpfvmcJ hNyD; ppfwyf\ EdkifiH a&;wGif
yg0ifrI tcef;u@udk pwifavQmhcscJh ygonf/ 1999 ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyf jzpfol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; 0D&efwdkonf ppfbufqdkif&m ajymif;vJrItjzpf
ppfwyfESifh &Judk oD;jcm; cGJxkwfcJhNyD; EdkifiHa&;wGif wyfrS yg0ifrIudk tqHk;owf
apcJhygonf/ wyfonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif Mum;aecJhygonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif
vTwfawmfü wyfrawmfrS yg0ifonfh udk,fpm;vS,fcGJwrf;udk ½kyfodrf;cJhygonf/
2004 ckESpfwGif or®wjzpfol AkdvfcsKyfBuD;a[mif; qlrDvdk bmbef; vufxufrS
pí tif'kdeD;&Sm;EdkifiHonf 'Drdkua&pD pHEIef;ESifhtnD EdkifiHawmfudk xdef;odrf;
uGyfuJvmcJhygonf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&; tpOftvmrS
azmufxGufum EdkifiHa&; txufwef;vTmESifh ppfbuftodkif;t0dkif;rS r[kwf
onfh vuf&Sd or®w *sKdudk 0D'dk'dk (Joko Widodo) rSm or®w jzpfvmcJhonf/
 eDa ygEdkifiHonf w½kwfjynfolU or®wEdkifiHESifh tdE´d,Edkif iHwdkU 0ef;&H
xm;onfh ukef;wGif;ydwfEdkifiH wpfckjzpfygonf/ Edkifi\ H {&d,monf (56827)
pwk&ef;rdkif us,f0ef;NyD; vlOD;a& oef; (30) ausmfcefU &Sdygonf/ trsm;pkrSm
[dE´L? Ak'¨bmom wdkUudk udk;uG,fMuNyD; qGefeD rGwfpvifrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/
eDa ygEdkifiHwGif eef;wGif;a&; t½I yfawmfyHkBuD; NyD ;qHk;NyD; aemuf bk &ifpepf
tkyfcsKyfrIrS Democratic Republic pepfodkU toGiful;ajymif; tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh
EdkifiHjzpfonf/ bk&ifpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfpOfu bk&ifonf ppfbuf&mxl; wHqdyf
rsm;? taqmifta,mifrsm; 0wfqifaomfvnf; ppfa&;ESifhywfoufí pepfwus
avhusifhxm;ol r[kwfbJ *kPfxl;aqmif ppfaoemywd csKyfom jzpfonf/
ppfbufonf eef;wGif;ESifh ydkrdk xdawGUqufqHrIrsm;onfh tkyfcsKyfrI pepf jzpf
onf/ eef;awmfwGif “Principal Military Secretarial” ½Hk; zGifhvSpfum
EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;udk wdkuf½dkuf BuD;MuyfuGyfuJygonf/ tvGef
ao;i,fonfh umuG,fa&; 0efBuD;Xmeudk ppfa&;uRrf;usifrI r&Sdolrsm;ESifh
zGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/ eDaygEdkifiHudk bk&ifpepfrS Republic pepfodkU toGiful;ajymif;
&mwGif zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'opf wpf&yf udk a&;qGJNyD; e,fbuf- ppfbuf
qufqHa&;udk atmufygtwdkif; uefUowfcJhygonf-

yk'fr 144? (1) – eDaygEdkifiHwGif wyfrawmfonf tzGJUtpnf;

wpf&yftjzpf &Sd&rnf/
yk'fr 144? (2) – 0efBuD;tzGJUrS ppfOD;pD;csKyfudk a&G;cs,f cefUtyf
&rnf/

yk'fr 144? (3) – 0efBuD;tzGJUrS Oya'ESihftnD ppfbufudk

xdef;csKyfjcif;? wm0efay;jcif; wdkUudk Muyfrwfaqmif&Guf &rnf/
0efBuD;tzGJUonf vTwfawmfwGif trsm;\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
'Drdkua&pD wyfrawmf\ vkyfief;wm0ef (Action Plan) rsm;
csrSwfay;jcif;udk taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&Gufap&rnf/

yk'fr 144? (4) – txufazmfjyyg Action Plan udk csrSwf

&mwGif 'Drdku&ufwpf yHkpHjzifh aqmif&Guf&rnf/ avhusifhrIwGif
'Drdkua&pDESifh vlUtcGifhta&; pHxm;csuf (Norms) wefzdk;rsm;ESifh
tnD aqmif&Guf&rnf/

yk'fr 145? (1) – 0efBuD;tzGJUtm; tBuHjyKEdkif&ef atmufyg

twdk if; Edkif iHawmf vHkNcHKa&;aumif pD (National Defense
Council) udk zGJUpnf;&rnf-
0efBuD;csKyf OuúX
umuG,fa&;0efBuD; tzGJU0if
jynfxJa&;0efBuD; tzGJU0if
vTwfawmfrS a&G;cs,fonfh 0efBuD; 3 OD; tzGJU0if
yk'fr 145? (2) – 0efBuD;csKyfonf umuG,fa&; 0efBuD; wm0ef
udk yg yl; wGJ&,l ygu 0ef BuD; tzGJU rS 0g&ifh 0efB uD ; wpfOD ; tm;
tzGJU0iftjzpf cefUtyfEdkifonf/

yk'fr 145? (3) – EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;

wGif vdktyfcsuft& tjcm;yk*¾dKvf wpfOD;OD;tm; tpnf;ta0;
odkU wufa&mufap&ef zdwfac:Edkifonf/
yk'fr 145? (4) – umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme\ twGif;a&;rSL;
onf Edk if iHawmf vH kNcHKa&;aumifpD\ twG if ;a&;rS L; tjzpf
wm0ef,l&rnf/
 yk'fr 145? (5) – tu,fí obm0ab;'PfaMumifh vltrsm;
tjym; xdcdkufaoaMurI jzpfygu 0efBuD;tzGJUonf vTwfawmfrS
wpfvtwG i f; twnfj yK cefU tyf x m;aom txl ; wm0ef
aqmif&Guf&ef aumf rwDonf eDa yg ppfwyfudk vdktyfovdk
uGyfuJaqmif&Gufap&rnf/
eDayg EdkifiHwGif 1996 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufaeUü Communist
Party of Nepal (Maoist) rsm;u “The People War” [k ac:onfh jynfolU
ppfyGJrsm; pwifvmNyD; jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ eDayg uGefjrLepf rsm;onf
aus;vufa'orsm;udk xdef;csKyfum eDayg tpdk;&udk qefUusifrIrsm; vkyfaqmif
cJh onf/ xdkumvrSpí tpdk;&ES ifh eDayg uG efjrLepfrsm;tMum; typftcwf
&yfpJrIrsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSm usif;yvdkuf? &yfpJvdkufjzifh tBudrfBudrf
aqmif&GufcJhM uonf/ 2006 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (21) &ufa eUwGif rS eDa yg
0efBuD;csKyf Prime Minister Koirala ESifh eDayg uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifwdkUonf
Comprehensive Peace Accord udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; jynfwGif;ppf csKyfNidrf;
cJhonf/ ,aeU eDayg EdkifiHwGif armf0g'D (Maoist) olykefrsm;rSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;
&&SdaeNyD jzpfonf/ eDayg EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;t& 'Drdku&pfwpfrsm;u wpfbuf
ESifh uG ef jrLepfrsm; (armf 0g'D)u wpf buf jzpf a eygonf/ eD a ygtpdk ; &ES ifh
uG ef jrLepfrsm; tMum; (Comprehensive Peace Accord) t& em;vnf rI
wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ eDayg wyfrawmfESifh uGefjrLepfygwD vufeufudkifrsm;
tm; United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) \ BuD;MuyfrIatmufwGif
xm;&S donfh yH k pH j zif h em;vnfr I &,l xm;Muonf / xdke m;vnfr I r S tvHk; pH k
Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk azmfaqmifEdkifonfh tajctaewpf&yf xGufay:vmjcif; r&Sd
ao;yg/ ¤if;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef National Peace and Rehabilitation
Commission ud k zGJUpnf; aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sd onf/ odkU aomf eDayg EdkifiHwG if
jynfwGif;ppf yHk&dyfrsm; qufvuf&SifoefqJ jzpfaevsuf&Sdonf/ aomif;usef;ol
rsm;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;jcif; (Rehabilitation) ESifh jynfvnfaygif;pnf;a&;
aqmif& Guf jcif ; (Integration) wdkUonf vG efpGm cufcJ a evsuf &Sdygonf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&; &&Sd&efrSm trsm;qE´tvdkuf vdkufavsmjcif; (Consensus) ESifh
,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufjcif; (Confidence Building) vdktyfaevsuf &Sdygonf/
armf0g'D olykefrsm;onf eDayg EdkifiHwGif vufeufudkifwyfzGJU&Sdonfh wpfckwnf;
aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD jzpfonf/ xdktzGJUtm; vlrIUtzGJUtpnf;wGif jyefvnfae&m
csxm;ay;jcif; (odkUr[kwf) vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJUrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufapjcif; qdkonfh
jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef vrf;p rawGUao;yg/ ¤if;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;twGif; twå?
a'go? ygwD pG J pd wf "mwf ES i fh buf vdku f r I rsm; &Sd a ejcif ; twG uf Ed ki f iH \
&nfrSef;csufESifh tvSrf;a0;vsuf &Sdaeao;ygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh eDayg EdkifiH\ bk&ifjzpfol Gaynnendra onf 2006
ckESpf {NyDv (24) &ufaeUwGif xD;eef;pGefUvTwfcJhNyD;aemuf bk&ifpepf csKyfNidrf;
cJhonf/ 2006 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif eDaygtpdk;&ESifh armf0g'D olykefrsm;
Nid rf ; csrf ; a&; vuf r Sw fa &;xdk ; cJh N yD ; zuf ' &,f 'D r dk u&uf wpf or® w Edk i f iH
wnfaxmifcJhygonf/ 2007 ckESpfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'ESifhtnD yxr
qHk;aom a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhNyD; eDayg uGefjrLepf ygwD (armf0g'D)
tygt0if Edk if iH a&; ygwD (8) ygwD yg0ifa om tpdk; & wpf &yf udk zGJU pnf ; cJ h
ygonf/ vufeufudkif armf0g'Drsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;twGif; yg0ifaqmif&GufvmcJh
aomfvnf; ppfrSefonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&; &&SdcJhjcif; r&Sdyg/ 2019 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv
(22) &ufaeUwGif cGJxGuf eDa yg uGefjrLepf ygwDtm; Netra Bikram Chand
OD;aqmifí NrdKUawmf uwfofref'l (Kathmandu) ESifh tjcm; a'orsm;wGif AHk;cGJ
wdkufcdkufrIrsm; wpfcsdefwnf; jyKvkyfwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ ,cktcsdefxdyif eDayg
EdkifiH\ NrdKUawmf tygt0if a'otESHUtjym;wGif wdkufcdkufrIrsm; rMumcP
jzpfyGm; aevsuf &Sdonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh 'Drdkua&pD &ifhusufrI r&Sdao;bJ
jynfwGif; aomif;usef;rI rcsKyfNidrf;ao;onfh zGHUNzdK;qJ EdkifiHrsm;wGif ppfbuf\
tcef;u@udk avsmhcsygu tcuftcJrsm;pGmESifh &ifqdkifBuHKawGUae& vsuf&Sd
ygonf/
 1932 ckESpf? ZGefv (24) &ufaeUwGif xdkif;ppfwyfrS OD;aqmifí t&yfom;
AsL½dku&ufrsm; yg0ifonfh ]]jynfolUygwD}} onf bk&ifxHrS tmPmodrf;um
oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepfrS pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepfodkU ajymif;vJapcJh ygonf/
¤if;aemuf zGJUpnf ;yHktajccH Oya' wpf&yfudk a&;qGJum ygvDref'Drdkua&pD
vrf;aMumif;ay:odkU ydkUaqmifay;cJhonf/ odkUaomf bk&ifpepfudk ry,fzsuf[k
tmrcH ay;cJhygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí ,aeUtcsdeftxd xdkif;EdkifiHwGif ppfbufrS
tmPmod rf ;rI (22) Budrf (13 Budrf atmifj rif ? 9 Budr f usqH k;)? zGJU pnf ; yHk
tajccHOya' ajymif;vJrI (20) BudrfESifh tpdk;&tzGJUaygif; (42)zGJUcefU ajymif;vJ
tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfh tpOftvm&SdcJhygonf/
xdkif ;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;ordkif;aMumif; ½IaxmifhrS e,fbuf- ppfbuf
qufqHa&;udk avhvmMunfhvQif 1941 ckES pfwGif xdkif ;EdkifiHodkU *syefrsm;
0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufcJh&m acwårQom ckcHNyD; *syefESifh r[mrdwfjyKcJhonf/ *syef
onf xdkif;EdkifiHudk ajcukwf&,lí ta&SUawmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJh
ygonf/ *syefwdkU ta&;edrfhaomtcg ¤if;rSppfaMunmcJhonfh r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh
jyefvnfoifhjrwfatmif aygif;oif;aexdkifcJhygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;aom
tcg ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGif; uGefjrLepfrsm; BuD;xGm;vmygonf/ 1960
jynfhESpfwGif AD,uferfESifh vmtdk EdkifiH e,fpyf wpfavsmufwGif uGefjrLepfygwD
rsm; BuD;pdk;vmNyD; xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif;xd us,fjyefUvmcJhygonf/ uGefjrLepf &efudk
ESdrfESif;zdkUtwGuf tar&duefxHrS a':vmoef; (300) ausmfcefU taxmuftyHh
rsm; &&SdcJhonf/ 1963 ck ESpfwGif Adkvf csKyfBuD ; upfwDumcRef (Thanom
Kittikachorn) 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmNyD; tajccHOya'opf (1968 ckESpf) xGufay:
vmcJhonf/ tpdk;& tzGJUtwGif; oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; &SdcJhNyD; twdkuftcH
EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;rS xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;aMumifh EdkifiHa&;wnfNidrfrI r&SdcJhyg/
1973 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;? uGefjrLepfrsm; x<uum qE´jyrI ta&;tcif;BuD;
jzpfay: vmcJhygonf/ xdkif;ppfwyfrS ypfcwfESdrfESif;cJh&onfhtwGuf qE´jyjynfol
trsm;tjym; aoqHk;cJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; upfwDumcRef tpdk;&rSmvnf; jyKwfus
cJhonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'opfudk twnfjyKcJhNyD; 1975
ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y&m 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDrS tEdkif&NyD; qDeDy&mrdk&f
(Seni Pramoj) OD;aqmifí tpdk;&zGJUcJhonf/ tpdk;&tzGJUopf twnfjyKNyD; (8)
&uf tMumwGif t,HktMunfr&Sd tqdkwifoGif; cH&onfhtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJU
jyKwfuscJhonf/ ¤if ;\ae&mwGif ¤if ;\tudkjzpfol qdk&S ,f tuf&Sif ygwDrS
Kukrit Pramoj 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmNyD; 1976 ckESpfwGif ¤if;vnf; EIwfxGufcJh
&ygonf/ 1976 ckESpfrS 1996 ckESpf txd ESpfaygif; (20) twGif; 0efBuD;csKyf
(11) OD; txd tajymif;tvJ jzpfay:cJhonf/ 1996 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif
e,l;tufpf ya&;&Sif; (New Aspiration) ygwDrS csmAmvpf a,mifcsm,l
(Chavalit Yongchaiyudh) onf rJtrsm;qHk;jzifh tEdkif&NyD; (22) OD;ajrmuf
0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhonf/ ¤if;onf rJ0,frI? t*wdvdkufpm;rI trsm;tjym;
&Sd cJh ol [k emrnfBuD;cJh ygonf / 1997 ck ESp fwG if xdki f; Ed ki f iHrS pwifí tm&S
aiGaMu; *,ufBuD; jzpfay:vmum ¤if;vnf; EIwfxGufcJh&ygonf/ þodkUtm;jzifh
xdkif ;EdkifiHa&;onf pwifa yguf zGm;vmuwnf;u tpdk; &tzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;?
t,HktMunfr&Sd tqdkwifoGif;jcif;? tmPmodrf;jcif;? t"du½kPf; jzpfyGm;jcif;
ponfwdk U jzif h tpd k ; &tzG J U rsm; jyKwf usvdk uf ? zG JU pnf ; yH k tajccH Oya'udk
jyifqifvdkuf? a&G;aumuf yGJ usif;yvdkuf ? tpdk;&topf jyefzGJUvdkufj zifh
wnfNidrfrI r&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;oHo&m0,f ,aeUwdkif vnfywf vsuf&Sdaeonf/
2001 ck ES pf wG if ouf qif & Si f em0yf onf xd k if ; &uf xd k if ; Edk if i Ha &;
ygwD u dk OD; aqmifí 0ef B uD; csKyf jzpf vmcJh onf / þae&mwG i f 0ef B uD ; csKyf
(a[mif;) csmAmvpfESifh oufqif&Sifem0yfwdkU rJtEdkif&&SdyHkudk EIdif;,SOf avhvm&ef
vdkygrnf/ csmAmvpfonf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;(a[mif;) jzpfNyD; olonf 1996 ckESpf
a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJ0,fí tEdkif&onf[k vlodrsm;cJhonf/
¤if;tm; aiGaMu;axmufyHhcJholrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; txl;ojzifh
bPfvkyfief;&Sifrsm; jzpfonf/ ¤if;0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmaomtcg aus;Zl; ruif;
 tpdk;&tzGJU
zGJUpnf;jcif;/

t,HktBunf r&Sd
a&G;aumufyGJ tqdkwifoGif;jcif;?
usif;yjcif;/ t"du½kPf; jzpfjcif;?
tmPmodrf;jcif;/

zGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'
topfa&;qGJjcif;/
yHk (2) xdkif;EdkifiH EdkifiHa&; oHo&m

cJhonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk jyefvnfMunfh½Ionfhtaejzifh EdkifiHawmfaiG

trsm;tjym;tm; txl;tcGifhta&;ay;um acs;ay;cJhNyD; vkyfief;rsm;udk csay;cJh
onf/ ¤if;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; taejzifh xkwfukefudk OD;pm;ray;onfh vkyfief;rsm;
Oyrm- a*gufuGif;azmufjcif;? tdrf&maqmufjcif; vkyfief;rsm;? jynfolvlxkudk
twdk;EIef;BuD;BuD;jzifh aiG;acs;onfh vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifvmMuonf/ vlxk
taejzifh aiGt&vG,fonfhtwGuf taysmftyg;? avmif;upm;ESifh toHk;taqmif
rsm;wGif rsm;pGm oHk;pGJcJhMuonf/ xdktusKd;quftjzpf aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIrsm;
jzpf c Jh & onf/ Edki f iH a wmf t&ef a iG rsm;rSm uk ef c rf ; oavmuf jzpf cJh &onfh
tajctaeaMumifh wpfa':vmvQif (25) bwf owf rSwfxm;onfh yHkao
aiG vJvS ,fEI ef; udk tpdk; &rS y,f zsuf cJh&onfh tajctaetxd jzpf c Jh onf/
þtuGufudk BudKwifjrifonfh tar&duefrS urÇmausmf oef;<u,fola|;BuD;
a*smhqdk;a&mpfrS 0ifa&mufí aiGupm;jcif; (Speculation) vkyfcJh&m aemufqHk;
wGif wdkif;jynf cRwfNcHKusNyD; tm&SaiGaMu; *,ufBuD; ay:aygufvmum ¤if;wdkU
tpdk;&vnf; jyKwfuscJh&onf/ þonfrSm EdkifiHa&;wGif pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;
0ifa&muf upm;cJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
 0efBuD;csKyf oufqifrSmrl xdkodkU r[kwfyg/ ¤if;onf w½kwfaoG; (70)
&mcdkifEIef;yg0ifonfh oef;<u,fola|; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifBuD; jzpfygonf/
csmAmvpfvdk rJ0,fonfh enf;AsL[mudk roHk;bJ xifay:ausmfMum;NyD; rJEdkifajc
&Sdonfh vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,fudk 0,f,lonfh enf;AsL[mudk oHk;ygonf/
vlOD;a& trsm;pkjzpfonfh atmufajcvlwef;pm;tm; wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd aus;&Gm
tkyfpk wpfpkpDtm; bwfaiGwpfoef;pD axmufyHhay;rnf? v,form;\ a<u;NrD
rsm;udk oHk;ESpf qdkif;ay;rnf? bwf (30) jzifh aq;0g; ukoEdkif&ef pDpOfay;rnf?
urÇmESifh &ifabmifwef;Edkifatmif pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;vm&ef aqmif&Gufay;rnf?
ynma&; jr§ifhwifay;rnf? 0efxrf; vpm wdk;ay;rnf? aus;vufa'owGif
aiGtvG,fwul acs;ay;Edkif&ef jynfolUbPfrsm; wdk;csJUzGifhvSpfay;rnf ponf
jzifh tjccHvlwef; pm;rsm; pGJ ruf rI jzpfay:vmap&ef uwd u0wfrsm;ay;í
rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;&if; xdkif;EdkifiH ordkif;wGif rJtrsm;qHk;Edkifonfh ygwDjzpfcJhNyD; tmPm
&&Sd vmcJhol jzpfygonf/
oufqif&Sifem0yf\ 0efBuD;csKyf oufwrf;umv 2001 ckESpfrS 2006
ckESpftwGif; ¤if;onf tajymtwdkif; atmufajcvlwef;pm;rsm; twGuf trSef
wu,f vkyfay;EdkifcJhonf/ wpf&GmwGif xkwfukefwpfck pepfrSmvnf; atmifjrif
vmcJhonf/ ,cif tpdk;&tqufquf wifusefaecJhonfh EdkifiHjcm;a<u;NrDrsm;
udkvnf; ay;qyfEdkifcJhonf/ vlwpfOD;\ wpfESpf 0ifaiGudkvnf; (2) q ausmf
txd wdk;wufvmatmif aqmif&Gufay;EkdifcJhonf/ oufqifonf EdkifiHawmf
vHkNcHKa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;wGif “Forward Engagement Policy” jzifh a&SUwef;
usus xdawGUrI &,laqmif&GufcJhygonf/ xdkUtjyif yk*¾vdu vkyfief;rsm;
t&nftaoG; jrifhrm;a&;ESifh atmufajc vlwef;pm;rsm;\ vlrIb0jr§ifhwifa&;
jzpfonf h (2)vrf ;oGm; rl0g' (Dual Track Policy) udk usifh oHk; cJh ygonf /
xdk pGr f;aqmifrI rsm;aMumifh tajccH vlwef ; pm; trsm;pk\ tonf; ESvHk; udk
zrf;pm; EdkifcJhygonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif oufqifonf tmPmwnfNrJa&;twGuf ¤if;\
opömcHrsm;udk ta&;BuD;ae&mrsm;wGif jzefUusufxm;cJhygonf/ oufqifonf
¤if;\ 0rf;uGJnD awmfpyfol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; csKdifqpf&Sdem0yfudk Munf;wyf 'kwd,
ppfOD;pD;csKyf &mxl;tjzpf ajymif;vJcefUtyfcJhNyD;aemuf aemufxyf nD0rf;uGJ
awmfpyfol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ckxdkif;&Sdem0yftm; umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Xme\ tNrJwrf;
twGif;a&;rSL; wm0efay;tyfcJhygonf/ oufqifonf ppfbufwGif tmPm
wnf&ef ¤if;vTrf;rdk;Edkifrnfholrsm;udk a&G;cs,fí &mxl;rsm; cefUtyfouJhodkU
tjcm;tkyfcsKyfa&; Xmersm;wGifvnf; ¤if;\ MoZmcHrsm;udkom ae&may;cJhyg
onf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;[k taMumif;jyum xdkif;&JwyfzGJUrS ypfcwf
owfjzwfcJh ol (3000) cefUtxd&SdNyD; taMumufw&m;jzifhvnf; tmPmudk
wnfaqmufcJhygonf/ oufqifonf tmPm& pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifBuD; wpfOD;
jzpfonfESifhtnD t&m&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;tjrifus,folvnf; jzpfygonf/ aiG&Sm
awmfol wpfOD;jzpfNyD; tmPmwnfaqmufum EdkifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
[lorQ vuf0g;BuD;tk yfcsKyf udkif cJhygonf/ EdkifiHawmf\ pD; yGm;a&; vkyf ief;
rSeforQudk ¤if;\ rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh ruif;olrsm;om pdk;rdk;xm;
onf/ vmbf a y; vmbf ,lr Irsm; vGe fpGmBuD;rm;cJh onf / tjcm;pD ;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm; taejzifh touf½I r&avmufatmifyif Muyfwnf;vmcJhonf/
xdktcg pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;jzpfonfh bk&ifhrdom;pkESifhvnf; xdyfwdkuf
awGUqHkrIrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/ xdkif;ppfwyfonf umuG,fa&; toHk;p&dwf ravmuf
ojzifh tjcm;EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;rSvnf; axmufyHhay;ae&vsuf &Sdygonf/
oufqifonf umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwf xdef;csKyfonfh enf;vrf;tjzpf ¤if;\
cGifhjyKcsufjzifhom toHk;p&dwfudk oHk;pGJ&ef rl0g' csrSwfcJhygonf/ 2006 ckESpf
wGif 0efBuD;csKyf oufqif jynfyodkU a&muf&SdaepOf xdkif;wyfrawmfrS tmPm
odrf;cJhNyD; ¤if;\ 0efBuD;csKyfoufwrf;udk ukefqHk;apcJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf tdrfapmifh
tpdk;&rS oufqiftm; t*wdvdkufpm;rIjzifh axmif'Pf (2) ESpf uscHap&ef
pD&ifcsrSwfcJhonfhtwGuf ,aeUwdkif wdkif;jynfrS jynfajy;b0jzifh wdkif;wpfyg;
wGif cdkvIHaexdkifvsuf &Sdygonf/
2011 ckESpf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif oufqif\ nDrt&if;jzpfol
jzLxdkif; (Phey-Thai) ygwD acgif;aqmif &ifvwf (Ying Luck) onf rJtEdkif
&NyD; xdkif;Edkifi\
H yxrqHk; trsKd;orD; 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhyg onf/ &ifvwf\
aemufuG,fwGif tudkjzpfol oufqifrS csKyfudkifxm;NyD; ¤if;\ rlvenf;AsL[m
rsm;twdkif; tmPmwnfNrJa&;twGuf tpdk;&tzGJUESifh tkyfcsKyfrI tmPmydkif
tzGJUrsm;wGif ¤if;\ MoZmcHrsm;jzifh tmPm wnfaqmifvmcJhygonf/ xdkif;
EdkifiHonf wnfqJzGJUpnf;yHkt& tpdk;&tzGJU? txufvTwfawmf (House of
Representatives) ESifh w&m;olBuD; tzGJU (Supreme Court) ponfh r@dKif (3)
&yfjzifh tcsif;csif;xdef;nd§aom (Check and Balance) pepfjzifh wnfaqmuf
xm;ygonf/ vTwfawmfonf Oya'jyKrIudk aqmif&Guf&NyD; vTwfawmf OuúX
wm0efonf tEdkif&ygwDrS rjzpf&yg/ odkUaomf &ifvwfonf vTwfawmf OuúX
tm; ¤if;\ MoZmcH wpfOD;udk a&G;cs,fcefUxm;cJhygonf/ &ifvwf tpdk;& tzGJU
onf “Blanket Amnesty” [k ac:onfh 2004 ckESpfrS 2013 ckESpftwGif;
jypf'PfcsrSwf cH&olrsm; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh Oya' wpf&yfudk xkwfjyefEdkif&ef
BudK;yrf ; cJhy gonf / þOya' touf 0if ygu ¤if ;\ tudk jzpfo l ouf qif
&Sifem0yf tygt0if ¤if;umvwGif t*wdvdkufpm;í jypf'PfcscH&olrsm;
tm;vHk ; vGwf N id rf ; csrf ; omcG i fh &rnfh tjyif 0efB uD ; csKyf a [mif ; tbDqpf
(Abhisit) ESifh vTwfawmftrwfa[mif; qGefouf (Suthep) wdkUudk vkyfBuH&ef
BuHpnfcJholrsm;yg vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh &&SdMurnf jzpfygonf/ ¤if;Oya'
rlMurf;onf vTwfawmfrSwpfqifh bk&ifxH twnfjyK&ef wifjyNyD;onfh tqifhxd
a&muf&SdcJhygonf/ ¤if;rSpwifí “People’s Democratic Force to Overthrow
Thaksinism-PDFOT” [laom oufqifrdom;pkudk jzKwfcsrnfh jynfolU 'Drdk
ua&pD wyfOD; (t0g0wf) ay:aygufvmum qefUusif qE´jy t"du½kPf;BuD;
pwifvmcJhygonf/
0efBuD;csKyf &ifvwf vufwGif xdkif;Edkifi\
H EdkifiHa&; y#dyu©jzpfpOfrsm;
udk atmufygtwdkif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf-
 – 2004 rS 2013 ckESpftwGif; Oya'
usL;vG efxm;olrsm; vG wfN idr f; csrf; omcGi fh a y;rnfh “Blanket
Amnesty” tm; jzLxdkif; tpdk;&tzGJUrS 1-11-2013 &ufaeUwGif
vTwfawmfodkU wifjycJhonf/ xdkU tjyif 2007 ckESpf zGJU pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk jyifqifonfh tajccHOya'rlMurf;tm; tpdk;&
tzGJUrS Senate odkU wifjycJh&m tpdk;&tzGJUtwGif; raMuvnfrIrsm;
jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/ qGefouf (Suthep) ESifh vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
(8) OD;onf vTwfawmfrS EIwfxGufNyD; OD;aqmif qE´jycJhMuonf/
qGefoufonf jynfolU'Drdkua&pD vIyf&Sm;rItzGJU (Civil Movement
of Democracy) udk OD;aqmifí tjcm;qefUusifa&;tzGJUrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;um oufqif aqGrsKd;awmfrsm;udk qefUusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;
ay:aygufvmcJhygonf/ 20-11-2013 &ufaeUwGif tajccHOya'
cHk½Hk;rS zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' jyifqifjcif; rlMurf;udk y,fcscJhyg
onf/ þumvtwGif; EdkifiHwumcHk½Hk; (International Court of
Justice) rS xdkif;-uarÇm'D;,m; e,fedrdwf tjiif;yGm;rIwGif uarÇm'D;,m;
bufodkU tEdkifay;onfh pD&if csufcsrSwfcJhygonf/ Suthep OD;pD;í
qefUusifbufrsm; yl;aygif;xm;onfh jynfolU'Drdkua&pD jyifqifa&;
aumfrwD (People’s Democratic Reform Committee) onf
25-11-2013 &ufaeUwGif tpdk;&½Hk;rsm;tm; 0ifa&mufjcif;? ydwfqdkUjcif;
ponfh qE´jyrIrsm; t&Sdefjr§ifhvkyfaqmifcJhygonf/ 28-11-2013
&ufaeUwGif qE´jyolrsm;onf befaumufNrdKU&Sd ppfXmecsKyfodkU
0ifa&mufcJhN yD; ppf buftm; ¤if ;wdkU ESifh yl ;aygif;&ef pnf; ½Hk;cJhyg
onf / 29-11-2013 &uf a eUwGi f ppf O D ; pD ; csKyf Adk v f csKyf BuD ;
Prayut Chan-o-cha rS ppfbufonf þta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifrnf
r[kwfaMumif;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;onfh vrf;pOfudk usifhoHk;Mu&ef
w&m;0if aMujimcJhygonf/ xdkumvtwGif; ppfbufESifh &JbufrS
t"du½kPf; ESdrfESif;jcif;? wm;qD;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfbJ at;aq;pGm
qufqHcJhonf/
– bk&ifharG;aeUtNyD; 9-12-2013 &uf
aeUwGif Suthep onf qE´jytiftm; (160000) cefUudk pkpnf;í
aemufqHk;wdkufyGJ (Final Battle) tjzpf t&Sdefjr§ifhwif cJhygonf/ 8-
12-2013 &ufaeUwGif 'Drdku&ufygwDrS vTwfawmf trwf (153) OD;
onf vTwfawmfrS EIwfxGufí tpdk;&tm; zdtm;ay;cJhygonf/
&ifvwfonf 9-12-2013 &ufaeUwGif vTwfawmfudk zsufodrf;
cJhNyD; 2-2-2014 &ufaeUwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yrnf
[k aMujimcJh ygonf/ 17-12-2014 &ufaeUwG if Suthep rS
awmif;qdkcsuf (3) &yfudk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ ¤if ;awmif ;qdk csuf
rsm;rSm a&G;aumufyGJ rusif;yrD jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&; (Reform)
jyKvkyf&ef? &ifvwf tpdk;&tzGJU EIwfxGufay;&efESifh Mum;umvudk
a&G; cs,f wifa jr§ muf xm;olr sm; ryg0if onf h Mum;cH tzGJU tm;
wif ajr§muf NyD ; (12) vrS (18) vtwGi f; jyefvnfz GJU pnf;
aqmif & Guf & ef w dkU jzpf ygonf / 26-12-2013 &uf a eUwG if
tm;upm;½Hka&SUü &JESifh qE´jyolrsm;tMum; t"du½kPf;jzpfyGm;NyD;
qE´jyolrsm;\ ypfcwfrIaMumifh &JESifh t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqHk;um
vl (400) ausmf 'Pf&m&&SdcJhygonf/ 27-12-2013 &ufaeUwGif
ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfBuD; Prayuth onf ½kyfjrifoHMum;rSwpfqifh
wyf rawmf rS aemuf wpfB udrf tmPmod rf ;rI rjzpf vdk aMumif; ?
odkUaomf tcsdefu pum;ajymrnfjzpfaMumif ;? ppfwyftaejzifh
rdrdwdkU vkyfydkifcGifhxuf ausmfvGefí raqmif&GufvdkaMumif;? tiftm;
toHk;rjyKvdkaMumif;? jyóemudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm awGUqHkajz&Sif;onfh
enf ; tm; toHk ;jyK&ef wdk ufwG ef;vdkaMumif ; xkwfjyef aMujimcJh
onf / 28-12-2013 &uf a eUwG i f Ed k i f i H a &; ygwD (58) ck r S
a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf&ef rSwfyHkwifMuygonf/
– 2-1-2014 &ufaeUwGif Suthep onf
vufa0SU½Hk qE´jyyGJwGif rdefUcGef;ajymMum;NyD; befaumuf odrf;ydkufrI
ppfqifa &; (Operation Occupy Bangkok) udk csjycJhygonf/
vl trsm;oGm;vmrI rysuf apbJ t"d uae&mrsm;udk xd ef;csKyf
&efom jzpfaMumif; wDADG? tifwmeuf? Facebook rsm;rSwpfqifh
0g'jzefUcJhonf/ t"du½kPf;onf jyif;xefqJjzpfNyD; vufeufi,f
rsm;? vufypfAHk;rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufMuojzifh aoaMu'Pf&m &rIrsm;
&SdcJhygonf/ 4-1-2014 &ufaeUwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;Xme (CAPO) rS qE´jyolrsm;udk w&m;pGJ ta&;,lrnf
jzpfaMumif; aMujimonf/ 7-1-2014 &ufaeUwGif &ifvwfrS
¤if;\ Facebook pmrsufESmwGif rdrdwdkUtpdk;&udk tmPm jyefvnf
rtyfESif;vdkygu a&G;aumufyGJwGif Edkifatmifvkyfyg [lí twdtvif;
qGay;cJhygonf/ 7-1-2014 &ufaeUwGif jzLxdkif;ygwDrS vTwfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh or0g,r 'k0efBuD;onf vlxk
wpfaomif;cefUa&SUwGif &ifvwf 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fcH
&ygu olrtm; ]]Edkb,f Nidrf;csrf;a&;qk}} csD;jr§ifh&ef trnfpm&if;
wifoGif;rnf[k xkwfajymcJhygonf/ ¤if;umvwGif teD0wfrsm;
onf qE´ j yyG J t m; wef j yef u m ]]tmPm&S i f qef U usif o nf h
'Drdkua&pD nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; - United Front for Democracy
Against Dictatorship – UDD’’ udk zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ 13-1-2014
&ufaeUwGif 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD OuúX jzpfol tbDqpf\ aetdrf
odkU M-26 vufypfAHk;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrI jzpfcJhonf/ xdk
&ufydkif;twGif; qE´jy&mae&mtESHUwGif AHk;aygufuGJrIrsm; jzpfyGm;
cJhNyD; NrdKUawmf0ef\ aetdrfudkyg vufypfA;Hk jzifh ypfcwfrI jzpfyGm;cJh
onf/ 21-1-2014 &ufaeUwGif tpdk;&rS &ufaygif; (60) ta&;ay:
umvtjzpf aMujimcJhygonf/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif Suthep
url ¤if;wdkUtaejzifh tEdkif &onftxd qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;
rnfjzpfaMumif; xkwfazmfaMujimcJhonf/ 31-1-2014 &ufaeU
wGif csif;rdkifc½dkif&Sd oufqif\ ZmwdNrdKUwGif UDD taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;rS befaumuftm; od rf;ydkufcH &ygu befaumuf
rygbJ &yfwnfEdkifonfh xdkif;EdkifiHNrdKUawmfudk csif;rdkifodkU ajymif;a&TUNyD;
xdkif;EdkifiHtm; (2) ydkif;cGJ&ef? ajrmufydkif;a'owGif jynfe,f (77) ck
teuf (37) ck yg0if a eNyD ; &J w yf z G J U tif t m;jzif h vH k N cH K a&;
aqmif& Guf &ef cGJ xGu fa&; tqdkj yKcsuf udk xkwfjyefc Jh ygonf/
xdkumvtxd xdkif;ppfwyfrS rnfonfhbufrS rygbJ Mum;ae cJhyg
onf/
2-2-2014 &ufaeUwGif a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;ycJhygonf/ a&G ;aumufyGJ rusif;yrD &S yf0grsm;rS ydwfqdkU
wm;qD;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhonf/ jynfe,f (87) ck teuf jynfe,f (10)
ckwGif a&G;aumufyGJtm; aESmuf,SufrIrsm;aMumifh a&G;aumufyGJ
ratmifjrifcJhyg/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif vHkNcHKa&; &Jtiftm; (2) odef;
cefUjzifh rJ½Hk (93515) ck tm; vHkNcHKa&; wm0ef,lcJhygonf/ xdk
umvwGif &Syf0gwdkU\ vIyf&Sm;rIonf &yfwefUjcif; r&SdbJ qufvuf
qE´jyqJ jzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkUonf a&G;aumufyGJudk todtrSwf
rjyKcJhyg/ xdkif;ppfwyfonf a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif vdktyfonfh ae&m
rsm;ü vufeufrJhjzifh vHkNcHKa&; aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? qE´jyrIESifh
eD;pyfonfh ae&mrsm;wGif aq;0g; ukoay;jcif;? ,mOfvrf;aMumif;
xdef;odrf; ay;jcif; ponfwdkUudk ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf/ 5-
2-2014 &ufaeUwGif xdkif;&mZ0wf cHk½Hk;rS qE´jyvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif
yg0ifolrsm;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwfjyef aMujimcJhygonf/ 14-2-
2014 &uf a eUwG i f t"d u ½k Pf ; ES d rf E S if ; onf h &J r sm;onf
bef aumufN rdKU&Sd qE´j yae&mrsm;wG if wJ rsm; z,f &S m;jcif ;ESifh
&Sif;vif;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ 19-2-2014 &ufaeUwGif
t"du½kPf; ESdrfESif;a&; &Jrsm;udk vufypfAHk;jzifh ypfcwf wdkufcdkuf
jcif;aMumifh &JwpfOD;? t&yfom; (4) OD; aoqHk;NyD; (64) OD; 'Pf&m
&&SdcJhygonf/ 14-2-2014 &ufaeYwGif &Syf0g acgif;aqmif Suthep
rS &ifvwfESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;udk y,fcscJhygonf/
– 15-3-2014 &ufaeUwGif &SyfeD acgif;aqmifopf
Tida Tawornseth wufvmNyD; ¤if;taejzifh jyif;xefonfh wdkufyGJ
qifETJrnf[k ajymMum;cJhygonf/ 29-3-2014 &ufaeUwGif &Syf0g
Suthep acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJUonf befaumufNrdKU? vkyÁeD (Lumbini)
O,smOfwG if pka 0;í a&G ;aumufyGJ rjyKvkyf rD Reform udk t&if
aqmif&Guf&ef uefUuGuf qE´jycJhMuygonf/ rwfvtwGif; qlylrI?
AHk;ayguf uGJrI? aoaMu'Pf&m &&SdrIrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;cJhyg
onf/
– 0efBuD;csKyf &ifvwf vufxuf 30-9-2011
&ufaeUwGif olronf EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;aumifpD (NSC) taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL; Thawin Pliansri udk 0efBuD;csKyf½Hk; tBuHay;odkU
ajymif ; a&T U cefU tyf N yD ; bk& if h &J wyf z GJU (RTP) rS aumf r&S i f em
AdkvfcsKyf Wichian udk NSC taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfcefUtyf
cJhygonf/ ¤if;aemuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJU (RTP) aumfr&Sifem AdkvfcsKyf
wm0eftm; oufqif\ ,cifZeD;a[mif; Potjaman Shinawatra
\ tud k a wmf o l t m; cef U tyf w m0ef a y;cJ h o nf / ¤if ; ud p ö E S if h
pyfvsOf;í 0efBuD;csKyf tBuHay; Thawin rS þXme tBuD;tuJ
ajymif;a&TUrIrSm w&m;rQwrI r&Sdjcif;tay: tkyfcsKyfa&; w&m;½Hk;odkU
OD;wdkufavQmufxm;cJhygonf/ 7-3-2014 &ufaeUwGif w&m;½Hk;rS
þajymif;a&TUrIonf w&m;0ifaomfvnf; &mxl;a&TUcH&ol Thawin
udk ajymif;a&TU&jcif; taMumif;jycsuftm; cdkifvHkpGmay;EdkifrI r&Sd
onfhtwGuf ¤if;\ rlv wm0efudk (45) &uftwGif; jyefay;&ef
pD&iftrdefUcsrSwf cJhygonf/ ¤if;pD&ifcsuftay: &ifvwfonf
0efBuD;csKyf wpfOD;\ rlabmiftwGif;rS aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfaMumif;ESifh
¤if;tudkESifh ZeD;a[mif;rSm w&m;0ifuGm&Sif;NyD;jzpfí Potjaman \
tudk t m; cefU tyf jcif ; onf rdom;pk ES if h rouf qd k if aMumif ; ?
xdkU aMumifh w&m;½Hk;\ trdefU udk vuf rcHa Mumif; jyefMum;cJh yg
onf/
– atmuf vTwfa wmf trwf Paiboon
Nititawan rS ¤if;udpöESifhpyfvsOf;í zGJU pnf;yHk tajccHOya' cHk½Hk;
(Constitutional Court) od kU &ifvwftm; 0efB uD; csKyf wm0efrS
z,f&Sm;&ef OD;wdkufavQmufxm;cJhygonf/ &ifvwfonf tmPmudk
tvGTJoHk;pm; vkyfjcif;ESifh rdom;pk aqGrsKd;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;udkom
OD;pm;ay;í EdkifiHawmftusKd;udk xdcdkufapaMumif; aMumif;jycJhyg
onf/ 7-5-2014 &ufaeUwGif &ifvwftm; 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS
½kwfodrf;cJhNyD; olrtm; taxmuftuljyKaeonfh 0efBuD; (9) OD;udk
vnf; &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;cJhygonf/ xdkUaemuf usef&Sdaeonfh 0efBuD;
rsm;rS 'kwd, 0efBuD;csKyf Boonsongpaisan tm; ,m,D 0efBuD;csKyf
tjzpf a&G;cs,fcefUtyfapNyD; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&udk zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyf
apcJhygonf/ &Syf0g Suthep onf þtzGJUudk todtrSwf rjyKbJ
¤if;\ tqdkjyKcsuftay:wGifom &yfwnfa ecJh ygonf/ &Syf eD
UDD rsm;rSvnf; Constitutional Court ESifh Senate wdkUonf
Oya'ESifhtnD aqmif&Gufjcif; r&SdaMumif; xkwfaz:í EdkifiHa&;
y#dyu©rSm qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifqJ jzpfaecJhonf/ 20-5-2014
 &ufaeUwGif xdkif;ppfwyfrS wpfEdkifiHvHk;tm; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; aMujim
cJh NyD; 22-5-2014 &uf a eUwG if tmPmodrf ; um Ad kvf csKyfB uD ;
Prayuth OD;pD;onfh National Peace and Order Maintaining
Council (NPOMC) udk zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfcJh ygonf/ txufyg EdkifiHa&;
y#dyu©jzpfpOfaMumifh 16-5-2014 &ufaeUtxd aoqHk;ol (28) OD;?
'Pf&m&ol (825) OD; &SdcJhNyD; (12) OD;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh&ygonf/
bwfaiG wefzdk;rSm (3) ESpftwGif; tqdk;qHk;usqif;cJhNyD; pD;yGm;a&;udk
tBuD;tus,f xdcdkufrIjzpfapcJhygonf/
xdkif;ppfwyfonf 20-5-2014 &ufaeUwGif ppftkyfcsKyfa&; aMujimtNyD;
aemufwpf&ufwGif xdkif;ppfXmecsKyfodkU EdkifiHa&;ygwDrS wm0efcHrsm; tm;vHk;udk
zdwf ac:í wH cg;ydwf n§d EIdi f; tpnf;ta0; aqmif&Gu fapcJh ygonf/ xdk if ;
wyfrawmfrS EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; Nidrf;csrf;pGm tajz&Smonfh enf;vrf;wpf&yf
azmfxkwf&ef ¤if;wdkUtcsif;csif; aqmif&Gufapygonf/ tu,fí tajz rxGuf
ygu 'kwd,aeU 22-5-2014 &ufaeUwGif xyfrHíaqG;aEG;aprnf[k BudKwif
today;cJhygonf/ yxraeUwGif tajzrxGufí 'kwd,aeUwGif xdkif;ppfwyf
tBuD;tuJrsm; udk,fwdkif wufa&mufí aphpyfay;ygonf/ ¤if;'kwd,aeUwGif
vnf; wpfzufESifh wpfzuf n§dEIdif;í r&ojzifh xdkif;ppfwyfrS tmPmodrf;aMumif;
aMujimcJh ygonf / ¤if;aemuf &ifvwf tygt0if Ekd ifiHa &;orm;rsm;udk
tus,fcsKyfjzifh xdef;odrf;xm;cJhygonf/ &ifvwftm; (2) &uf tMumwGif jyefvTwf
ay;cJhNyD; usefEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk wpfygwftwGif; jyefvTwfay;cJhygonf/
xdkif;tmPmodrf;tzGJU (NPOMC) udk ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfBuD; Prayut rS
OD;aqmifNyD; avcsKyfudk EdkifiHh pD;yGm;a&;u@? a&csKyfudk vlrIa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;
u@rsm;wGif wm0efay;tyfcJhygonf/ tpdk;&Xmersm;udkvnf; XmetBuD;tuJ
rsm;tm; ,ciftwdkif; yHkpHrysuf wm0ef,lapcJhygonf/ xdkif;ppfwyfrS tmPm
odrf;NyD; xl;jcm;onfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; awGU&ygonf-
 I – xdkif;ppfwyfrS tmPmodrf;NyD;aemuf
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;? qefUusifvdkolrsm;? pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk
aeUpOf ac:,lawGUqHkí qHk;rMo0g' ay;ygonf/ qifhac:í rvm
oludk Oya' qefUusifoltjzpf ppfw&m;½Hk; wifrnf[k owfrSwf
xm;ojzifh trsm;pkrSm vma&mufcJhMuygonf/ qE´jycGifh? vlpka0;cGifh
wdkU tm; vHk ; 0 cG ifh rjyKcJhy g/ qefUusif onfh oauF wjzpf onfh
vufoHk;acsmif; axmifolrsm;udkyg ta&;,lygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;\ ausmaxmufaemufcH ½kyfjrifoHMum;vdkif;rsm;udkyg ydwfypfcJh
ygonf/ tifwmeuf? Facebook udkyg ydwfypfcJhygonf/
- tmPmodrf; xdkif;ppfwyfonf
&ufaygif; (90) twGif; Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf
Mum;jzwftpdk;& zGJUpnf;ay;rnf[k aMujimcJhygonf/ xdkUtjyif
befaumuf&Sd oHtrwfrsm;udk ac:,lawGUqHkí &Sif;vif; wifjyrI
jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ xdkUtjyif EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;Xme tBuD;tuJ
rsm;udk tdrf eD;csif;Edkif iHrsm;odkU apvTwfNyD; &Sif ;vif;wifjyrIrsm;
jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ ppfbufrS aqmif&GufrI wpfpkHwpf&mESifhywfoufí
aumvm[v toHxGufvmwdkif; jynfolodkU tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD
&Sif;vif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;Muonf/
- t"du jyóemrSm qef 0,f,lrI
udpöESifh t*wd vdkufpm;rI udpöwdkU jzpfonf/ &ifvwf 0efBuD;csKyf
jzpfvmNyD;aemuf awmifolv,form;rsm;xHrS qefrsm;udk t½IH;cH
0,f,lonfh tpDtpOf Rice Subsidy Scheme tpDtpOf wpf&yf
udk taumiftxnfazmfcJhygonf/ tpdk;&onf v,form;rsm;xHrS
qeftm; urÇmhaygufaps;xuf 50% jrifhrm;onfh EIef;xm;jzifh
0,f,lcJhonf/ þodkU0,f,ljcif;jzifh 2013 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;wGif
v,form;rsm;odkU aiGay;acs&ef pDrHb@ma&;0efBuD;XmewGif aiG
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ta<u;&&ef &SdvmcJhMuonf/ 2013 ckESpf 'DZifbmv txd v,form;
rsm;udk aiGay;acs&ef xdkif;bwfaiG (130) bDvD,H txd &Sdvm
cJhonf/ v,form;rsm;rS tpdk;&tay: w&m;pGJqdkrI? qE´jyrIrsm;
jyKvkyfvmcJhonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH t*wdvdkufpm;rI ESdrfESif;a&; aumfr&Sif
(National Anti-Corruption Commission-NACC) rS azazmf0g&Dv
wG if &ifvwf tpdk; &tay: ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJhygonf/
&ifvwf tpdk;&onf qef0,f,lonfh tpDtpOfwGif ¤if;ESifhruif;
olrsm;udk 0,f,la&; tcGifhtmPmrsm; ay;cJhonf/ qefrsm;udk qefpuf
ydk if&S ifrsm;xHrS odkavSmif½Hkrsm;wGif t"du tyf ESHMu&ygonf/
qef0,f,lol rsm;onf odkavSmifEdkifonfh yrmPxuf ausmfvGef
0,f,ljcif;? qeftaumif;ESifh raumif;vJvS,fí jyifyxkwfa&mif;
jcif;? tpdk;& BudKwifaiGudk tvGJoHk;pm;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhygonf/ 2014
ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif w½kwfEdkifiHonf xdkif;EdkifiHrS qef wefcsdef
wpfoef;ausmf 0,f,lrItm; xdkif;EdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeonfh qef
0,fjcif; t*wdvdkufpm;rI tajctaeaMumifh y,fzsufcJhojzifh
xdkif;qef tajrmuftrsm;rSm a&mif;rxGufbJ ydwfrdaecJhonf/
¤if;qefrsm;rSm wpfpxuf wpfp ysufpD;vmcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyóem
onf xdkif;EdkifiHa&; y#dyu©\ tBuD;rm;qHk;aom tpdkiftcJBuD;
wpf&yf jzpfaecJhygonf/ ppftpdk;& wufvmNyD;aemuf ppfbuf
tmPmydkifrS v,form;rsm;&&ef a<u;usefukd wpfvtwGif; ay;acs
Edkif&ef bPfrsm;rS taxmuftyHh &,lum aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
28-6-2014 &ufaeUwGif aemufqHk;xm;í wpfEdkifiHvHk; taejzifh
v,form;rsm;xHodkU qef zdk ;ta<u; tm;vH k;ud k tNyD;tjywf
&Sif;vif; aqmif&Gufay;&ef trdefUwpf&yf xkwfjyefcJhygonf/
 - 0efBuD;csKyf &ifvwf vufxufwGif
aqGrsKd;om;csif; rdwfaqGrsm;udk txl;tcGifhta&;ay;í t*wd
vdkufpm;rIrsm; &SdcJhygonf/ Oyrm- “One student One Tablet”
pepft& wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif rlvwef;rSpí wuúodkvftxd ausmif;om;
wpfOD; Tablet wpfck pDrHudef;? EdkifiHydkif xDvkyfief;wGif udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; aps;wifa&mif;csrI? rdrdwpfoufwm umvtwGif; armfawmfum;
ydkifqdkifrI r&SdcJholrsm;tm; txl;tpDtpOfjzifh tcGef 50% avQmhí
t&pf us aiG a y;acsrI jzifh 0,f,l j cif ; tpD tpOf tp&S d onf h
vkyfief;rsm;wGif t*wd vdkufpm;rIrsm; rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ þodkUjzifh
&ifvwf tpdk;&onf jynfoludk ]]ta<u; axmifacsmuf}} twGif;
usa&mufapcJh onf [k a0zef r Irsm; &Sd aecJh onf/ Edki fiH twGif;
aiGvSnfhywfrIrsm;vnf; wkefUqdkif;um pD;yGm;a&; usqif;cJh&onf/
ppftpdk;&onf ¤if;vkyfief;rsm;tm; ac:,lppfaq;um ta&;,lrI
rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ xdkUtjyif tpdk;&Xmeqdkif&mrsm;ü t"du ae&m
rsm;wGif &ifvwfESifh ruif;olrsm;udkvnf; ac:,lawGUqHkum owday;
ta&;,ljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
- 2010 ckESpfwGif
xdkif;EdkifiH? befaumufNrdKUü a&BuD;jcif;udk aMumif;jyí befaumufNrdKU
a&BuD;jcif;rS umuG,f&ef udk;&D;,m;EdkifiHrS K-Water ukrÜPDESifh
bwfaiG oef;aygif; (2) oef;ausmf &Sdonfh pDrHudef;tm; ppfaq;cJh
ygonf/ xdkpDrHudef;wGif t*wd vkdufpm;rIrsm; &Sdonf[k trsm;u
,HkMunfcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf K-Water ukrÜPD OuúXESifh
oufqifwdkU EdkifiHjcm;wGif awGUqHkaerI "gwfyHktm; rD'D,mrsm;rS
azmfjycJhygonf/ tjref EIef;jrifh &xm;pDrHudef;wGifvnf; tvm;wl
&SdcJhygonf/
 - ppftpdk;&onf
xdkif;EdkifiH zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' topfa&;qGJ&ef vlwpf&m ausmfcefU
yg0ifonfh aumfr&SiftzGJUudk zGJUpnf;apí BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;
aqmif&GufapcJhygonf/
 xdkif;EdkifiHü 1932 ckESpfwGif ppfbufrS OD;aqmifNyD; EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;rS
tmPmodrf;,lcJhonfh tcsdefrSpí oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepf csKyfNidrf;oGm;cJhNyD;
zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' ay:aygufvmum vTwfawmfrsm; zGJUpnf;vmcJhonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí tajccHOya'tm; tBudrf (20) cefUtxd jyKjyifa&;qGJvmcJh&m
2017 ckESpfwGif aemufqHk;tBudrf jyKjyif a&;qGJcJhonf/ 2017 ckESpf tajccH
Oya't& xdkif;EdkifiH vTwfawmfrsm;\ vuf&Sd zGJUpnf;yHkrSm txufvTwfawmf
(Senate)? atmufvTwfawmf (House of Representatives) ESifh ¤if;vTwfawmf
(2) &yfwdkU aygif;pyfxm; onfh trsKd;om;vTwfawmf (National Assembly –
Bicameral Type) wdkUjzpfonf/ trsKd;om;vTwfawmfwGif txufvTwfawmf
xdkifcHkae&m (250) ESifh atmufvTwfawmf xdkifcHkae&m (500) wdkUjzifh pkpkaygif;
xdkifcHk ae&m (750) &Sdonf/ txufvTwfawmf xdkifcHkae&m (250) onf
a&G;cs,fcH r[kwfbJ xdkif;ppfbufrS tqdkjyKxm;onfh ae&mrsm; jzpfonf/
txuf vTwfawmfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifrI r&SdbJ
Oya'jyK tmPmudk tuefUtowfjzifh xm;&Sdonf/ vTwfawmfoufwrf;rSm
(6)ESpf jzpfNyD; txufvTwfawmf trwfrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh tpdk;&
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u xdef;csKyfjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onf/ txufvTwfawmf (250)
wGif wyfrawmfom; (90) OD;? &J (14) OD;ESifh jynfol (146) OD; jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;
onf/ atmufvTwfawmf (500) wGif (350) rSm First Past The Post System
– (FPTP) (Edkifol tukef,l pepf) jzpfNyD; usef (150) ae&mrSm Party-list
Proportional Representation Systems – (PR) pepf jzpfonf/ atmuf
vTwfawmf oufwrf;rSm (4) ESpf jzpfonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH vTwfawmfwGif trwf
ae&m pkpkaygif;\ oHk;yHk wpfyHkudk ppfbufrS vTrf;rdk;xm;onf/
 yHk (3) xdkif;Edkifi\
H txufvTwfawmf zGJUpnf;yHk

Military – 90 seats Police – 14 seats Civilian – 146 seats

(ta½G;cs,fcH udk,p
f m;vS,r
f sm; r[kw?f ppfwyfrS tqdkjyKxm;olrsm; jzpfonf/)

yHk(4) xdkif;EdkifiH\ atmufvTwfawmf zGJUpnf;yHk

1932 ckESpfrS 2014 ckES pftxd xdkif ;Edk ifiH\ e,fbuf-ppfbuf

qufqHa&;udk atmufygtwdkif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf-

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oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepfudk
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csKyfNidrf;aponfh tmPm
edrfh qdkufa&muf? 'kwd,
odrf;rI? ppfbuf aemufcHjzifh
urÇmppfjzpf/
0efBuD;csKyfrS tmPm&,l/
 ppfbufaemufcH 0efBuD;csKyf 'kwd, urÇmppf
2 1944 rS 1947 xd jrifh
tm;z,f&Sm;jcif;/ NyD;qHk;/
ppfbufrS tmPmodrf;?
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tmPm&&Sdvm/
ta&SUawmif tm&S
omref ppfbuftmPmodrf;jcif;ESifh wGif tar&duef\
4 1973 rS 1976 xd
(e,fbuf tom) awmf0ifrdom;pk pGufzufrI/ ppfa&;pGufzufrI
tqHk;owf/
vmtdk? AD,uferf ESifh
Adkvfoifwef; trSwfpOf (7)
5 1976 rS 1979 xd edrfh uarÇm'D;,m; wdkUwGif
tzGJU\ tmPmodrf;rI/
uGefjrLepfrsm; pdk;rdk;rI/
EdkifiHawmf tmPmydkif
AD,uferf wyfzGJUrsm;
omref tzGJUtpnf;wGif ppfbuf
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(ppfbuf tom) aemufcH&Sdolrsm; a&G;cs,f
0ifa&muf/
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ppfat;wdkufyGJ
omref ppfbufaemufcH&Sdolrsm;
7 1988 rS 1991 xd NyD;qHk;jcif;? tmPm&Sif
(e,fbuf tom) tmPm&&Sdvmjcif;/
pepfusqHk;jcif;/
Adkvfoifwef; trSwfpOf (5)
8 1991 rS 1992 xd edrfh -
tzGJU\ tmPmodrf;rI/
tdrfapmifh tpdk;&wuf?
a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y? vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD
9 1992 rS 2001 xd jrifh t"du½kPf;rsm; jzpfyGm;? wwd,vIdif; BuD;xGm;
awmf0ifrdom;pkrS 0ifa&muf vmrI/
pGufzufrI/
tmPm&Sif 0g'
t&yfbuf tpdk;& tmPm qkwf,kwfvmjcif;?
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tmPmodrf;jcif;?
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11 2006 rS 2008 xd
(e,fbuf tom) tzGJUrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI
&Sdvmjcif;/
 ppfbuf taxmuftuljyK
omref tpdk;& wufvmjcif;? awmf0if
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13 2013 rS 2021 xd edrfh EdkifiHa&; y#dyu©jzpf? ppfbufrS
tm&yfurÇm y#dyu©/
tmPmodrf;jcif;/

xdkif;EdkifiH\ e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;udk avhvm&mwGif xdkif;

EdkifiHa&;\ t"du r@dKifBuD; (4) &yfudk od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufrS jrifawGU
Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/ xdkif;EdkifiHa&;wGif bk&if? ppfwyf? e,fbuf EdkifiHa&;orm;
rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm; [lí r@dKifBuD; (4) &yf &Sdygonf/ bk&if\ tcef;
u@onf xkdkif;EdkifiHa&;wGif ta&;ygvsufyif &Sdaeygao;onf/ xdkif;bk&if
pepfudk ra0zeftyfaom taMumif;wpf&yftjzpf arG;&myg ,HkMunfrI &SdMuyg
onf/ bk&ifpepfudk a0zefygu wnfqJ xdkif;Edkifi\ H Oya't& EdkifiHtay:
opömazmufzsufrIjzifh tusKH;0ifaeonfh twGufvnf; a0zefrI rjyKcJhMuyg/
,cif xdkif;bk&if blrdabmonf urÇmwGif eef;ouft&SnfqHk; bk&ifwpfyg;
jzpfNyD; rif;usifhw&m; (10) yg;ESifhtnD &Sdjcif;aMumifh trsm;\ cspfcifav;pm;rI
udk &&Sdoljzpfygonf/ xdkif;bk&ifonf EdkifiHawmf\ wpfOD;wnf;aom twnfjyK
tmPmydkifvnf; jzpfygonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd xdkif;bk&if Am*sD,m avmifuGefonf
vlxkESifhuif;uGmNyD; wZGwfxdk; vkyfwwfí udk,fusifhw&m; xdef;odrf;rI nHhzsif;
onfhtwGuf tMunftndKysufcJhygonf/ xdkif;eef;awmfrS aqGrsKd;awmfrsm;onf
EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfoufaeMuvsuf &Sdygonf/
xdkUaMumifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; tmPmwnfNrJrIrSm ¤if;wdkU\ taxmuftyHhudk
vdktyfygonf/ xdkif;ppfwyfrSmrl 1932 ckESpf tmPmodrf;rIrS pwifí EdkifiHa&;
wGif ajcukwf&,lcJhygonf/ ,aeUtcsdefxd ppfwyfrS tmPmodrf;rI (22) Budrf
&SdcJhojzifh ppfwyf\ taxmuftyHh r&SdbJ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; &yfwnfEdkifrI r&Sd
cJhyg/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; taejzifh pwifzGJUpnf;pOfuyif EdkifiHa&; cH,lcsufxuf
udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ygvDrefodkU 0ifa&mufcGifh &&Sda&;udkom BudK;yrf;vmMu
onfh tojym EdkifiHa&; jzpfygonf/ csrf;omvQif qD;edwfvTwfawmftrwf jzpf
rnf/ trwfjzpfygu wdk;í csrf;omrnf[laom cH,lcsufom rsm;cJhygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;rSmrl ¤if;wdkU \ pD ; yGm;a&; pG rf ;tm;udk Edki fiH a &;jzifh
wnfaqmufvmMuygonf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk taxmuftulay;NyD; txl;
tcGifhta&;rsm; &,lum pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;tm;udk wnfaqmufMuygonf/ xdkif;
Edk ifiH a&; avmuwGif bk&if ? wyf rawmf ? EdkifiHa&;orm;? pD;yGm;a&;orm;
[lonfh tiftm;pkrsm;onfh olUenf;olU[efjzifh pnf;½Hk;a&; pGrf;tm;rsm; &SdcJhMu
ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf tmPm&&SdwnfNrJap&ef ppfbufpGrf;tm;udk
tdyfuyfxJodkU xnfhMuygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;uvnf; pD;yGm;a&; pGrf;tm;
jrifhrm;vmap&ef EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk tdyfuyfxJ xnfhMuygonf/ umv
a&GUavsmvmonfhtcg pD;yGm;a&; orm;rsm;u EdkifiHa&;ynm oif,lNyD; EdkifiHa&;
avmuwGif udk,fwdkif OD;aqmifrI tcef;u@&,lum EdkifiHa&;tmPmESifh
pD;yGm;a&; yg0gudk 'GefwGJ&,lí NydKifbufuif;onfh enf;AsL[mrsm; ajymif;vJ
toHk;jyKvmcJh Muygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHonf 'Drdkua&pDodkU ESpfaygif; (90) cefY txd
pOfqufrjywf OD;wnfavQmufvSrf;cJhonfh EdkifiHjzpfNyD; ,aeUwdkif yef;wdkif
ra&muf bJ ysuf vdkuf jyifvdkufjzifh oHo&mvnfaeonfh EdkifiH jzpf ygonf/
'Drdkua&pD pHEIef;t& e,fbuf\ vTrf;rdk;rI atmufwG if ppfbuf &Sd &rnf[k
qdkaomfjim;vnf; e,fbuf tmPmydkifonf ppfbufudk tmPmwnfNrJa&;
u@wGif vufok;H ud&d,mozG,f toHk;jyKaeonf/ 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;t&
trsm;qE´ rJES ifhtnD Edkif iHa wmf\ tmPmudk tyf ESif ;&rnfjzpfí tmPm
aemufuG,fwGif tojym yg0ifaeojzifh toJMum;rS rJwpfjym; tpm; tojym
Mum;rS rJwpfjym; jzpfvmcJhNyD; tojymEdkifiHa&; oHo&m0,f ,aeUxufwdkif
w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaeygonf/ þxdkif;EdkifiHa&; oHo&mrS 'Drdkua&pD cdkifrma&;
onf trsm;jynfol\ 'Drdkua&pDa&csdef jrifhrm;vmrItay: tajccHaMumif;?
'Drdkua&pD tajcrcdkifygu yef;wdkifrSm arQmfwdkif;a0;aernfjzpfaMumif; oHk;oyf
&&Sdygonf/
 e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif ppfbufonf EdkifiHawmf\ jynfy&ef
umuG,fa&; wm0efudkom e,fbuf xdef;csKyfrIjzifh aqmif&Guf&rnf qdkaom
Old Professionalism ESifh ppfbufrS EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;wm0efESihf trsdK;om;
EdkifiHa&; wm0efudkyg yl;wGJ xrf;aqmifonfh New Professionalism ½Iaxmifh
rsm;rS oHk;oyfwifjyoGm;ygrnf/ wnfqJ 2008-ckESpf? zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'
wG if Ed ki f iH awmf\ tajccH rl (6) &yf ü

[k azmfjyyg&SdonfhtwGuf vuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH\ wyfrawmf

onf wm0ef (2)&yf Dual-Function aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf/ zGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya't& wyfrawmfonf jynfolrS a&G ;cs,fwifajr§mufxm;onfh
e,fbuf tpdk;&ESifhtwl uefYowfcsufjzifhom trsdK;om; EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0if
yl;aygif;aqmif &Guf &ef jzpfonf udk avh vmawGU &Sd &ygrnf/ wyf rawmf\
t"duwm0ef (2) &yfrSm 'dkYwm0efta&; (3) yg;ESifh tajccH Oya'udk umuG,f
apmifha&Smuf&ef jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHawmf\ trsdK;om; EkdifiHa&; OD;aqmifrI tcef;
u@udk wyfrawmfrS OD;aqmifrnf[k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfbJ OD;aqmifrI tcef;
u@wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&efom jzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí pnf;urf;jynfh0onfh zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmf BuD;tm;
vuf&Sd wnfaqmufaecsdefwGif wyfrawmfonf trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; OD;aqmifrI
tcef;u@wGif yg0ifoifh^ roifhESifh wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHa&; tmPmudk
tpOfxm0& qkyfudkifxm;&ef &nf&G,fcsuf &Sd^ r&Sd ponfh Argument rsm;udk
e,fbuf-ppfbufqufqHa&; ½Iaxmifrh S wifjyvdkygonf/
a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufuyif tNrJwrf;
wyfrawmf[lí zGJUpnf;xm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg/ tiftm;tenf;i,f
om&Sdaom eef;awmfa pmifh wyf rsm;om &SdcJhygonf/ avhusifhrI?
vpmESifh p&dwfaxmufyHh rI [lívnf ; r&Sdyg/ ppfa&;t& aomf
vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;t& aomfvnf;aumif;?
tiftm;vdkcyJh gvsif &mjyK? axmifjyK aus;&GmvlxkrS pk½kH;a&muf&Sd
vmcJhMuNyD; trIawmf xrf;aqmifMuonfh wyfzGJUrsdK; jzpfygonf/
xdka cwf xdktcg uwnf;u e,fbuf t&yfom;tm;vHk ;onf
EdkifiHawmf\ vkdtyfcsuft& wm0efxrf;aqmifMu&rnfh ppfom;
rsm;[k rSwf,lMuonf/ ppfbufESifh e,fbuf wpfom;wnf; &SdcJh
MuNyD; wm0ef (2) &yfudk twlwuGxrf;aqmifonfh tpOftvm
&Sd cJhygonf/ odkYj zpfygí tiftm;awmifhwif;onfh wyfrawmf
&Sdonfh umvrsm;wGif wdkif;jynf wnfNidrfat;csrf;cJhonfh ordkif;
tpOftvm &SdcJhygonf/
vuf&Sd jrefrmh
wyfrawmfonf vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI umvtwGif; aygufzGm;
vmcJhygonf/ wyfrawmf\ zcifrSm AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; jzpfyg
onf/ AdkvfcsKyfonf EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
pkpnf;í &JabmfoHk;usdyf zGJUpnf;um *syefEdkifiHwGif ppfynm oif,l
cJhygonf/ &JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;? qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh
vuf,m 0g'Drsm; yg0ifcJhMuNyD; ¤if;wk\ dY yk*¾dKvfa&;t& ,HkMunfMu
onfh ygwDEdkifiHa&;udk ab;z,fxm;NyD; EkdifiHawmfudk ppfa&;ESifh
trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; enf;vrf;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;&,l&ef &nf&G,fcsuf
ESifhtwl oaE¨wnf aygufzGm;vmcJhonfh wyfrawmfjzpfygonf/
AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;udk ppfa&;xuf
EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;jzifh &,lcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfonf ppfa&;
t& aygufaygufvmjcif; r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;ESifh 'GefwGJaygufzGm;
vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
 jref rmh
wyfrawmf[lí pwifaygufzGm;vmcJhNyD; vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJ0ifpOf
umvwG if wyf rawmf \ rl0 g'oabmxm;ES ifh cH,l c suf rS m

jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;onfh

aemuf 1958-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif rdw¬Dvm
wyf rSL;rsm; nDvmcH rS EdkifiHawmf 0g'ESifh igwdkYt"dXmef (0g'a&;
yxrtqifh) tjzpf

jzpfonf [k aMujimcJh ygonf/ 1959

ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfvkyfief;pOf (0g'a&; 'kwd,tqifh) tjzpf

jzpfonf[k aMujimcJhygonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ay:aygufvmNyD; jrefrmhqk&d S,f vpfvrf;pOf
ygwDacwfwGif wyfrawmf\ t"du wm0efBuD; (2) &yfrSm
wm0ef
jzpfonf[k owfrSwfcJhygonf/ 1989 ckESpf? e0wESifh e,u tpdk;&
vufxufrSpí ,aeYwdkif wyfrawmf\ rl0g'oabmxm;rSm

wnf;[laom
jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHa&;ESifhtwl aygufzGm;
vmcJhNyD; wyfrawmf\ acwftqufquf rl0g'oabmxm;rsm;udk
avhvmrnfqdkvQif ppfbufESifh e,fbufwm0efBuD; (2) &yf (EdkifiHawmf
vHkNcHKa&;ESifh trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; wm0ef) udk 'GefwGJ aqmif&Guf&ef
csrSwfxm;onfudk jrifomrnf jzpfygonf/
 ,aeYwyfrawmfwGif aeYpOf &GwfqdkaeMu&
onfh wyfrawmf\ opömt"dXmefwGif wyfrawmfom;wkdif;onf
EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;wk\dY opömudk apmifhod½dkaoygrnf [laom
tcsuf rS m xd yf qHk ; rS yg&Sdygonf/ þonfr Sm wyf rawmf onf
EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY\ toufxufydkí wefzdk;xm;
aMumif; twdtvif; azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;wm0ef?
avhusifh a &; wm0ef ESi fh jynfolY tusdK;jyK vkyf ief; wm0ef wdkY udk
aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/ þwm0efBuD; (3) &yf xrf;aqmifEdkif&ef
twGuf wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk opömapmifhod rI? trd efY emcH rI?
pdwf"mwf cdkifrmrIES ifh ZGJowådjynfh0rI ? pnf;urf; aumif; rGef rI?
avhusifhom; jynfh0rI? wkdufpGrf;&nf jynfh 0rI? usef;rmMuHhcdkif rI?
tcsif;csif; &Jabmfpdwf xm;&SdrI? pGefYvTwf pGepfY m;rI? oEd̈Xmefpdwfjzifh
&nfrSef;csuf NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufrI wnf;[laom
ESihftnD &Sdapa&;twGuf ysdK;axmif avhusifhay;
vsuf&Sdygonf/ ppfonfwdkif ; pdwf"mwf? pnf;urf;? opöm?
pnf;vHk;rIESifh pGrf;&nf (3) &yf jynfhpHkrI[laom
ESifh jynfhpHkaeap&ef xm0pOf BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf &dSyg
onf/ txuf azmf jyyg wyf rawmf\ pHE Ief; rsm; jynfh 0ap&ef
wyf&if;^ wyfzGJUrsm;udk avhusifha&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pnf;½Hk;a&;ESifh
pdwf"mwf[laom wyfrawmf\
jzifh taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufa evsuf &Sd ygonf/ ,aeY
wyf rawmf onf rdrd qE´ tavsmuf ppfr Ixrf ;aqmif vkd onfh
Ekd ifiH om;rsm;jzifh om pkzGJUxm;aom tzGJUtpnf; wpf&yf jzpfyg
onf/ pnf;pepfwusjzifh jynfoludk tusdK;jyK&ef zGJUpnf;xm;aom
wyf rawmf jzpfygonf/ txufyg wyf rawmf \ pHEI ef ;rsm;udk
avh vmvQif Edk if i H a wmf vHk j cHK a&;ES i f h jynf olu dk tusdK ;jyKrnf h
 trsdK;om;Edkif iHa &; wm0efudkyg aqmif &GufEdk if&ef wnfa qmuf
xm;onfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf tjzpf ½IUjrifEdkifygonf/ þonfrSm
ordkif;ay; wm0ef[lívnf; rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
Dual-Function

xkdokdY
EdkifiHawmf\ trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; wm0efudkvnf; pnf;urf;wus? pepfwus
wm0ef,l aqmif&GufEdkif&ef pkzGJUavhusifhay;xm;onfh wyfrawmfjzpfygonf/
odkYygí Argument jzpfonfh

(Strongest Institution)

wyfrawmfu yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSom vdk&m&nfrSef;csufodkY ajzmifhajzmifh

rwfrwf qdkufa&mufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
Argument jzpfaom wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHa&;
tmPmudk tpOfxm0& qkyfudkifxm;vdkjcif; &Sd^ r&Sd qdkjcif;wGif wyfrawmfonf
jrefrmEdk ifiHwGif tmPmodrf;rI (2) Budrf aqmif&GufcJh ygonf/ yxrtBudrf
tmPmodrf;rIrSm 1962 ckESpf? 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\ yxp tpdk;&acwfwGif jzpfyg
onf/ xdkacwf EdkifiHa&;tajctaeudk avhvmvQif ygvDref 'Drdkua&pD pepf
jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfh yxp(oefY&Sif;zqyv) tzGJUonf 1960 jynfhESpf? {NyDv
(5) &ufaeYwGif tmPm&&SdcJhNyD; rMumcif OD;? Adkvf? ociftkyfpkrsm;\ tuGJtNyJ
Zmwfvrf;rsm; pwifcJhonf/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& vufxufwGif tmPmpGefYcJh&onfh
&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;tzGJYrsm; wnfaxmifMuNyD; tmPmjyefvnf&&Sda&;ESifh
cGJxGufa&;twGuf awmif;qdkrIrsm; &SdvmcJhygonf/ 1961 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv
wGif tqdkyg apmfbGm;rsm;onf awmifBuD;wGif jynfvHk;uRwf nDvmcHusif;yNyD;
apmfbGm; tmPm rpGefY&a&;ESifh cGJxGufa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhygonf/ cGJxGufa&;udk
OD;aqmif awmif;qdkonfh pyfcGefcsdKonf (&wpnz) ygwDudk vnf;aumif;?
oDaygapmfbGm;ESifh rdkif;&,fapmfbGm;wkdYonf (&ynz) ygwDudk vnf;aumif;
toD;oD;zGJYpnf;í aiGtm;? vltm;yHhydk;um wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuygonf/ ¤if;awmifBuD;
nDvmcHrS jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jyifqif
a&;qGJa&;? BudK;udkifaumfrwD(&Srf;jynfe,f) udkzGJUpnf;NyD; zuf'&,frl awmif;qdk
cJhygonf/ ¤if;wkdYwifjyonfh zuf'&,frlrSm jynfe,f (5) ckESifh tqifhtwef;
wlnDaom Armjynfe,f zGJYpnf;a&;yif jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu jynfe,f rzGJY&
ao;onfh csif;? &ckd ifES ifh weoFm&Dwdkif ;wdk Yudk Armjynfe,fxJ xnfhoGif;NyD;
zGJY pnf; &efj zpf ygonf/ jynf axmif pk vTwf awmf ES ifh vlrsdK ;pkvT wfa wmf wG if
udk,f pm;vS,f rsm;tm;vHk; tcsdK;nD yg0if &rnf/ A[dktpdk ; &onf Edk if iHj cm;
qufoG,fa&;? umuG,fa&;? b@ma&;? aiGpuúLyHkESdyfa&;? jynfaxmifpk w&m;
pD&ifa&;? yifv,fqdyfurf; tcGefaumufa&;ESifh b@maiG cGJa0rIom udkif&
rnf/ jynfe,ftm;vHk; vHk;0 udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; (Complete Autonomy)
ay;&rnf[lí jzpfonf/ tqdkyg zuf'&,frl awmif;qdkrIudk BudK;udkifaumfrwDrS
tzGJU0if apmfbGm;a[mif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif; (32) OD;rS vufrSwf
a&;xkd;NyD; 25-2-61 &ufaeYwGif twnfjyKí w&m;0if awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
yxr tpdk;&onf zuf'&,frludk vufrcHyg/ 1-3-61 &ufaeYwGif vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk &efukefwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJh&m &Sr;f apmfbGm;a[mif;rsm;u
zuf'&,f r&vQif csufcsif;cGJxGufrnf[k twdtvif; Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhygonf/
yxp tpdk;&onf zuf'&,fawmif;qdkrIudk rajz&Sif;EdkifrD 26-8-61 &ufaeY
wGif Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf tajccHOya'udk jyifqifjyXmef;
vdkufygonf/ xdktcg ucsif aomif;usef;olrsm; x<uvmygonf/ jynfwGif;
aomif;usef;olrsm; e,fajrtESHY tiftm;BuD;xGm;aecsdefwGif wyfrawmfonf
ulrifwef w½kwfjyL (KMT) tiftm; (15000) cefYudk xdk;ppfBuD; qifETJaecsdef
jzpfygonf/ 1961 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif KMT rsm;tm; vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;
csay;&ef tar&duef axmufyHha&; av,mOfwpfpD; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcJh&m
wyfrawmf (av) rS Mum;jzwf wdkufcdkufypfcscJhNyD; tqdkyg wyfrawmf(av) \
wdkufav,mOfvnf; ysufuscJNh yD; avol&J AdkvfyDwm usqHk;cJhygonf/ þjzpfpOf
udk jrefrmrS ukvor*¾odkY wdkifMum;cJh&onftxd jzpfcJhygonf/ xdkumvwGif
&Srf; apmfbGm;a[mif;rsm;onf ulrifwefw½kwfjzLrsm;ESifh qufoG,fjcif;? ta&SU
awmiftm&S ]]qD;wkd;}}(SEATO) tzGJY ESifh vQdKU0Suf qufoG,fjcif; ponfh
taxmuf txm;rsm; &&S d cJh ygonf / þokd Yj zifh tif 'dk csdKif ; em; ppf rD ; onf
jrefrmEdkifiHodkY ul;pufvmEdkifonfh tajctaeodkY qdkufa&mufaecJhygonf/
þodkY aom tajctaewGif yxp tpdk; &onf 'D rk dua&pD enf;vrf ;t&
zuf'&,frludk rJcGJqHk;jzwf&eftqifhtxd a&muf&SdcJhygonf/ yxp tpdk;& twGif;
wGifvnf; pnf;vHk;rI r&SdonfhtwGuf rJcGJygu tajzrSm wpfrsdK;wpfrnf ajymif;vJ
oGm;Edkifonfh tajctaeodkY qdkufa&mufaecJhonfhtwGuf 2-2-62 &ufaeU
wG if wyf rawmfrS tmPmodrf;cJh &jcif; jzpfygonf/ wyf rawmf rS tmPm
od rf;jcif;onf tmPm&,lvkdí r[kwfbJ wdkif ;jynfN ydKuGJ rnfh tEÅ&m,frS
xdef;odrf;cJhjcif;om jzpfygonf/
wyf rawmf onf Edk if iHawmftmPmudk &,l NyD ;aemuf awmf vS ef a &;
aumifpDudk zGJUpnf;um EkdifiHwGif vwfwavm ajz&Sif;&rnfh udpö&yfrsm;udk
tm;oGefcGefpdkuf aqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf/ 30-4-62 &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDonf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfudk aMujimcJhonf/ þonfrSm AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; arQmfrSef;cJhonfh vrf;pOf jzpfygonf/ 20-1-46 &ufaeYwGif a½Twd*Hk
apwDawmf tv,fypö,HwGif AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajym&mwGif t&if;&Sif0g'udk
½IwfcsNyD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk trTef;wif ajymcJhygonf/ AdkvfcsKyf *syefwGif&SdpOfu
tem*wf jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ pDrHudef;udkd a&;qGJwifjy&m wpfygwD pepfudkom
&nfnTef;cJhygonf/ þonfudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;rS taumiftxnf azmfjcif;
jzpfonf/ 1974 ckESpf zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk csrSwf
taumiftxnfazmfjcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tmPmydkif tqifhqifhrS tmPmudk
tvGJoHk;pm; jyKjcif;aMumifh om atmifjrifoifh oavmuf ratmifjrifcJhyg/
xdkacwftcgu jynfolrsm;Mum;wGif ]]rluaumif;onf? vluraumif;yg}} [k
a0zefajymqdkrIrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhygonf/ þokdYjzifh vlrIpD;yGm;a&; usqif;vmum
vlxk rSm Muyfwnf;rI jzpfvmcJh ygonf/ aiGpuúLtcsKdUudk w&m;r0ifaMumif;
aMujimcJhjcif;onf wpfylay: wpfylqifh jzpfcJhygonf/ 1988 ckESpf? rwfv
(12)&ufaeYwGif tif;pdef? BudKUukef;&Sd vufzuf&nfqdkifü pufrIwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &yfuGufae t&yfom;vli,frsm; cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;&mrS (88)
t"du½kPf; pwifcJhygonf/ rwfv (13) &ufaeY t"du½kPf; ESdrfESif;rIwGif
zkef ;armfESifh pdk;Edkif aoqHk;jcif;? rwfv (18) &uf aeYwG if qE´jyol rsm;tm;
tcsKyfum;jzifh tif;pdefaxmifodkUydkY&mwGif avrGef;usyfNyD; (41) OD; aoqHk;jcif;?
arv (9) &ufaeYwGif us,fjyefYpGm xkwfa0cJhonfh OD;atmifBuD;\ (41) rsufESm&Sd
tMuHjyKpm? ZGefv (23) &ufaeYwGif vrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcHrS ygwD
OuúX OD;ae0if;ESifh A[dkaumfrwD0if (5) OD; EIwfxGufí wpfygwDESifh ygwDpHkpepf
a&G ;cs,fc Gifh jyKcJh jcif; tp&Sdonfh avmifpmrsm;onf (88) ta&;tcif;udk
avmifuRrf; apcJhygonf/ xdkYtjyif 1985 ckESpf? Auy A[dkaumfrwD nDvmcH
wGif A[dkaumfrwD0if cifarmif\ ñTefMum;cJhrIjzifh Auy OD;ausmfaZm\ om;rsm;
jzpfaom a'gufwm aZmfrif;ESifh oufcdkif wdkYOD;pD;onfh Auy ajratmuf ,l*sD
rsm;\ ajr§mufyifh rD;xdk;ay;rIaMumifh (88) rD;awmufonf tjyif;xefqHk;
avmifuRrf; cJ hygonf / jref rmh ordkif ;wGif rBuHKzl; onfh vl owf acgif ;jzwf?
vk,ufzsufqD;aeMuonfh ta&;tcif;umvwGif Oya'uif;rJhaeNyD; rif;rJh
p½dkufjzpf aeonfhtwGuf 18-9-88 &ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfrS tmPmodrf;cJh&
jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkumvwGif wyfrawmfonf ppfrsufESm (2) ckudk wpfNydKufeuf
wnf; wdkufcdkufae&vsuf &Sdygonf/ yxr ppfrsufESmonf (88) ta&;tcif;
jzpfNyD;? 'kwd, ppfrsufESmrSm e,fpyfa'o aomif;usef;ol ESdrfESif;a&; ppfrsufESm
jzpfygonf/ wkdif;jynfNydKuGJrnfh tajctae t&yf&yfaMumifhom wyfrawmfrS
tmPmodrf;cJh&jcif; jzpfygonf/
wyf rawmf e0w tpdk; &\ 18-9-88 &ufaeY wGi f yxrqH k;aom
trdefYaMumjimcsuf 1^88 t& w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? e,fajr at;csrf; om,m
a&;? vrf;yef;qufoG,frI vHkjcHKacsmarGYapa&;? jynfolU pm;0wfaerI acsmifvnf
apa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufay;&ef? txufyg vkyfief;rsm;
jynfhpHkNyD;vQif ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G; aumufyGJusif;y ay;&ef[lí
azmfjyyg&Sd ygonf/ þonfrSm wyfrawmf tpdk;& taejzihf rdrdaqmif&Gufay;
rnfh vkyfief;pOfudk tpueOD;wnf;u csjyay;NyD;jzpfygonf/ xdkpOf wyfrawmf
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfrS þodkY wkdif;jynftm; xdef;odrf;&,ljcif;rSm tmPm&,l
vdkí r[kwfaMumif; &Sif;vif;jycJhygonf/ e0w? e,u tpdk;& vufxufwGif
jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; uwnf;u wpfBudrfwpfcgrS r&&SdcJhonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
udk vnf;aumif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,frI vHkNcHKacsmarGYa&;ESifh wnfaqmufa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? pGrf;aqmifay;EdkifcJhygonf/ xkdYtwl jrefrmh
ordkif ;wGif Ekdif iHwumrS tjyif;xefqHk;aom ydwfqdkYwm;qD; rIrsm; udkvnf;
&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/ ¤if;ydwfqdkYrIonf EkdifiHudk txD;usef;ap&ef wGef;ydkYay;cJhNyD;
tbufbufrS acwfaemufus usefcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf/ ,aeY acwfopf
jrefrmEdkifi\ H 'Drkdua&pDudk ESpfoufvdkvm;cJhygonf/
odkYjzpfygí 'kwd, Argument jzpfonfh wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHawmf
tmPmudk tpOfxm0& qkyfudkifxm;vdkjcif; &Sd^ r&SdESifh pyfvsOf;í

odkYaomf
tmPm&,l xdef;odrf;cJhonfh umv&SnfMumcJhjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh ar;cGef;\
tajzrSm wyfrawmfonf
ay:xGef;vm&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh wdkif;jynfudk
xdef;odrf;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;csdefrSpí ,aeU
txd tqHk;rowfEdkifao;onfh urÇmht&SnfMumqHk;aom vufeufudkif y#dyu©ESifh
EdkifiHa&; rwnfNidrfrIwdkUonf wdkif;jynf\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk rsm;pGm xdcdkuf
apcJhygonf/ wyfrawmf tpdk;&onf t&yfom; tpdk;&xHodkU tmPmvTJajymif;
ay;onfhtcg t&yfom; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&rS taumiftxnfazmf&ef cufcJEdkif
onfh tajccH taqmufttHk pDrHudef;BuD;rsm;udk udk,fhtifudk,fhtm;jzifh tm;oGef
cGefpdkufaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ Oyrm- aejynfawmf NrdKUopf wnfaqmufjcif;
pDrHud ef; ? &efukef-rEÅav; tjrefvrf ; pD rHudef; tp&SdonfwdkUudk t&yf om;
'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&vufxufusrS taumiftxnfazmfrnf qdkygu jzpfay:vm
Edk if onfh tcuf tcJ rsm;udk rS ef ;qMunfhEdk if ygonf / wyfrawmf taejzifh
EdkifiHawmftm; 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfopfBuD;odkU toGiful;ajymif;&mwGif tajccdkif
ap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; zGHUNzdK;vmap
a&;twGuf tcsdef,l aqmif&GufcJh&ojzifh tmPmxdef;odrf;&,lcJh&onfh tcsdef
umvrSm Mum&SnfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ tmPmtay: &pfwG,faejcif; r[kwfyg/
jrefrmEdk if iH \ udk wyf rawmf rS csay;cJhj cif ;jzpf onf/
rnfonfh jyify t"r®wGef;tm;rsm;aMumifh r[kwfbJ wyfrawmfrS 2010 ckESpf
wGif t&yfom; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&xHodkU at;csrf;pGmjzifh tmPmvTJajymif; ay;cJh
jcif;onf rnfodkUrS jiif;qdkí r&Edkifonfh taxmuftxm; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmh
EdkifiHa&; ordkif;aMumif;udk avhvmvQif tuGJuGJ tNyJNyJwdkYudkom jrifawGU&rnf
jzpfygonf/ jrefrmwdkYtcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;Mu&efrSm vGefpGmcufcJ&jcif;onf jrefrm
vlrsdK;wd\kY p½dkufvu©Pm (National Identity) ESifhqdkifovm;[k oHo,jzpfrd
ygonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wd\ kY p½dkufvu©Pmonf Nidrf;csrf;jcif;udk ESpfoufonf/
at;csrf ;pGm aevdkonf/ cGifhvTwf oem;Muifemwwfonfh pdwf&Sdonf[l í
taumif;rsm;&Sdovdk? rk'dwm ryGm;EdkifMuonfh p½dkufvu©Pm udkvnf; awGUjrifrd
ygonf/ EkdifiHa&;wGif qefYusifbuftkyfpk[k trnfwyfvkdufonfESifh aumif;aumif;?
raumif;aumif; tm;vHk;udk qefYusifMuawmhonf/ odkYygí vdk&mc&D; ra&muf
Edk ifbJ tuGJtNyJ w0Jvnf vnf jzpfae&jcif ; jzpfonf/ e,fbuf-ppf buf
qufqHa&;udk avhvm&mwGif rwlnDMuonfh vlrsdK;rsm;\ p½dkufvu©Pmudkyg
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygrnf/ jrefrmEdkifi\ H e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;
wG if ppfbuf\ tcef;u@us,f jyefU ae&jcif;rSmvnf; txuf a zmfjyyg
taMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
 Professionalism
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;bmom&yfwGif ppfbuf\ EdkifiHa&;wGif
yg0ifrI tcef;u@tay: rlwnfí ppfbuf\ Professionalism udk owfrSwf
avh&SdMuygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ppfbufonf EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifrI r&SdbJ e,fbuf
uGyfuJrI atmufwGif &Sd&rnfh tajctaewGif ppfbuf\ t"duwm0efonf
jynfy&ef umuG,fa&; twGufom jzpfygonf/ odkUjzpfygí ¤if;tajctae\
ppfbuf Professionalism onf xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0eftay:wGifom
uefUowfí avhusifhay;vsuf &Sdygonf/ odkUaomf jynfwGif;vHkNcHKrI tajctae
wnfNidrfrI r&Sdjcif;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rI tm;enf;jcif;rsm; &Sdaeygu ppfbuf
onf EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&; wm0eftjyif trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; wm0efudkyg yl;wGJ
xrf; aqmif & ef vdk tyf v mygonf / odkU jzpf aomaMumifh wm0ef (2) &yf
xrf;aqmifrItay: Professionalism jzpfapa&;twGuf avhusifhay;&ef vdktyf
vmygonf/ jref rmEkdifiHü vGwfvyfa&; &NyD ;aemuf acwftqufqufwG if
wyfrawmfonf ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;u@rS yg0ifaejcif;onf rNyD;qHk;Edkif
onfh vufeufudkif y#dyu©BuD;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdktajctaeaMumifh
wyf rawmf \ tcef; u@onf us,f jyefUvm&jcif; (Expanding Role of
Military) jzpfygonf/ vuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpdk;& r[kwfaom vufeufudkif
tzGJUtpnf;aygif; (100) ausmf&SdNyD; tiftm;rSm wpfodef;ausmfcefU &Sdygonf/
þjynfwGif;a&; jyóemudk jynfxJa&;Xme wpfckwnf; tiftm;jzifh rpGrf;aqmif
Edkifyg/ wyfrawmfrS xJxJ0if0if yg0ifaqmif&Guf ay;&ef vdktyfvmygonf/
aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wefjyefESdrfESif;jcif; (Counter Insurgency – COIN)
[lonf ppfwyfESifh tpdk;& yl;aygif;í wdkufcdkuf&aom ppfqifa&; jzpfygonf/
t"dyÜg,frSm ppfbufrS aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wefjyefESdrfESif;a&; ppfqifrIwGif
tpdk;&onf ppfqifa&;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0 ausmaxmufaemufcH
jyKay;&ygonf/ 1974 ckESpf cefUu {&m0wDwdkif; ]]jzwf (4) jzwf}} ppfqifa&;
onf Counter Insurgency - COIN jzpfygonf/ e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;
½IaxmifhrS ppfbuf\ Old Professionalism t,ltqt& aomfvnf;aumif;?
New Professionalism t,ltqt& aomfvnf;aumif; rnfonfh ,lqcsufjzifh
oHk;oyfapumrl jynfwGif;vHkNcHKrIESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;rI tm;enf;aeoa&GU
wyfrawmfonf wdkif;jynfrNydKuGJap&eftvdkUiSm trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; tcef;u@
wGif e,fbufESifhtwl yg0ifyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfygonf/
jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ avhusifha&;udk ]]wyfrawmf avhusifha&; t&m&Sd
csKyf½Hk;}} (Office of Chief of Armed Forces Training) rS wm0efcHí rl0g'rsm;
csrSwfjcif;? pDrHaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh ppfaq;Muyfrwfjcif;rsm;udk wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf
vsuf &Sd ygonf / avhusifh a &; t&m&Sd csKyf½ Hk; onf ppf buf a vh usih f a &;\
Accreditation Body jzpfygonf/
oifwef;rsm;
&SdMuygonf/ &mxl;tqifh tm;vHk;onf oifwef;wufa&muf atmifjrifrI
tay: tajccHí pdppf pOf; pm;qHk;jzwfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh wyf rawmfwGif
&mxl;tqifhtvdkuf rjzpfrae wuf&rnfh oifwef; (Mandatory Course) ESifh
rjzpfraewuf&ef rvdk onfh bmom&yf ydk if; qdk if&m txl;oifwef; (Non
Mandatory Specialization Course) [lí a,bl,stm;jzifh cGJjcm; owfrSwf
xm;ygonf/ wyfrawmf avhusifha&; t&m½SdcsKyf½Hk;\ wdkuf½dkuf uGyfuJrI atmuf
wGif &Sdaom avhusifha&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm-

EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&; wuúodkvf

(National Defence College)
ppfOD;pD; wuúodkvf (Command and General Staff College)
ppfwuúodkvf (Defence Services Academy)
wyf rawmf aq;wuúodkvf
(Defence Services Medical Academy)
wyfrawmf enf;ynmwuúodkvf
(Defence Services Technological Academy)
wyfrawmf olemjyKESifh aq;bufynm wuúodkvf
(Military Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences)

wyfrawmf (Munf;) wdkufcdkufa&;ausmif; (Axl;)

(Myanmar Army Combat Forces School – Ba Htoo)
wyfrawmf (Munf;) wdkufcdkufa&;ausmif; (bk&ifhaemif)
(Myanmar Army Combat Forces School – Ba Yint
Naung)
wyfrawmf (Munf;) Adkvfoifwef;ausmif; (Axl;)
(Officer Training School – Ba Htoo)
wyfrawmf (Munf;) Adkvfoifwef;ausmif; (arSmfbD)
(Officer Training School – Hmaw Bi)
wyfrawmf tkyfcsKyfrIausmif; (jyifOD;vGif)
(Defence Services Administration School – Pyin Oo
Lwin)
wyfrawmf tkyfcsKyfrIausmif; (arSmfbD)
(Defence Services Administration School – Hmaw Bi)
wyfrawmf uGefysLwmESifh enf;ynm odyÜH
(Military Computer and Technological Institute)
wyfrawmf udk,fcHynmESifh tm;upm; odyHÜ
(School of Sports and Martial Arts of Defence Forces)
trSwf (1) wyfrawmf t&mcHESifh tMuyfBuD; oifwef;ausmif;
(No(1) Myanmar Army Warrant Officer and Non
Commission Officers School)
 trSwf (2) wyfrawmf t&mcHESifh tMuyfBuD; oifwef;ausmif;
(No(2) Myanmar Army Warrant Officer and Non
Commission Officers School)
trSwf (3) wyfrawmf t&mcHESifh tMuyfBuD; oifwef;ausmif;
(No(3) Myanmar Army Warrant Officer and Non
Commission Officers School)
trSwf (4) wyfrawmf t&mcHESifh tMuyfBuD; oifwef;ausmif;
(No(4) Myanmar Army Warrant Officer and Non
Commission Officers School)
ajcvsiftulvufeufBuD; oifwef;ausmif;
(Infantry Support Weapons School)
yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;ESifh avxD; oifwef;ausmif;
(Combined Operations and Parachute Training School)
wyfrawmfwef;jrifh avhusifha&;ausmif;
(Military Advance Training School)
trSwf(1) rS trSwf (14) xd pkpkaygif; (14) ausmif; &Sdygonf/
ppftajccHavhusifha&;wyfrsm;
(Basic Military Training Unit)
trSwf(1) rS trSwf (11) xd pkpkaygif; (11) wyf &Sdygonf/
jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ Professionalism udk xda &mufrI (Effectives)
&Sdap&ef txufazmfjyyg ausmif;rsm;wGif pepfwus avhusifhoifMum; ay;vsuf
&Sdygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ vwfwavm tajctaet& wyfrawmfonf wm0efBuD;
(2) &yf (Dual Functions) xrf;aqmif&aom tajctae jzpfygonf/ odkUjzpf&m
ppfrufa&;&m bmom&yf r[kwfonfh ynm&yfrsm; udkvnf; avhusifhoifMum;
ay;aevsuf&Sdygonf/ EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&; wuúodkvfonf EdkifiHawmf\
rl0g'ESifh r[mAsL[mrsm; a&;qGJEdkif &ef tvdkUiSm oif Mum;ay;vsuf&Sdonfh
ausmif;awmfBuD; jzpf ygonf/ r[m0dZÆm (umuG,fa &; ynm) csD;jr§ifhonfh
wpf ESpf oifwef;jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmf tkyfcsKyfrIausmif;wG if zG ifh vS pfN yD;
tqifhjrifh t&m&SdBuD;rsm; wufa&muf&onfh Oya'(t&m&Sd) 'Dyvdkrm oifwef;
onf Oya'a&;&mESifhpyfvsOf;í wwfuRrf;em;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
oifMum;ydkUcsay;vsuf &Sdygonf/ oifwef;umvrSm wpfESpf jzpfNyD; 'DyvdkrmbGJU
ay;tyfcsD;jr§ifhygonf/ tvm;wl ppfwuúodkvf? tqifhjrifhpmayynm A[dkXme
(Higher Education Centre) wGif ppfrufa&;&m r[kwfaom tjcm;e,fbuf
ynm&yfqdkif&m r[mwef;? yg&*lwef;rsm;udkvnf; zGifhvSpfoifMum; ydkUcsay;ae
vsuf&Sdygonf/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf or½dk;usESifh or½dk;us r[kwfaom ppfyGJ
rsm;wGif wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfh0aom Standard Army udk
wnfaqmufvsuf&SdaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&ygonf/
 e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif t"du aomhcsufusNyD; ta&;BuD;qHk;
tcsufrSm ESpfbuf tzGJUtpnf; tcsif;csif; ,HkMunfrI&Sdjcif; (Trust) jzpfyg
onf/ e,fbuf-ppfbuf ESpfbufpvHk;onf wdkif;jynf wnfNidrfat;csrf;NyD;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvdkonfh t&if;cHpdwfrsm; &SdMuygonf/ odkUjzpf&m wpfzuftay:
wpfzuf ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufEdkifMurSom vdk&m yef;wdkifodkU acsmacsmarmarm
a&muf&SdEdkifygrnf/ ppfbufonf EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf toufESifh
cE¨mudk,fudk ay;qyfí yifyef;BuD;pGm umuG,fapmifh a&Smufay;ae&vsuf
wyfrawmftay: raumif;aom tjrifrsm;jzifh ajymqdka&;om;aeMujcif;udk
rcHpm;EdkifMuyg/ xdkUtwl e,fbufonf ppfbufrS tcGifhtmPmtay:
vGefuJpGm toHk;jyKaeMujcif;tm; rESpfNrdKUMuyg/ ,HkMunfrI [lonf wnfaqmuf
&,l &ygonf/ ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufjcif; armif;ESiftm; (3) &yfrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf-
(Abilities) ppfbufonf rd rd\
Professionalism udk trSefwu,f pGrf;aqmifEdkifrS e,fbuf\
,HkMunfrIudk &ygrnf/ xdkUtwl e,fbufonf ppfbuf tay:
jznfhqnf;ay;Edk ifonfh pGrf ;&nf &Sd rSom ppfbufonf e,fbuf
tay: ,HkMunfrI &Sdygrnf/
e,fbuf- ppfbuf
(Benevolence)
ESpfbuf pvHk;onf obm0usus pOf;pm;awG;ac: wwfNyD; tjrif
Munfvifum pdwfxm;rSef apwemt&if;cH &SdMuygu ,HkMunfrIrSm
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmMurnf jzpfygonf/
e,fbuf- ppfbuf
(Integrates)
ESpfbufvHk;onf wlnDaom yef;wdkifodkU avQmufvSrf; aeMujcif;
jzpfygonf/ odkUjzpf ygaomaMumifh tcsif;csif ; aygif; pyfn§dEIdif;
aqmif&Gufvdkaom pdwf&Sdjcif;onfvnf; ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmuf
jcif;\ armif;ESiftm; wpf&yf jzpfygonf/
Peaceful Evolution Theory and Civil-Military Relationship

]&efolonf wyfrawmfudk EdkifiHa&;rS cGJxkwfjcif;tm; atmifjrifpGm

aqmif½GufEdkifygu ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;ESifh qdkAD,uf ½k&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodkY
EdkifiHonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJoGm;Edkififygonf/ þenf;AsL[mudk
&efolrS vufeufozG,f usifhoHk;aevsuf &Sdygonf/}

Phan Van Tra

,l *dk qvm;AD ;,m; acgif;aqmif rm&S,fwD;wdk;onf 1945 ck ESpf ?

Edk0ifbmv (25) &ufaeYwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;udk wdkufxkwfNyD; ,l*dkqvm; AD;,m;
jynfaxmifpk or®wEdkifiHudk or®wEdkifiH (6)EdkifiHESifh jynfe,f (2)ck jzifh wnfaqmuf
cJhygonf/ ¤if;EdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;a&;ESifh bmoma&;t& y#dyu©ESifh &efNidK;rsm; &Sdae
ojzifh cufcJpGm pkpnf;tkyfcsKyfcJh&ygonf/ 1980 jynfhESpfwGif rm&S,fwD;wdk;
uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf EdkifiHonf 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodkY 1991 ckESpfwGif qvdk
aA;eD;,m;ESifh c½dkat;&Sm;[lí vnf;aumif;? 1992 ckESpfwGif abmhpeD;,m;
[mZD*dkAD;em;ESifh rufqD'dk;eD;,m; [lívnf;aumif; tpdwfpdwf trTmrTm uGJxGuf
ukefMuNyD; vlrsdK;a&;? bmoma&; tajccHonfh ]]abmhpeD;,m;}} ppfyGJBuD; jzpfyGm;
cJh ygonf/ þoifcef; pmrSm ppf wyfonf Edk ifiH a&;wGif yg0ifywfoufrI r&Sd
ojzifh xdef;rEdkif odrf;r&jzpfcJhonf[k oHk;oyfMuygonf/
 Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJapjcif;onf ]]xdef;uGyfxm;onfh r[mAsL[mudk ausmfvGef
vkyfaqmifjcif;}} (Beyond Containment Strategy) wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ tzGJU
tpnf ; (od kYr[k wf) Edk if iH wpf ck ajymif;vJ jzpfa y:vmap&ef trsdK ;rsdK ;aom
Oya'o (Principle) rsm;udk toHk;jyKí wGef;tm;ay; wdkufcdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/
Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJapjcif;onf tMurf;zufrI r&Sdonfh (Non-Violence) vkyfief;pOf
jzpfygonf/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJjcif; t,ltqudk 1953-ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif
tar&duefEdkifi\ H Secretary of State jzpfaom
John Foster Dulles u pwif azmfxkwfcJhyg
onf/ ¤if;onf tcsKyftcs,fatmufwGif a&muf&Sd
aeonfh qdk& S,f vpfEdk if iH rS jynfol rsm;udk
vGwfvyfcGifh &&Sdvmap&ef ppfa&; r[kwfonfh
Nidrf;csrf;pGm wkdufcdkufjcif; enf;AsL[m jzpfyg
onf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif tar&duef or®w
tdkifpifa[mif0gonf þNidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJjcif;
yHk(5)
enf;AsL[mudk toHk;jyKí pwif wkdufcdkufcJhyg
John Foster Dulles onf/ xdkacwfu taemufEdkifiHrsm;onf ta&SUY
Secretary of State
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;odkY aiGacs;jcif;? ukefoG,fjcif;?
,Ofaus;rI zvS ,fjcif; tp&Sdonfh csOf;uyfrI rsm;jzifh t&if;&Sif0g' bufodkU
Nidrf;csrf;pGmjzifh NydK,dkifvJvmatmif aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJ
aponfh enf;AsL[mwGif t"duvufeuf rsm;rSm 0g'jzefYjcif;? rD'D,mjzifh
pdk;rdk;xm;jcif;? a[majymjcif;? wpfqifhcH Proxy rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif; tp&Sdonfh
yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh uefUowfrJh wdkufcdkufavh&Sdygonf/ ordkif;t& Nidrf;csrf;pGm
NydKuGJapjcif;\ tEÅ&m,fudk OD;pGmowdjyKrdcJholrSm armfpDwkef; jzpfaMumif; od&NyD;
¤if;onf rl0g'rsm; pepfwuscsrSwfNyD; umuG,fEdkifcJhygonf/ w½kwf or®w
wdefYa&Smifzdefu ]]taemufEdkifiHrsm;onf rD;cdk; rxGufaom wwd, urÇm ppfyGJudk
qifETJaeonf}}[k ajymMum;cJhygonf/ aoewf wpfcsufrS razmufbJ Nidrf;csrf;pGm
NydKuGJap&ef wdkufcdkufaejcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh OuúXBuD; armfpDwkef;onf
Nidrf ;csrf;pGm NydKuGJ oGm;jcif; r&Sda p&ef jynfolvlxktm; ynmay;jcif;rsm;udk
tav;teufxm; aqmif½Guf&rnfudk ajymMum;cJhygonf/ or®w usefZDrif;
vufxufwGifvnf; w½kwf Edk ifiH onf Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJoGm;jcif; r&Sd ap&ef
uG ef jrLepfygwD twG if ; pnf ;vHk ;nD ñGwfrI ? t*wd uif ;pifa &; ponfwdk Yud k
t"duxm; aqmif½GufcJhMuygonf/
 jrefrmEdk if iH wGif Nid rf ; csrf ; pGm NydKuGJjcif ;\ cg;oD ;onfh oifcef ;pm
aumif;aumif; &SdcJhygonf/ ¤if;rSm 1885 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufaeYwGif
e,fcsJU t*FvdyfwdkYonf oDaygrif; eef;pdkuf&m txufjrefrmjynf aejynfawmf
udk aoewf wpfcsufrS razmuf&bJ vG,fvifhwul odrf;ydkifEdkifcJhjcif;rSm
t*Fvdyfw\ kdY Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJjcif; r[mAsL[maMumifh jzpfygonf/ t*FvdyfwdkY
toHk;jyKcJhonfh AsL[mrSm eef;wGif;wGif ume,fpav'ifonf ,ckacwftac:
tpdk;& tMuHay;ozG,f 0ifa&mufNyD; eef;wGif;a&; udpö&yfrsm; ½IyfaxG;ap&ef
zefwD;jcif;? tvm;wl rEÅav; NrdKU&Sd EdkifiHwum oH½Hk;rsm;? c&pf,mef Church ausmif;
rsm;onf 0g'jzefYcsd a&;ESifh olvQdKvkyfief ;rsm;\ tajcjyK&m XmecsKyf tjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;? tar&duefEdkifiHxkwf ]]The New York Times}} owif;pmrS
rEÅav;eef;wGif;ü oDaygrif;onf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; tygt0if vltrsm;tjym;
udk tpkvkduftjyHKvkdkuf owfjzwfaejcif;? rEÅav;jynfolrsm;onf t*FvdyfwdkY
tm; u,fwifay;&ef awmif;qdkaeMujcif; tp&Sdojzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
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acgufoGm;cJhNyD; Oa&my&Sd pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepfudk tm;usvmum jrefrmh
eef;wGif;a&;pepfudk t*Fvdyf tultnDjzifh ajymif;vJjzpfay:apNyD; ¤if;rS
eef;&if;0ef(0efBuD;csKyf) &mxl;udk &,lvkdonfh qE´jzpfay:cJhojzifh ume,f
pav'ifESifh yl;aygif;MuHpnfcJhygonf/ 1885 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif
t*FvdyfwdkYonf ppfonftiftm; (1000) cef?Y rD;oabFm (47) pD; cefYjzifh
&efukefNrdKUrS rEÅav; aejynfawmfodkY {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;twdkif; xGufcGmvm
ygonf/ vrf;c&D;wpfavQmuf Mum;jzwfwdkufcdkufrIrsm; r&Sdap&ef a&SUqHk; oabFm
wGif anmif&rf;rif;om; vdkufygvmaMumif; 0g'jzefYcJhygonf/ anmif&rf; rif;om;
tjzpf Oy"d½kyfaumif;ol ]]bdkusef}} qdkonfh touf (24) ESpfcefY&Sdoludk eef;0wf
eef;pm;rsm; 0wfqifí vdkufygapcJhonf/ vrf;c&D; wpfavQmufwGif anmif&rf;
rif;om;tm; eef;wif&ef ac:aqmifvmjcif;jzpfí wkdufcdkufrI rjyKvkyfMu&ef
bk&ift h rdefY ygonf[k 0g'jzefYcJhygonf/ ¤if;oabFmtkyfpk o&ufodkY a&muf&Sd
&yfem;pOf anmif&rf;rif;om; a,mifaqmifxm;onfh ]]bdkusef}} tm; odaom
touf (14) ESpfcefY&Sd armifzdef; qdkolrS jrifawGUod&SdoGm;onfhtcg jrif;jcHNrdKUrS
pum;jyef OD;boef; qdkolESifh xyfrHvJvS,fNyD; rEÅav;odkY qufvuf csDwuf
vmcJhygonf/ oDaygrif;onf t*FvdyfwdkY a&aMumif;rS csDwufvmonfudk
odaomtcg a&TbdkodkY wdrf;a&Smif&ef pDpOfaeonfh owif;tm; uif;0efrif;BuD;
rS &ojzifh qifjzLr&Sif rdzk&m;rSwqifh rajy;&ef wm;qD;cJhygonf/ ¤if;aemuf
þowif;udk ume,fpav'ifxHodkY ay;cJhygonf/ Edk0ifbmv (27)&ufaeYwGif
t*Fvdyf oabFmrsm;rSm &wemyHk a*g0efqdyfodkY a&mufonfhtcg uif;0efrif;BuD;
onf qifESifh vmBudKpOf anmif&rf; rif;om;twktm; awGUrS ¤if;tnmrdNyD[k
odcJh&ygonf/ t*FvdyfwdkYonf oDaygrif;tm; Muufuav; iSufuav;ozG,f
zrf;qD;NyD; rEÅav; eef;wGif;udk tvG,fwul odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhygonf/ þonfrSm
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 168 ESpfcefYu t*FvdyfwkdYrS jrefrmtm; vkyfaqmifcJhaom
Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJapjcif; oifcef;pmjzpfygonf/
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;\ tESpfom&onf ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyef
tvSef av;pm;cspfcif ,HkMunfrI &Sdjcif;tay: tajccHaMumif; azmfxkwfí &yg
onf/ e,fbufonf wdkif;jynfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmapa&;udk wnfaqmufay;&ef
wm0ef&SdouJhodkY ppfbufonf wdkif;jynf wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;twGuf vHkNcHKa&;udk
wnfaqmufay;&ef t"duwm0ef&Sdygonf/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJapjcif; Oya'o
rsm;rSmvnf; t&yfbufESifh ppfbuf nDñGwfrI r&Sdap&ef zefwD;&,l aqmif&Guf
jcif;om jzpfygonf/ þ&efudk [efUwm;Edkif&ef wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; ,HkMunfpdwfcs
&rIudk wnfaqmufMu&rnf jzpfygonf/ w½kwfEdkifiHonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm NydKuGJap
jcif;&efrS [efYwm;Edkif&ef jynfolvlxt
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a&;udk tav;xm; aqmif&GufcJhaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ ,aeYacwf
wGifvnf; taemuftkyfpk EdkifiHrsm;onf ]]rD;cdk; rxGufaom ppfyGJrsm;}} udk ae&m
tESHYwGif bufaygif;pHkrS wdkufcdkufaevsuf &SdMuygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;
wyfrawmfESifh jynfolrsm; rsufpdyGifh? em;yGifhvmap&ef ynm ay;oifwef;rsm;
jzifh avhusifhaqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf/
Monopoles of Knowledge
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif wpfzufESifh wpfzuf em;vnfrI&Sd
jcif;? ,HkMunfrI&Sdjcif;onf ta&;BuD;qHk; jzpfygonf/ xdkqufqHrI ysufjym;ap
&ef tiftm;BuD; EdkifiHrsm;onf vlw\ kdY todÓPf A[kokwudk vuf0g;BuD;
tkyfNyD; wpfzufowf tqdk;jrif&ef pepfwus pDrHaqmif&Guf wwfMuygonf/
tqdkyg enf;AsL[monf pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; wpfckESifh wpfck ,SOfNydKifjcif;rS
ueOD; pwifaygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif uae'g EdkifiHom;
pD; yGm;a&; ynm&S if Hofold Innis rS ]]The Concept of Monopoles of
Knowledge}} t,ltqudk azmfxkwf a&;om;cJhygonf/ þenf;AsL[monf
vlwdkY\ todw&m;udk uefYowfcsufjzifhom od&Sdap&ef owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm; qufoG,f&&SdEdkifrIudk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh xdef;csKyfaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh rdrdod&Sdap
vdkonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkom &&SdapEdkif&ef vkyfaqmifjcif;wdkY jzpfyg
onf/ vlwdkU\ awG;ac:pOf;pm;EdkifrIudk vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcJhjcif;tm; Monopoles
of Knowledge [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ Oyrm- ae&Sife,f ukeftrSwfwHqdyf vQyfppf
ypönf ;onf taumif;qHk; jzpfonf/ vlwdkY\ tod w&m;wG if ae&S if e,frS
ae&Sife,f[k pGJNrJae&ef todÓPfA[kokwudk xdef;csKyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;\
yHkpHrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

Moral Judgement

Awareness
Emotion
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 (Moral Judgement)
vlwdkY\ qHk ;jzwfcsufonf ol\ todÓPf A[kokway:wGif
tajccHjcif;ukd qdkvdkonf/ (Oyrm – ae&Sife,f ukefypönf; trSwf
wHqdyf wpfrsdK;udkom odxm;jcif;/)
(Awareness)
odxm;onfh taMumif;t&m tay:wGifom em;vnf oabmayguf
aejcif;jzpfonf/ (Oyrm– ae&Sife,f taMumif;rSty useftvm;wl
NydKifbuf ukefypönf; trSwfwHqdyfrsm;taMumif; A[kokw r&Sdjcif;/)
(Emotion)
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vmum pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vufcHxm;&Sdjcif;/ (Oyrm–tjcm; vQyfppf
ypönf; uk ef trSwfwHqd yf udk pd wf0 ifp m;rI r&Sd ? ,H kM unfrI r&Sd ?
ae&S if e,f rS ae&Sife,f jzpfaejcif;/)
Monopoles of Knowledge onf ]]pdwfoabmxm;ydkif; qdkif&mtm;
udkvdkeD tjyKcH&jcif;}} (Colonia Mentality)ESifh oabmobm0 wlnDygonf/
Colonia Mentality rSm udkvdkeD jyKusifhvdkolonf tjcm;ol (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;
tzGJUtpnf; wpf&yfudk trkef;w&m;rsm; yGm;rsm;vmap&ef todw&m;udk
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ppfbuf bmom&yfwGif tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;onf ]]ighaemuf rygol igh&efol}}
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avh&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkY toHk;jyKavh&Sdonfh enf;emrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg
onf-
 tp&Sdonfh Social Media
vlrIuGef,ufrsm;onf ,aeYacwfwGif vGefpGm tm;BuD;ygonf/ ¤if;
vlrIuGef,ufrsm;rS owif;trSefudk tarSmifcsNyD; vkyfMuHowif;
twkrsm; wpfzufowf vTrf;rdk;jcif;jzifh wyfrawmftay: txifrSm;rI
jzpfapygonf/

pme,fZif;rsm;? pmtkyfrsm;? vufurf;pmapmifrsm; tp&SdonfwdkYudk

aiGaMu;axmufyHhí wpfzufowf owif;rsm;udk vkyfMuH azmfjyavh
&Sdygonf/

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rsm;tm; aiGaMu;yHhydk;um wyfrawmftm; rkef;wD;a&;udk yHkay:atmif
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jynfwGif;^ jynfyae&mrsm;wGif wyfrawmfESihf ArmvlrsdK; rkef;wD;a&;

udka&SU½Ií oif&dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;udk trSm;wpf0uf? trSefwpf0ufjzifh
a&;qGJum ppfbuftay: tjrif rMunfap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkU
jzpfonf/

Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), Civil Society

Organizations (CSOs), International Non-Governmental
Organizations (INGOs) ponfh tzJGUtpnf;rsm;jzifh e,fbuf-
ppfbuf aoG;uGJap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkY jzpf ygonf/ (Oyrm-
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wpf ck rS aiGy Hk ay;NyD; wyf rawmf\ vkyfa qmifcsuf rsm;udkom
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twGif; 'ku©onftjzpf axmufyHh vuf cHxm;NyD ; wyf rawmf
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qufqHa&; toG ifoabm ydkrdkoufa&mufa pygonf/ Claude Welch ESifh
Otter Smityh \ tqd kt & ppfbuf\ EdkifiHa &; tcef;u@ qdkonf rSm
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&mwGif rnfonfhtcef; u@wGif yg0ifoifhonf[laom tcsufjzpfonf/
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onf/
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aqmif&Gufay;onfh udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rSwf,lMuygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
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t& ay:ayguf vmcJh jcif ; jzpf ygonf/ jref rmhwyfrawmfonf trsdK;om;
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ppfbufonf rlvtpuwnf;u EdkifiHa&; ta&miftaoG;rsm; &SdaecJhonfh
oabm jzpfygonf/ ppfbufrS wdkif;jynf acwfrD wdk;wufa&;? wnfNidrfa&;
wdkYudk trSefwu,f aqmif&GufcJhjcif; &Sd^ r&Sdudk atmufazmfjyyg vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;ESifh wdkif;wmEdkifygonf-
OD;wnfonfh tawG; tac: t,ltq? rl0g'vrf ; pOf csrSwf
usifhoHk;rI/
vrf;yef;qufoG,frI? vHkNcHKacsmarGUap&efESifh pufrIvkyfief; wnfaxmif
EdkifrI (Communication and Industrialization) aumif;rGefap&ef
BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI/
 tkyfcsKyfrI,EÅ&m;rsm;udk acsmarGUaumif;rGefapjcif;/
pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf rSefuefxda&mufaom rl0g'rsm;
csrSwfEdkifjcif;/
vlrIzlvHka&;ESifh EdkifiHawmf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk w&m;rQw rSefuefpGm
toHk;csEdkifjcif; ponfwdkYtay:wGif rlwnfí qHk;jzwfEdkifygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;wGif ppfbufvTrf;rdk;rIumv tcsdefMumjrifhcJh&
jcif;rSm wdkif;jynf\ pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI tay:wGif t"dutajccHí jzpfay:cJh
jcif; jzpfygonf/ wyf rawmfonf Edk ifiHawmf vGwfvyfwnfwHh cdkifNrJ a&;
twGuf ay:xGef;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjcm; tjcm;aom
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;ESifhrwl xl;jcm;onfh tcsufrsm;pGm &SdcJhygonf/ (Myanmar is
Unique in many ways) r[mAsL[m tcsuftjcm wnfae&mwGif wnf&Sdjcif;?
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;teuf vlOD;a&trsm;qHk; EdkifiHrsm;ESifh xdpyfaeonfh EdkifiHjzpfjcif;?
urÇmwGif vufeufudkif y#dyu© t&SnfMumqHk; jzpfyGm;aeonfh EdkifiHjzpfjcif;?
EdkifiH ao;i,faomfvnf; toGif rwlonfh vlrsdK;pkrsm;rSm (135) rsdK;txd&SdaeNyD;?
obm0o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm; aygrsm;jcif; tp&SdonfwkdYonf wrlxl;jcm;
csufrsm; jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ e,fbuf-ppfbuf
qufqHa&; yHkpHudk tjcm;Edkif iHrsm;\ yHk pH? oD tdk &Drsm;twdk if; xyfwl &,l
aqmif&Gufí rjzpfEdkifyg/ udk,fhEdkif iHtajctaeESifh udkufnDrnfh yHkpHudkom
azmf a qmif M u&rnf jzpf y gonf / vuf & S d t ajctaet& jref r mEd k i f i H \
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;yHkpHwGif wyfrawmf\ tcef;u@udk vspfvsL½INyD;
xkwfy,fxm;í rjzpfEdkifao;yg/ Edkifi\ H Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqmif&GufaerI vkyfief;
pOfrsm; tjynfht0atmifjrifNyD; wpfjynfvHk;&Sd aomif;usef;olrsm;rS vufeufudkif
awmfvSefvdkonfh vrf;pOfudk pGefYvTwfNyD; EdkifiHa&; wnfNidrfrI &&Sdvmonf
ESifhtrQ wyfrawmf\ tcef;u@udk avsmhcsEdkifaMumif; oHk;oyfí &ygonf/
 þe,fbuf-ppf buf qufqHa &;onf tusOf ; rQom jzpfy gonf /
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&;wGif ay:aygufcJhonfh oDtdk&Drsm;? ppfbuf\
Military Professionalism t,ltq (2) &yfESifh urÇmh Edk ifiH rsm;\ toG if
rwlMuonfh e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHa&; yHkpHrsm; taMumif;udk od&Sdem;vnf
oabmaygufapvdkygonf/ xdkrSwqifh rdrdEdkifiHESifh qDavsmf oifhjrwfEdkifrnfh
e,fbuf-ppfbuf qufqHrI yHkpHudk azmfaqmifEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/ þbmom&yf
udk þwGif &yfrxm;bJ qufvufí avhvmqnf;yl;oifhaMumif; tMuHjyKtyf
ygonf/
“
actual condition makes him a slave

” Hans Morgenthau
Elements of Nation Power
EdkifiHrsm;udk r[mAsL[mtjrifhjzifh avhvmMu&mwGif ¤if;EdkifiHrsm;\
pGrf;tm;udk rSefuefpGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvmoHk;oyf azmfxkwfwwf&ef vdktyf
ygonf/ Nation Power [kac:onfh Edk ifihHpGrf;tm;wGif pGrf;tm; (Power)
t,ltqonf ½IyfaxG;eufeJygonf/ yk*¾vd"d|mefvnf; usygonf/ EIdif;,SOfrI
oabmw&m;vnf; ygonf/ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; jzpfay:rIwGif taMumif;tcsif;t&m
rsm;pGm tusHK;0ifaeonfhtwGuf ½IyfaxG;eufeJjcif;jzpfNyD; taumiftxnf
azmfol\ t&nftcsif;tay: rlwnfaeonfh twGufvnf; yk*¾vd"d|mef usae
jcif; jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ twdwfu tajctaeESifh tem*wf tvm;vm
udk ypfy,fNyD; EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk owfrSwfívnf; rjzpfEdkifyg/ ,aeY EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;
udk wdkif;wmEdkifonfh EdkifiHwum pHxm;owfrSwfcsuf [lí wdwdusus r&Sdao;
yg/ jrefrm a0g[m&wGif ]]pGrf;tm;}} udk vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifonfh tiftm;
[l í t"d yÜm,f zG ifh qd kxm;onfu dk avhvmawGU &Sd&ygonf/ urÇmhtif tm;
csdefcGifvQm ysufokOf;aeonfh ,aeYacwfBuD;wGif EdkifihHpGrf;tm;\ tcef;u@
onf vGef pGm ta&;ygvmygonf/ Ekdif iHtcsif; csif; qufqHM u&mwG if Edkif ihH
pGrf;tm;udk tajccHí qufqHrI jyKvmMuygonf/ wpfEdkifiHwnf; xD;xD;&yf
wnfí rjzpfEdkif onfh Interdependent tjyeftvS ef rSD cdk rI jyK&onfh acwf
umv0,f urÇmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;wdkYonf EkdifiHph Grf;tm; awmifhwif;cdkifrm vmap
a&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;aqmif&GufaeMuvsuf &SdMuygonf/ EdkifiHawmf
vHkjcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;onf EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;ESifh wdkuf½dkuftcsdK;us aevsuf
&Sdygonf/ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; tay:rlwnfí r[mtiftm;BuD;EdkifiH? tiftm;BuD;
Edk if iH ? tif tm;vwf E dk if iH ? tif tm;i,f Edk if iH ES i fh tif tm;enf ; Edk i f iH [l í
a,bk,stm;jzifh tk yfpk cGJjcm;owf rSwf avh&SdMuonfudk avhvmawGU &Sd&yg
onf/
 ,aeY EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;wGif EdkifiHrsm;\ pGrf;tm;udk tajccHí
qufqH Muonfudk awGU &S d &ygonf/ Edk if iH wum qufqH a &;ynm&S if Han
Morgenthau qdkolu
[k azmf ñTef; cJh ygonf / Edk if iHwpf ck \ pG rf ;tm;
(Power) onf ¤if;EdkifiHrS tjcm;EdkifiHudk ¤if;\ vdkvm;csuftwdkif; aqmif&Guf
apEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf (Ability) jzpfonf[k trsm;u vufcH t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJh
ygonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Gufvmap&ef enf;AsL[mrsm;pGm toHk;jyKí aqmif&Guf
Muonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh r[mrdwfzGJUjcif;? pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;jcif;? qkay;'Pfay;
pepfusifhoHk;jcif;? tiftm; toHk;jyKjcif; ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; aqmif&Gufwwf
Muygonf/ EdkifiHh pGrf;tm;udk tajccHí EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;
azmfaqmif&mwGif ½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif; jzpfonf[k ,lqwwfMuaomfvnf; trSef
wu,f aqmif&Guf&mwGif tusHK;0ifaeonfh taMumif ;&if;rsm;pGm yg&Sdae
onfhtwGuf vG,fra,mifES i fh cufc J ygonf / ppfol BuD ; Clausewitz rS
rSwfcsufjyK&mwGif ]]tm;vHk;u &Sif;vif;vG,fulMuonf[k rSwf,lMuonf?
odkY&mwGif xdktvG,fulqHk;onf tcufcJqHk; jzpfaeygonf}} [k azmfjycJhygonf/
qdkvdk&if;rSm EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&; r[mAsL[m vkyfief;pOf taumiftxnf
azmf&mwGif EdkifiHh pGrf;tm;udk tajccHí pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif
pGrf ;tm;(Power) wG if xl ;jcm;onfh 0d aoovu©Pmrsm; &Sdjcif;? pGrf ;tm;pk
tcsif; csif; quf EG ,frI &Sd jcif ; ? Power onf twuf tus ta&GUtajymif;
&Sdwwfjcif;? Power onf tiftm;pkrsm; a&m>yrf;yg0ifaeonfh Mix Strategy
r[mAsL[m jzpf a eonf h t wG u f Ed k i f i h H p G r f ; tm;ud k jzpf a y:apjcif ; onf
vG,fra,mifESifhcuf wdrfra,mifESifheuf jzpfaeygonf/ þbmom&yfonf
od yÜH xuf 0dZÆmbufudk ydkrdkoufa &mufa eygonf/ awG;ac:qifjcifoHk;oyf
wwf&ef vdktyfygonf/
 (Concept of National Power)
“All politics, domestic and international, reveal three basic
pattens that is, all political phenomena can be reduced to one of
three basic types. A political policy seeks either to keep power,
to increase power, or to demonstrate power”

Hans J. Morgenthau

ygarmu© Morgenthau \ “The Struggle For Power and Peace”

pmtkyfwGif ]]jynfwGif;jynfy EdkifiHa&; [lorQwdkYonf t"dutm;jzifh yHkpH(3)rsdK;
ay:wGifom tajccHMuonf/ xdkEdkifiHa&; yHkpHrsm;onf tajccH trsdK;tpm;
(3)ck jzpfaom tiftm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;? wdk;csJUjcif;ESifh toHk;csjcif; wdkUjzpfyg
onf/ xdk Edk ifiHa&; rl 0g'rsm;teuf wpf rsdK;rsdK ;udk a&G;cs,f í toHk;jyKavh &Sd
onf}}[k azmfñTef;cJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; bmom&yfudk
avhvm&mwGif pGrf;tm;[laom Power onf A[dkcsuf tusqHk; jzpfaeojzifh
¤if;\ oabmobm0ESifh xda&mufpGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfwdkYudk
rjzpfrae od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;onf Power udk
tajccHí jzpfay:ajymif;vJwwfonfh oabmobm0 &Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfyg
onf/
Power udk Wikipedia pG,fpHkusrf;wGif ywf0ef;usiftay: xdef;csKyfEdkifNyD;
tjcm;oltay: rdrdvdktyfovdk ajymif;vJEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfjzifh wdkif;wmonf
[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh Power onf tjcm;EdkifiH (odkYr[kwf)
tjcm;olwkdY\ tjyKtrltay: rdrdvdktyfovdk rnfrQvTrf;rdk;xm;EdkifrI (odkYr[kwf)
xdef;csKyfEdkifrI jzpfonf[k trsm;uvufcH t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ þt"dyÜm,f
zGifhqdkcsuft& yg0gESifh vTrf;rdk;rI wdkY\ qufEG,faerIudk odomxif&Sm;apyg
onf/ owdjyKoifhonfrSm Power onf t<uif;rJh r[kwfjcif; jzpfygonf/
wpfEdkifiH (odkYr[kw)f wpfOD;tay: vTrf;rdk;Edkifaomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiH? tjcm;ol
tay: tvm;wl vTrf;rdk;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k r,lqEdkifyg/ xdkYtjyif yg0gonf twuf
tus &SdEdkifonf/ Oyrm ,cifu tar&duefonf w½kwfxuf yg0g rsm;pGm
omvGefcJhaomfvnf; vuf&Sd tajctaewGif uGm[rIonf ,cifuavmuf
rBuD;rm;awmhay/ wwd,vIdif; pmtkyu f dk a&;om;cJhol tar&duefynm&Sif
Alvin Toffler u yg0gudk (3)rsdK; cGJjcm;½IjrifEdkifaMumif;? ¤if;wdkYrSm tiftm;oHk;
vkyfaqmifrI (Violence)? csrf;om<u,f0rI (Wealth)ESifh A[kokw (Knowledge)
wdkYjzpfaMumif ; azmfjycJhygonf/ tiftm;oHk; vkyfaqmifrI (Violence) udk
tqifhedrfh t&nftaoG;&Sd yg0g (Low Quality Power) [k owfrSwfNyD;? ¤if;onf
ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f vHk;0r&Sdyg/ ¤if;udk toHk;jyKygu ckcHrIudk jzpfxGef;apyg
onf/ <u,f0csrf;omrI Wealth onf yg0gwGif vGefpGm aumif;rGefonfh vufoHk;
ud&d,mjzpfygonf/ ¤if;onf ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&SdNyD; tjyKa&m tysufyg oabm
aqmifygonf/ ¤if;udk qkay;'Pfay; jyKvkyf&mwGif vnf;aumif;? &efoludk
rd wf a qG tjzpf ajymif; vJ a p&mwG i f vnf; aumif ; toH k ; jyKEd k if o nfh tjyif
csrf;omrIESifh tiftm;&SdrI udkyg zefwD;ay;Edkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ ¤if;yg0g
udk uRrf;usifvdr®myg;eyfpGm toHk;cs&ef vdktyfygonf/ yg0gudk uRrf;usifpGm
toHk;cswwfolonf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rnfodkYaom yg0gjzifh toHk;cs&rnf
udk tcsdefudkuf wGufqwwfygonf/ yg0gonf a&TUajymif;wwfonfh oabm
obm0&Sdygonf/
Toffler \ 3rd Wave oD t dk &D t & ,aeYacwf wGif yg0gonf <u,f 0
csrf;omrI(Wealth) udk A[kokw(Knowledge) rS vTrf;jcHKoGm;NyD jzpfygonf/
tdEd́, 'óe q&mr Kautilya rS yg0gudk jzpfay:aponfh taMumif;t&if;
rsm;onf A[kokw(Knowledge)? ppfa &; pGrf;tm; (Military Might) ESifh
&JpGrf;owåd(Valour) wdkUjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;wifjycJhygonf/ rdrdyg0gudk vufawGU
toHk ;jyKjy&ef rvdktyfyg/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS rdrd yg0gudk todtrSwfjyK½HkESifh
vHkavmufaeNyD jzpfygonf/ t"du yg0gudk [efYwm;rI(Deterrence) twGuf
vufawGU toHk;csavh &Sd ygonf/ Edk ifiHwum qufqHa &;yg0g\ tjyKtrl
(Behavior) onf wpfOD;csif;xuf EdkifiH (States) udkom ydkrdk azmfñTef;ygonf/
Edk if iHh pG rf ; tm;onf pG rf ; tm;pk rsm; a&m`yG ef ; yg0if onf h Mix of Strategy
jzpfygonf/ ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? pdwf"mwfa&;&m pGrf;tm;pkrsm; tm;vHk;
yg0if aygif ;pyf rI&Sd&ef vdktyf ygonf/ pG rf;tm;pk wpfck ck jrifhrm;ae½HkrQES ifh
pGrf ; tm;BuD ;onfh Edk ifiH rjzpfa y:vmEdk if yg/ Oyrm tdE´d ,Edk if iH onf Edk ifiH
us,f0ef;NyD; vlOD;a& trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;pGrf;tm;pk wpf&yfwnf;jzifh
EdkifihHpGrf;tm; BuD;rm;onfhEdkifiH rjzpfEdkifyg/ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:aponfh
taMumif;t&if;rsm;teuf t"du ta&;tBuD;qHk; pGrf;tm;rSm ppfa&; pGrf;tm;
jzpfygonf/ ppfa&; pGrf;tm;onf tjcm;pGrf; tm;pkrsm;udk pkpnf;xdef;odrf;
Eddkifí jzpfygonf/ US Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms wGif
EdkifihHpGrf;tm;onf EdkifiHawmf\ &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodkY csDwuf&mwGif vdktyf
onfh t&if;tjrpftm;vHk; jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhygonf/
 EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;[lonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk taumif
txnf a zmf &ef csrS wf xm;onfh &nf rS ef ; csufy ef ; wdk i f tm; atmif j rif p Gm
pGrf ;aqmifEdkifonfh pGrf ;&nfjzpfonf[k a,bk,stm;jzifh vuf cHxm;Muyg
onf/ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;\ oabmobm0udk &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf
ap&ef OD;pGm ]]EdkifiH}} ESifh ]]pGrf;tm;}} wdkY\t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufudk avhvm&ef vdktyf
ygonf/
(State) EdkifiH[laom a0g[m&udk jrefrmbmom pum;
wGif yk*Hacwfuyif pwiftoHk;jyKcJhygonf/ xdkpOfu bk&ifwpfOD;\
tkyfcsKyfrI atmufwGif&Sdaom e,fy,fudk EdkifiH[k ac:wGifcJhMuyg
onf/ jrefrmhordkif;wGif yk*HacwfrwdkifrDu waumif;? AdóEdk;?
oa&acwå&m? oxHk? a0omvD tp&Sdaom NrdKUjyEdkifiH (City State)
rsm; ay:xGef;cJhzl;ygonf/ taemf&xmrif; vufxufwGif ]]yk*H
EdkifiHawmf}} National State tqifhodkY us,fjyefYpGm xGef;um;vmcJh
ygonf/ ,aeY EdkifiHwum pHxm; owfrSwfcsuft& EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH
onf e,fedrdwf ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfcsuf? aexkdifonfh EdkifiHom;rsm;?
tkyfpdk;ol tpdk;&ESifh tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnf;[laom t*Fg&yf
rsm;ESifh jynfhpHk&ef vdktyfygonf/ aemufydkif;umvwGif EdkifiHwumrS
todtrSwfjyKjcif;onfvnf; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ t*Fg&yftjzpf ,lqrI
rsm; &SdvmcJhMuygonf/ (Oyrm- xdkif0rfEdkifi)H
(Power) pGrf;tm;[lonf rdr\ d vdktyfcsufudk
pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkygonf/ (Ability to
obtain the outcome one wants) Deutsch qd ko lu pGrf;tm;
[lonfrSm vlwdkYwefzdk;xm;onfh ypönf;rsm;udk &,lEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf
jzpfonf[lívnf; azmfñTef;xm;ygonf/ yg0gESifh pGrf;tm;? yg0gESifh
vTrf;rdk;rI tp&Sdonfjzifh yg0gudk trsdK;rsdK; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;onf
udk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
(National/ State Power) txuf w G i f jyqd k c J h
onfhtwkdif; EdkifiHph Grf;tm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifi\
H trsdK;om; tusdK;
pD;yGm;udk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkifonfh
EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;\ vu©Pmrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;wGif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udk
rdrdvdktyfovdk xdef;csKyfjcif;ESifh aqmif&Gufapjcif; jyKvkyfEdkif
onfh pGrf;&nfjzpfygonf/

EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf Edkifi\H trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f

xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf; &Sdygonf/

EdkifiHwumwGif tiftm;csif;wlnDonfh EdkifiH[lí r&Sdyg/

(No two nation have equal power)

EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:aponfh taMumif;&if;cHrsm;pGm &Sdonf/

EdkifihHpGrf;tm;onf EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;wGif "eaiGaMu;ozG,f

wefzdk; &Sdygonf/

EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;wGif pD;yGm;a&; pGrf;tm;? ppfa&; pGrf;tm;ESifh pdwf

"gwfa&;&m pGrf;tm; (Psychological Power) wdkYonf tajccH
usonfh tcsufBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
 EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHonf rnfrQtiftm; awmifhwif;onf? csdeJYonf qdkonfh
tcsuftay:rlwnfí EdkifihHpGrf;tm;udk wdkif;wmowfrSwfMuygonf/ tcsKyftjcm
tmPmyd k if Ed k if iH w pf ck o nf rd rd Edk if i H\ trsdK ;om;tusdK;pD ; yGm;ud k tpG r f;
xufjrufpGm rnfrQ azmfaqmifEdkifjcif;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;
udk qef ; ppf owf rS w f Edk if ygonf / Edk i fi hH pG rf ; tm;udk wd k if ; wmonfh pH EI e f;
owfrSwf csuf [lí wdwd usus r&Sd yg/ a,bk,stm;jzif h Edk ifiHw pf Edkif iH\
pGrf;tm;udk tiftm;toHk;jyKrI (Force)? vTrf;rdk;rI (Influence) ESifh tmPm&SdrI
(Authority) wdkYtay: tajccHí pOf;pm;wwfMuygonf/

National/ State Power

Authority
yHk (7) EdkifiHh pGr;f tm;udk wdkif;wmrI a,bk,s pHEe
I f;yHk

EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk ynm&Sifrsm;u acwftvdkuf yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh wdkif;wm

Muonfudk atmufygtwdkif; avhvmawGY&Sd&ygonf-
Clifford German

National Power = N (L+P+I+M)

N = Nuclear capability, L = Land, P = Population
I = Industrial base, M = Military Size

Willam Fuclan

National Power = P
National Power = P Z1

P = Population Size, Z = Energy Production , Z1 = Steel

¤if;acwfwGif Single Variable Measurement of National
PowerwGif Total Consumption of Fuel and Electric Energy
[k owfrSwfonf/
Ray Cline

National Power = Pp (C+E+M) (S+W)

Pp = Perceived Power of State, C = Crital-Mass,

E = Economic Capacity, M = Military Capacity
S = National Strategy, W = National Will
Traditional Elements of National Power
EdkifiHwpfEdkifi\
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vufqkyfvufudkif jyEdkifaom t&if;cHrsm; (Tangible Factors) ESifh vufqkyf
vufudkif rjyEdkifaom t&if;cHrsm; (Intangible Factors) [lí (2)ydkif; cGJjcm;
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jzpfNyD; tpdk;&ESifh tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf Intangible Factors rsm; jzpfygonf/
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wwfygonf/ (Oyrm-a&csdK) EkdifiHh pGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:apEdkifonfh taMumif;&if;
rsm;pGm&Sdaomfvnf; ta&;BuD;onfh t&if;cH taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk
(Tangible Factors) wdkUrSm vlOD;a&
qdkif&m t&if;cH tcsufrsm; (Demographic Factors)? yx0Dqdkif&m t&if;cH
tcsuf rsm; (Geographic Factors)? pD ; yGm;a&;qdk if &m t&if ; cH tcsufrsm;
(Economic Factors)? obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Natural Resources)?
puf rI pG rf ; &nf (Industrial Capacity) ES ifh ppftiftm;ES ifh ppfupm;Edki frI
pGrf;&nf (Military Mobility Capacity) wdkUjzpfygonf/
(Intangible Factors) wdkUrSm trsKd;om;a&;
p½dkufvu©Pmrsm; (National Characters)? trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwf (National
Morale)? ordkif;tajccHESifh vlrIpdwf"mwfa&;&m (Historical, Psychological
and Sociological) ? acgif; aqmif r I E S i f h t&nf t aoG ; (Leadership and
Personality)? vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; aygif;pnf;rI (Societal Cohesiveness)?
tpdk;& t&nftaoG;ESifh trsKd;tpm; (Quality and Type of Government)?
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 (Demographic Factors)

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jzpfvmEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/ vlOD;a&rsm;rSomvQif EkdifiHtwGuf tvkyf
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EdkifiHrsm;twGufrl tjcm;aom tajccHtcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfí
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wpfavQmufwGif pm;eyf&du©m rvHkavmufrIaMumifh jzpfaom ppfyGJ
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vl OD;a&wGif vufqkyf vufudkif
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udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&; ynm&Sif
&ufZ,f (Ratzel) u vlOD;a& r&Sb d J rl0g' csrSwfEdkif&ef taMumif;
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pm&if; aumuf,ljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf twGif;u
jyifopf EdkifiH\ r[mAsL[monf vlOD;a&tay: rlwnfí csrSwf
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ojzifh xdk;ppf r[mAsL[mudk csrSwf&ef tcGifhromcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh
ruf*sDaemh cHppf r[mAsL[m (Maginot Defensive Strategy) udkom
toHk;jyKcJh&onf/ xdkenf;wlyif yxr urÇmppftwGif;üvnf; *smref
wdkY\ Am'Gef wdkufyGJonf jyifopfEdkifiHtay: vlOD;a&udk tajccH
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vufqkyfvufudkif rjyEdkifaom taMumif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/
 (Geographic Factors)

yx0D0ifqdkif&m t&if;cH tcsufrsm;wGif atmufygwdkY tusHK;0ifonf-

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ wnfae&monf EdkifihHpGrf;tm;
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onf/ Edkif iHjcm;a&; rl0g'csrS wfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csuf
csrSwfjcif; wdkYwGif EdkifiH\wnfae&monf ta&;ygonf/ wnfae&m
onf yx0D Edk ifiH a&;\ tajccHtcsufvnf; jzpfonf/ wcsdefu
*smrefwdkYonf yx0DEdkifiHa&; t,ltq wpf&yftjzpf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH
onf ZD 0ypö nf; wpf ckuJh odkY yGm;rsm;aumif; yGm;rsm;vmrnf
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ES i fh tnD wd k if ; wpf y g;udk wdk uf cd k uf od rf ; oG i f ; ,l &ef BudK ;yrf ;
vkyfaqmifcJhrIrsm; &Sdygonf/ þt,ltqrsdK; vufcHonfh EdkifiHESifh
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rnf/ rsufarSmufacwf tar&duef EdkifiHuJhodkY tiftm;BuD; EdkifiHESifh
uyfvsuf&SdMuonfh EdkifiHi,frsm; taejzifh tmrcHcsufrsm;? pmcsKyf
rsm;jzifh rd rdwdkY vGwfvyf a&;udk tumtuG,f,lxm;& ygonf/
qGpfZmvef EdkifiHonf wnfae&mt& Mum;aea&;0g'udk vufudkif
xm;í BuD;yGm;csrf;omvsuf &Sdygonf/ ,if;EdkifiHonf jyifopfESifh
tDwvD? *smreDESifh tDwvDokdU qufoG,fa&; vrf;aMumif;wGif
tcsuftcsmusonfh ae&mjzpfaomaMumifh rnfonfhEdkifiHrQ wpfyg;ol
vufxJ a&mufoGm;rnfudk rvdkvm;Muyg/ odkYtwGuf qGpfZmvef
Edk ifiH\ Mum;aea&;udk axmufcH ulnDay;aeMu ygonf/ a'o
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azmfjyavh&Sdonf-
 (Astronomical Location) vwåDwG'f? avmif*sDwG'f
rsOf; rsm;\ 'D *&D? rdepfjzifh azmfjyonf/ þodkY azmfjy&mrSm
vwåDwG'frSm ydk rdkta&;ygonf / tDa uG wmrS teD ;ta0;udk
azmfjyonfhtwGufaMumifh &moDOwk tyltat;tajc tae
udk od&SdNyD; &moDOwk&yf0ef;rsm;udk od&SdEdkifonfhtjyif 'GefwGJ
jzpfay:vmEdkifaom pdkufysdK;a&; tajctaeyg od&SdEdkifonfh
twGufaMumifh jzpfygonf/ &moDOwkrSwpfqifh oG,f0dkufaom
enf;jzifh EdkifiH\ vlrIpD;yGm;a&; tajctae zefwD;rIrsm;udkyg
odvmEdkifonf/

(Maritime
Versus Continental Location) ukef;xk? a&xkESifh
qufpyfrIonf EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tusifhp½dkuf? trsdK;om; tusdK;
pD;yGm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; rl0g'rsm;udk tusdK;oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifyg
onf/ yifv,fork'´&mESifhxdpyfrIonf pD;yGm;a&;? qufoG,f
a&;? EdkifiHa&;? ppfa&;tm;jzifh ukef;wGif;xuf ydkrt dk av;om
onf/ a&xkqufpyfrI wnfae&mudk azmfjy&mrSm ukef;xkESifh
,SOfNyD; yifv,furf;½dk;wef;ay: (Costal Littoral) wnf&Sdonfh
EdkifiHrsm; (jrefrm? csDvD? AD,uferf)? uRef;qG,f (Peninsular)
EdkifiHrsm; (tDwvD? tdEd́,? rav;&Sm;)? uRef; (Insular) EdkifiHrsm;
(*syef? NAdwdef? tif'dkeD;&Sm;)/
yifv,furf;ajcwGif wnf&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm yifv,fwpfck
udkom rsufESmjyKvsuf&Sdonf (b&mZD;vf? ½dkar;eD;,m;)/ tcsdKUrSm yifv,f (2) ck
udk rsufESmjyKvsuf&Sdonf (ruúqDudk? tdEd́,)/ tcsdKUrSm yifv,f (3) ck udk rsufESm
jyKvsuf&Sdonf (uae'g)/ tcsdKUrSm yifv,frsm;udk rsuf ESmjyKvsuf &Sdonf
(MopaMw;vs)/ urf;½dk;wef ; trsm;tjym;&Sdonf ESifhtrQ qdyfurf; rsm; ydkrdk
rsm;jym;onf/ yifv,frS &v'frsm;vmovdk wm0efvnf;ydkrsm;onf/ tcsdKU
EdkifiHrsm;rSm rnfonfh yifv,fESifhrS rxdpyfyJ ukef;wGif;ü wnf&Sdonf/ wenf;
ukef;wGif;ydwf (Land Locked) EdkifiHrsm; jzpfMuonf/ (eDayg? vmtdk? Edkuf*sm?
qGpfZmvef? bdkvpfAD;,m;) ,if;EdkifiHrsm;onf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;tay: rSDNyD;
EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,frI jyKvkyfMuonf/ rsufarSmufacwfwGif ukef;ydwfEdkifiHrsm;
onf urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiH jzpfrvmEdkifay/ ukef;ydwfEdkifiHrsm;ESifh yifv,f
rsufESmrl EdkifiHrsm;\ zGHYjzdK;rItaetxm;rSmvnf; rsm;pGm;uGmjcm;onf/
(Vindicate
Location) urÇmay:wGif MopaMw;vs? *syefponfh uRef;EdkifiH
rsm;rSvGJvQif EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh xdpyfaeaom
EdkifiHrsm;om jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;\ t&G,f
yrmP? vlOD;a& xlxyfrIESifh odyfonf;rI? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa& tiftm;tajctaewdkYonf um,uH&Sif EdkifiHtay:
vTrf;rdk;oufa&mufrI &Sdonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh xdpyfaeaom
EdkifiHrsm;jym;onfESifhtrQ jyóemydkrdk½IyfaxG;ayonf/ rdrd
EdkifiHESifh xdpyfaeaom EdkifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;aumif;jzpf&ef vdk
onf/ odkYrSom EdkifihH pGrf;tm;udk aumif;pGm wnfaqmufEdkif
ayrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu EdkifiHtiftm;wdk;yGm;rIudk aESmifhaES;ap
Edkifonf/

(Central of
Peripheral Location) A[dkrSm oGm;vma&; vG,fulonf
[kqdkN yD; tpGef;ydkif;rSm A[dkES ifh,SOfMunfhvQif qufoG,fa&;
cufcJonf/ urÇmh A[dktwGif;ydkif;ae&mudk ukef;ajr? vlOD;a&?
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;tay:rSDNyD; cJGjcm;onf/ A[dkae&mrSm
vG,fvifhwul qufoG,fEdk ifaom tcsufaMumifh ukefpnf
ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&; BuD;xGm;rIudk awGU&onf/ MopaMw;vs
 wdkufonf uRef;BuD;ozG,f oD;jcm;wnf&Sdaeaomfvnf; tjcm;
aom jyifye,fajrrsm;ESifh qufoG,frI tajctaeonf c&D;
a0;vHrIaMumifh aygufa&mufEdkifrI tm;enf;onfudk awGY&Sd&
onf / od k Y a omf v nf ; acwf u mvES i f h quf p yf j yef v Qif
avaMumif;ESifh a&aMumif; acwfrD twwfynmrsm;aMumifh
qufoG,fa&; cufcJrItajctaeudk ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonf/
r[ (Strategic Location)
ppfa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;u@ wdkYwGif tcGifhta&; omvGefrIudk
ydkifqdkifonfh wnfae&mudk r[mAsL[majrmuf wnfae&m[k
owfrSwfxm;onf/ r[mAsL[majrmuf wnfae&mudk vdkvm;
rIaMumifh rMumcPyif EdkifiHcsif; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rIrsm; &SdcJhonf/
ppfa&; u@ü ,ckacwfwGif acwfrDaom vufeufypönf;
rsm;ESifh av,mOfysHrsm; ay:xGef;cJh&m rnfonfh wnfae&mrsm;
udkrqdk vG,fulpGm zsufqD;EdkifaomaMumifh r[mAsL[majrmuf
tcG if hta&;om vGe frI udk tm;avsmha pEd kifonf / odkUaomf
pD;yGm;a&; u@wGifrl r[mAsL[majrmuf wnfae&mrSm ta&;yg
aeqJjzpfonf/
urÇmay:&Sd EdkifiHtoD;oD;onf tus,ft0ef;
tm;jzifh rwlnDMuyg/ urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;\ t&G,frmS tvGefBuD;rm;jcif;rS
tvGefao;i,fonftxd trsdK;rsdK;&SdMuonf/ Edkif iHwpfEdkifiHudk
tuJjzwf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom u@rSyg0ifonf/ t&G,fyrmP
onf Edk i fi hH pG rf ; tm;? Ek d if i hH t iftm;ES ifh quf p yf rI &Sd a eonf /
t&G,fyrmP ao;i,fygu urÇmha&SUaqmif tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH
tjzpfodkY ra&muf&SdEdkifay/ t&G,fyrmP ao;i,fvQif obm0
ypönf;tiftm; enf ;yg;jcif;ESifh vl rsm;pGm raeEdkifjcif; ponfh
tcsufwdkYu EdkifihHpGrf;tm; yrmPudk t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf/
t&G ,f yrmP ao;i,fa omEdk if iH rsm;onf enf ; ynm? twwf
ynm? ,Ofaus;rI tqifhtwef;jrifhNyD; vlwpf OD; wpfESpf 0ifaiG
jrifhrm;Edkifaomfvnf; tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH jzpfrvmEdkifay/ EdkifiH\
t&G,ftpm; tBuD;? tao;udk ajymonfhtcgwGif yx0DEdkifiHa&;
ynm&Sifrsm;u t&G,ftpm;(6)rsdK; owfrSwfcGJjcm;jyygonf-

(Giant Size) xdk

tk yfpkxJwGif ½k &Sm;? uae'g? w½kwf? tar&duef? b&mZD;?
MopaMw;vswdkY yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;EdkifiHrsm;xJrSmyif t&G,ftpm;
BuD;wmcsif;wlaomfvnf; wnfae&m? &moDOwkESifh vlOD;a&
ponfjzifh tjcm;taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh Edkifih H tiftm;csif;
rwl nD Edkif aMumif ; awGU &Sd Edk if ygonf / Oyrm - ½k &Sm;onf
tar&duefxuf t&G,ftpm; ydkBuD;aomfvnf; urÇmhajrmuf
jcrf;udk ydkusNyD; ukef;wGif;ydkif; jzpfonfhtwGuf tar&duefvdk
ork'´&mESpfckudk rsufESmcsif;qdkifxm;NyD; &moDOwkydkrdk aumif;rGef
onfh orydkif;EdkifiHavmuf tiftm; rBuD;Edkifyg/ w½kwfEdkifiH
qdkvQifvnf; EdkifiHrSm t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh BuD;rm;aomfvnf;
pdkufysdK;Edkifaom {&d,m (10%) cefUom&SdNyD; vlOD;a& rsm;vGef;
ojzifh pm;eyf &du©m vHk a vmuf rI udk tNrJ yl yef ae& ygonf /
b&mZD;vfESifh MopaMw;vswdkU rSmvnf; vlraeEdkifonfh ae&m
rsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf/

(Very Large Size) xdk

tk yfpkxJwGif tif 'dk eD;&Sm;? ruúqDudk ? tm*sifwD;em;? tD&ef?
aqmf'Dtma&As? rGef*dkvD;,m; EdkifiHrsm; yg0ifMuygonf/ xdkEdkifiH
rsm;wGif obm0o,HZmwESifh wnfae&m taetxm;? &moD
OwkwdkYudk trSDjyKNyD; tiftm;uGmjcm;aeMuaMumif; awGY&yg
onf/ ukef;wGif;ydkif;jzpfNyD; rdk;enf;jrufcif;vGifjyif jzpfonfh
rGef*dkvD;,m;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& tiftm;tenf;qHk;[k qdk&rnf
jzpfygonf/ tD&ef ESifh aqmf'Dtma&AswdkYonf a&eH aMumifh
csrf;omaom EdkifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; tD&efonf aqmf'Dtma&As
xufpmvsif vlOD;a&ydk rdkNyD ; tm;ydk&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
vufwif tar&du EdkifiHjzpfaom ruúqDudkESifh tm*sifwD;em;
wdkYrSm ajrrsufESmoGifjyifESifh &moDOwkwdkYaMumifh t&G,fBuD;
oavmuf tiftm; r&SdvSonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf/ tm&S
EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom tdEd́,ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;wdkYü a'owGif;rSmyif
toifhtwifh tiftm;BuD;rm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;[k qdkEdkifygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; olwdkYrSm EdkifiHBuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfESifhtrQ vlrsdK;pk
jyóemrsm; &SdaeaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tdEd́, EdkifiH qdkvQif
urÇmh 'kwd, trsm;qHk; vlOD;a&udk axmufyHhauR;arG; ae&
aomaMumifh vlOD;a&\ (50%)cefrY Sm qif;&J aeMuqJjzpfNyD;
tiftm;BuD; pm&if;0if EdkifiHjzpf&ef cufcJae&jcif; jzpfygonf/
(Large Size) xdktkyfpw
k Gif EdkifiH
trsm;pk yg0ifonfukd awGY&ygonf/ ¤if;EdkifiHrsm;xJrS vlOD;a&
t& xyfrHcGJjcm;rnf qdkygu vlOD;a&rsm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rSm *syef?
*smreD? tDwvD? jyifopf wdkYjzpfygonf/ vlOD;a& toifhtwifh
&Sad om EdkifiHrsm;rSm pydef? ydkvef? wl&uD? udkvHbD,m? AD,uferf?
jrefrm ponfEh dkifiHrsm; jzpfygonf/

(Medium Size) xdktkyfpkwGif

vnf;tvm;wl EdkifiHrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ vlOD;a&rsm;aom
EdkifiHwpfckjzpfonfh NAdwdef EdkifiHonf tiftm; tawmifhwifhqHk;
jzpfonf/ aemufxyf vlOD;a& toifhtwifhrsm;aom EdkifiHrsm;rSm
ta&SUOa&mya'orS ½dkar;eD;,m;? ,l*dkqvyfAD;,m; ponfh
EdkifiHrsm;? vlOD;a& odyfrrsm;aom [efa*&D? *&d? ay:wl*D? usL;bm;?
 oD &d vuFm? ,D rif ? MopaMw;vs ponfh Edki fiHrsm;? vlOD ;a&
enf;yg;aom tdkif,mvef? *GgwDrmvm? O½ka *G; ? [Gef'l ;&yf?
Edkifum&m*Gm? qD;&D;,m; ponfhEdkifiHrsm;? vlOD;a& tvGefenf;
aom tdkufpvef? yem;rm;? tdkref ponfhEdkifiHrsm; jzpfonf/
xdktkyfpkwG if
(Small Size)
e,fomvef? qGpfZmvef? 'def;rwf? aumfpwm&Dum? blwef?
ul0dwf? tpöa&;?vufbEGef ponfhEdkifiHrsm; yg0ifonf/
(Miniature States) xdk
EdkifiHrsm;rSm rdkemudk? vDcsifpwdef;? tif*dkvm? puFmyl? AmwDuef
pD;wD; ponfh NrdKUwpfNrdKUt&G,fcefUom &Sdonfh EdkifiHi,fav;
rsm; jzpfygonf/
txufwGif wifjycJhwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHrsm;\ t&G,ftpm; uGJjym;rIudk
Munfhrnfqdkygu NrdKUwpfNrdKU t&G,fcefUom&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsdK;rS wdkufBuD; wpfwdkuf
vHk;udk armifydkifpD;xm;wJh MopaMw;vs EdkifiHuJhodkU EdkifiHrsdK;? wdkufBuD; ESpfwdkufwGif
ae&mtrsm;qHk; ,lxm;onfh ½k&Sm;uJhodkU EdkifiHrsdK;txd tBuD;ti,f t&G,ftpm;
trsdK;rsdK; &Sda eMuonf / þuJ hodkU t&G, ftpm;csif; uG Jjym;onfh twdk if ;
tiftm;csif;rSmvnf; uGmjcm;aeMuonfudk a,bk,stm;jzifh awGYEdkifygonf/
odkUaomf EdkifiHwpfck\ tiftm;udk t&G,ftpm; wpfckwnf;ESifh qHk;jzwfí r&
EdkifbJ tjcm;vTrf;rdk;aeaom tcsufrsm; trsm;tjym; &Sdaeonf qdkonfudkvnf;
owdcsyf&rSm jzpfygonf/
Edk ifiHwpf EdkifiH\ Edk ifiH a&;? pD;yGm;a&;? umuG,fa &;?
,Ofaus;rI? pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI ponfwdkYtay: ¤if;EdkifiH\ yHko@mef
u vTrf;rdk; taxmuftuljyKonf/ EdkifiHrsm;\ yHko@mefrSm pkpnf;
aeaomyHk o@mef? t0ef;t0dkif;nDrQaom yHko@mef? &SnfarQmaom
yHko@mef? uGJjywfaeaom yHko@mef? tpdwfpdwf uGJaeaom
yHko@mef? jyefYusJaeaom yHko@mef[lí yHko@mef trsdK;rsdK; &Sdonf/
¤if;wdkYteuf pkpnf;aeaom yHko@mefrSm taumif;qHk; jzpfonf/
pkpnf;uspfvpfaom yHko@mef&Sdonfh EdkifiHwdkYonf taumif;qHk;
jzpfonf/ pk pnf;uspfvpfaom yHko@mef &Sdonfh Edkif iHwdkYonf
tkyfcsKyfa&;? qufoG,fa&; vG,fulNyD; trsdK;om; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI
&&SdEdkifygonf/ EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;twGuf aumif;rGefapNyD; EdkifiHh
pGrf ;tm;udk taxmuftuljyKaponf/ Oyrm- jyif opf? pyd ef?
qG pfZmvef? ½dk ar;eD;,m;? blvfa*;&D;,m; ponfwdkY jzpfonf /
&S nf a rsmarsm yHk @mef &S d onf h Edk if iH wd kY rSm trsdK ;om; pnf; vHk ;
nDñGwfa&;ydkif ;wGif tm;enf;apEdkif onf/ pD ;yGm;a&; ½I axmifhrS
MunfhvQifvnf; ydkYaqmifqufoG,fa&; ydkcufcJaponf/ Oyrm-
aemf a0? qGD'if? csD vD? AD,ufe rf ponfwdkYj zpfonf/ a,bk ,s
tm;jzifh pkpnf;aom yHko@mefrSvGJí tjcm;yHk@mefrsm;rSm EdkifiHh
pGrf;tm;udk yx0D taetxm;t& avsmhenf;apaom taetxm;
rsdK;&Sw
d wfygonf/
vGifjyifrsm;? awmifukef;rsm;?
jrpfrsm;ESifh csdKifh0Srf;rsm;? ukef;jrifhrsm;ESifh awmifwef;rsm;onf ajr
rsufESmoGifjyif vu©Pm&yfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf wpfEdkifiHESifh
wpfEdkifiH ydkif;jcm;&mwGif vnf;aumif;? e,fpyfrsOf;rsm; owfrSwf
&mwGif vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yg0ifMuojzifh
vnf;aumif; ? jynfwG if;a&;&mü vTrf ;rdk ;rI rsm;&SdNyD; Edkif iHwum
e,fedrdwf owfrSwfrI tay:wGifvnf; tusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sdyg
onf/ ajrjyefYvGifjyifa'oonf ajrqDvTmESifh &moDOwk aumif;rGefvQif
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&; zGHYjzdK;&ef taumif;qHk; tajctaersm;
udk &&Sdapygonf/ vltiftm;rsm; t"dupkpnf;&m a'orsm;jzpf
ojzifh ¤if;wdkYonf EdkifiHh pD;yGm;zGHUjzdK;a&;twGuf rsm;pGmta&;ygaom
a'orsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf ajrjyefYa'orsm; jzpfvifhupm; &moD
OwkvGefuJvQif (odkYr[kwf) a&qif; nHhzsif;vQif zGHYjzdK;wdk;wuf&ef
tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;NyD; toHk;0ifjcif;r&Sday/ vGifjyifa'oonf
qufoG,f oGm;vma&; vG,fulavh&Sdojzifh ppfjzpfyGm;vQif &efol\
vufwGif;odkY tvG,fwul usa&mufEdkifonf/ ukef;jrifhawmifay:
ydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; us,fjyefYpGm r&Sdonfhtjyif pdkufysdK;ajrESifh
NrdKUjyrsm; wnfaqmuf&ef rvG,fulay/ opfawmESifh wGif;xGuf
o,HZmwrsm; &SdEdkifaomfvnf; ydkYaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,f
a&; rvG,fulrIaMumifh vlOD;a& aexdkifrI enf;yg;wwfonf/ ukef;jrifh
awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif woD;wjcm; aexdkifMuaom wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pk tcsif;csif;onf oGm;vmrI cufcJojzifh wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;
xdawGUrI enf;yg;apEdkifonf/ EdkifiH\ e,fedrdwf wpfavQmufwGif
ukef;jrifhawmifwef;a'orsm; wnf&SdaeaomaMumifh &efoUl EdkifiH\
ajcvsifES ifh ,mOfrsm; tvG,fwul r0ifa&mufEdkifonfh ppfa&;
taxmuftul &&SdEdkifonf/ ukef;jrifhawmifwef;a'o tcsdKUonf
&efolrS tvG,fwul r0ifa&mufEdkifrIaMumifh EdkifiHa&; taqmuf
ttHrk sm; wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHrsm; ay:ayguf&m a'orsm; jzpfcJh
Muonf/ xdka'oudk tajccHí ay:aygufEdkifaom EdkifiHonf tiftm;
BuD;rm;vmvQif ajredrfhydkif;odkY wjznf; jznf;e,fcsJUvmwwfonf/
EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHonf ppfa&;½IH;edrfhaomtcg awmifwef;a'orsm;
onf ¤if;wyfrsm;\ cdkvIH&ma'o? tiftm;jyefvnf pkaqmif;&m
a'otjzpf wnf&Sdwwfonf/ rdrdEdkifiHtwGif;ü ukef;jrifh awmifwef;
a'orsm; txdkuftavsmuf &SdaevQif usL;ausmf0ifa&mufaom
&efolEdkifiH\ ajrjyifwyfrsm;udk rdrdrS xkjzifhppfqifum wefjyef
acsrIef;Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;ukdvnf; &&SdEdkifonf/ urÇmhordkif;udk
jyefajymif; avhvmMunfhygu a&jyiftajctaeay;rIaMumifh vlUtzJGU
tpnf;twGif; wdk;wufjzpfay:rI ajrmufrsm;pGmudk awGU&SdEdkifyg
onf/ yifv,fjyifESifh eD;pyfonfNh yD; yifv,fa&aMumif; oGm;vmrI
xGef;um;cJhonfh EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom t*Fvef? pydef? ay:wl*D? jyifopf
tp&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;rS vlrsdK;rsm;onf yifv,fjyifrSaeí e,fopf
ajropfrsm; &SmazG tajcpdkuf EdkifcJhMujcif;? udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm; tjzpfodkY
EdkifiHtrsm;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhjcif; wdjkY zifh ,if;EdkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;
pGrf;tm;? ppfa&; pGrf;tm;rsm; wdk;wufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJhMu
ygonf/ jrpfacsmif;? tif;tdkifwdkYrS a&rsm;onf aomufoHk;a& twGuf
rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKonfhtjyif jrpfrsm;udk toHk;jyKí a&aMumif;
oGm;vmrI aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;jzifh ul;oef; a&mif;0,frI rsm;wGifvnf;
vG,fulNyD; jynfoljynfom;rsm;\ pm;0wfaea&;udkvnf; taxmuf
tuljyKonfhtjyif wdkif;jynf\ pGrf;tm; twGufvnf; wnfaqmuf
jyKjyifa&;? pnf;½Hk;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&; ponfh udpöt00 wdkYudk wdkif;jynf
tpdk;&taejzifh vG,fuloufompGm aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;aMumifh w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? pD;yGm;a&; jzpfxGef;rIrsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
a&tm;aMumifh&&Sdonfh pGrf;tm;onf ukefusp&dwf tenf;qHk;ESifh
tusdK;jzpfxGef;pGm toHk;jyKEdkifaom pGrf;tm;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
jynfwG if;a&aMumif; pGrf; tm; ta&;omrIonf Edkif iH pG rf ;tm;
jznfhqnf; Edkifü t&if;tjrpfwpfck jzpfygonf/ Oa&mywGif jrpfrsm;
onf wpfEdkifiHwnf; r[kwfbJ EdkifiHtrsm;udk jzwfoef; pD;oGm;aom
'EkAfjrpfonf vnf;aumif;? w½kwf? jrefrm? vmtdk? xdkif;? uarÇm
'D;,m;ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiH rsm;wGif jzwfoef; pD;qif;oGm;aom
rJacgifjrpfwkdYonf vnf;aumif;? wdkif;jynftusdK;jzpfxGef;rI twGuf
rdrdpdwfBudKufoHk;pGJ&ef tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdygonf/
urÇmhajrjyifESifh avxk xdpyf&m rsufESmjyif wpfavQmuf
wG if vlrsm; aexdk ifMuojzifh avxktajctae ajymif;vJrI\
tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk vlom;rsm; cHpm;Mu&onf/ avxk\
 tyl&Sdef? pdkxdkif;rI? avzdtm; ponfh tajctaersm;onf rdk;av
0oESifh &moDOwkajymif;vJrIudk jzpfay:aponf/ rdk;av0o tajc
tae (Weather)? rdk;av0o twwfynm(Meteorology) ESifh
&moDOwk(Climate) wdkU\ qufEG,frIudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&mwGif
&moDOwkonf rdk;av0o\ tcsdefumv Mumjrifhaom ysrf;rQ
tajctae jzpfonf/ “Climate is the average of weather
conditions over a large period of time” [lí zGifhqdkxm;onf/
xdkY a Mumifh rdk ; av0otajctaeESi f h &moDO wktajctaeudk
wpfqufwnf;yif avhvm&efvdktyfayonf/
Edk ifiHwpf Ed k if iH\ wnf a e&m t½G, f
tpm;ESifh &moDOwk tajctae rsm;onfvnf; EdkifiHh pGrf;tm; tay:
rsm;pGmtusdK; oufa&mufrI &Sdaeayonf/ vlESifh obm0 ywf0ef;
usif? yx0D0if taetxm;wdkYonf tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef tusdK;
oufa&mufrI &SdaeMuonf/ vlu obm0 ywf0ef;usif taetxm;
rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifonfxuf obm0 ywf0ef;usif tae
txm;u vlwdkY\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; tay: rsm;pGm tusdK;oufa&muf
vTrf;rdk;rI &Sdaeonfudk awG&ayonf/ &moDOwk tajctaeonf
EdkifiHh pGrf;tm;ESifhywfoufí ta&;ygqHk;jzpfayonf/ pdkufysdK;Ekdif
onfh tajctaersm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ tylcsdef aumif;pGm r&&Sd
Edkifonfh qdkufab;&D;,m;? tvufpum;ESifh tEÅmwdu a'owdkYonf
t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aomfvnf; vHkavmufaom tylcsdef r&&Sdojzifh
toHk;r0ifonfh ae&mrsm; jzpfaeonf/ xdkenf;wl rdk;a& aumif;pGm
r&&Sd Edkifonfh ae&mrsm;onfvnf; toHk;r0if jzpfae&ayonf/
odkY&mwGif ,if;tcsufudk vlw\ dkY pGrf;aqmifrIjzifh tD*spfEdkifiHonf
Edkif;jrpfudk tajcjyKí vlU,Ofaus;rI tqifhtwef; tjrifhrm;qHk;
a'ojzpf cJh zl ;onf/ zm½dk bk&if rsm; vufxuf rSp í ,aeY acwf
tmpG r f ( Aswan High Dam) a&umwmuJ h o d k Y acwf r D
wnfaqmufrI rsm;jzifh &moD Owkudk jyKjyif zef wD ; ,l cJh Muonf /
odkY&mwGif rsufarSmufacwf pGrf;tm;aumif;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf
tylcsdefESifh rdk;a& vHkavmufpGm &&Sdaom a'orsm;twGif; &SdaeMu
onfudk awGY&Sd&ayonf/ &moDOwkonf vlw\ dkY vkyfaqmifEdkifrI
udkvnf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;tm; taumif;qHk;
a'orsm;rSm awmifESifh ajrmufvwåD wG'f (20H) ESifh (60H) tMum;wGif
wnf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh urÇmhajrmufbufjcrf;&Sd vlom;rsm;onf
urÇmhorkdif;udk zefwD;vsuf&SdMuonf/

urÇmay:wGif ylvGef;?
at;vGef;? pdkvGef;? ajcmufvGef;jcif; uif;aom a'orsm;wGifom
vlrIpD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufrIudk cHpm;&&SdEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh
&moDOwkonf vlwkdU\ tusifhp½dkuf? aexkdifvkyfudkif pm;aomufrI?
,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkYtay: tusdK;oufa&mufrI jyKvsuf&Sdonf/
pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; twGuf obm0 ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m t&if;cH taMumif;w&m;rsm; teuf &moDOwkonf
rsm;pGm ta&;ygonf/ &moDOwkonf a'owpfck\ ajrqDvTmESifh
obm0aygufyiftrsdK;tpm; wdkUESifhvnf; oufqdkirf I &Sdonf/
odkYaomf pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufa&;onf &moDOwk wpfckwnf;
ay:wGifom rlwnfrI r&SdyJ tjcm;aom taMumif;&yfrsm;
jzpfonfh obm0ypönf; tiftm;? vltiftm;? ,Ofaus;rI?
twwfynm wdk;wufrI ponfh yHhydk;rIrsm;vnf; vdktyfonf/

vl wdkY tm;
cs,fvS,fonfh yx0D tcsuftvufrsm; teuf &moDOwkonf
ta&;BuD;qHk; jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ vltrsm; tpOfwpdkuf
aexdkifjcif; r&Sdonfh ae&m[lí 0if½dk;pGef;a'orsm;ESifh tylydkif;
uEÅm&rsm;om &Sdonf/ urÇmhvlOD;a& ysHUESHYrIonf nDnmjcif;
r&Sday/ ylvGef;? at;vGef;? pdkvGef;? ajcmufvGef;jcif;? awmif
xlxyfvGef;aom tydkif;rsm;rSvGJí usefa'orsm;wGif vltrsm;
tjym; aexdkifvsuf &SdMuonf/
 (Economic Factors)

pD ;yGm;a&;qdk i f &m t&if ;cH tcsufr sm;onf tvG ef ta&;ygaom

taMumif; &yf jzpfa yonf/ pD;yGm;a&;aumif; rG ef í Ed kif iH0ifa iG (National
Income) aumif;rGefrSom EdkifiHwpfcktwGuf vdktyfaom "etiftm; jynfh0NyD;
Ed k if i H t wG u f vl rI a &;vk yf i ef ; ? pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; ? ynma&;vk yf i ef ; ES i f h
umuG,fa&;vkyfief; ponfh EdkifiHwkd;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh umuG,fa&; ponfh
tiftm; wdk;csJUrI aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfEdkifrnfjzpfay
onf/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m t&if;cHtaMumif;&yfrsm;rSm-
Gross Domestic Product (EdkifiH\ pkpkaygif; ukefxkwfvkyfrI)/
Economic Structure (EdkifiHh pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHk yHko@mef)
Human Resources (vlUpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;)
Science and Technology Resources
(odyÜHESifh enf;ynm t&if;tjrpfrsm;)
International Economic Relations and Co-Operation
(tjynfjynfqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&; qufoG,frIESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI)
Economic System and Institution
(pD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;)
EdkifiH\ pkpkaygif; ukefxkwfvkyf
rItm; EdkifiH0ifaiG (National Income)? jynfwGif; xkwfukef
(GDP) wdkUjzifh wdkif;wmygonf/ GDP^ GNP onf EdkifiHwpfck\
wpfESpftwGif; ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk azmfjyygonf/ trSefwu,fwGif
GDP udk wduspGm azmfxkwfwGufcsuf&ef rvG,fulay/ odkY&mwGif
National Income udk azmfñT ef; &mwGif toHk;jyK&ygonf/ Ed kif iH
wpf ck\ vlOD;a& (Population) udk yg xnfhoGif ; pOf;pm;rS om
xkdEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&; udef;*Pef;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJí wpfOD;us 0ifaiG
(Per Capital Income) [kac:aom pkpkaygif; wkdif;jynf0ifaiGudk
pkpkaygif; wkdif;jynf vlOD;a&ESifh pm;xm;aom udef;*Pef;udk azmfjy
ayonf/ þ Per Capital Income onf Edki fiHw pf ck ESi fh wpf ck
EIdif;,SOf&mwGif toHk;jyKavh&SdMuygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; tNrJ wapawmh rrS efuefay/ National Income
(odkYr[kwf) GNP rS 0ifaiGtm; ppftoHk;p&dwf tay:wGif rnfrQ
toHk;jyKonfh tay:wGif rlwnfayonf/ *syefEdkifiHonf GDP
rsm;aomfvnf; toHk;p&dwf uefYowfcsufrsm;aMumifh toHk;rjyKEdkif
onfhtwGuf tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwpfck[k rac:Edkifonfudk awGUjrif
Edkifygonf/
EdkifihpH Grf;tm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwdkY qufoG,fyHkudk avhvm
&mwGif pkpkaygif; GDP udk toHk;jyKygonf/ wpfOD;csif; (Per
Capital Income)udk t&ef tcsuftvuf taejzifh yl;wGJtoHk;jyK
ygonf/ w½kwfEkdifiHESifh tdEd́,EdkifiHwkdY\ GDP rSm jrifhrm;aomfvnf;
vlOD;a& rsm;jym;vGef;ojzifh Per Capital Income edrfhus Edkifygonf/
qGpfZmvefEdkifiH? 'def;rwfEdkifiH? MopaMw;vsEdkifiH wkdYonf GDP
ao;i,faomfvnf; wpfOD;us Per Capital Income rSmawmh jrifhrm;
ojzifh vlaerI tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;onfukd awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf GDP yrmP tjyif GDP wdk;wufrIEIef;ESifh
vnf; qufpyfaeygonf/ GDP rsm;NyD; GDP wdk;wufrI &mcdkifEIef;
aES;aom Edkifi\ H tajctaeonf GDP edrfhusaomfvnf; GDP
wdk;wufrI &mcdkifEIef; jrifhrm;aeaom EdkifiHavmuf EdkifiHh pGrf;tm;
rjrifhEdkif[k ,lqMuygonf/ GDP wdk;wuf rI &mcdkifEIef ; jrifhrm;
aeaomEdkifi\ H tkyfcsKyfrIonf xufjrufaejcif;? t&if;tESD;rsm;
onf acwf ES ifh tnD &Sdj cif;? enf; ynm&yfrsm; wdk ; wuf aejcif ;
ponfh EdkifihHpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; aumif;rGefvsuf
&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ pD;yGm;a&;tjrifjzifh qef;ppf wifjy
&vQif GDP wdk;wufrIonf EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk tusdK;jyKayonf/
ukefxkwfvkyfrI wefzdk; jrifhrm;ae
aomfvnf ; Ekd ifiHhpD ;yGm;a&; taqmufttHk wpf zufapmif;eif;
jzpfaeygu EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; yrmP jrifhrm;oifhoavmuf jrifhrm;rnf
r[kwfay/ ukefxkwfvkyfrI wpfrsdK;wnf;tay: rSDcdkae&aom EdkifiH
onf bufpHkukefxkwfvkyfrI jyKvkyfEdkifaom EdkifiHuJhodkY pGrf;tm;
r&SdEdkifay/ jynfy ukefoG,fa&;udk rSDcdkae&aom EdkifiH? pm;oHk;rI
tcsdK;tpm; rsm;vGef;aomEdkifiHonf EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; enf;ayrnf/
Economic Structure udk Munfhí EkdifiHhpGrf;tm; BuD;rm;jcif; &Sd^
r&Sdudk od&SdEdkifayonf/ Oyrm- EkdifiHwpfco
k nf v,f,m u@ü
(50)%? pufrI u@ü (10)%ESifh 0efaqmifrI u@ü (40)% &Sd
aeNyD; tjcm; EdkifiHonf v,f,m u@ü (7)%? pufrI u@ü
(50)%ESifh 0efaqmifrI u@ü (43)% &Sdaeygu 'kwd,EdkifiHonf
yxrEdkifiHxuf pufrI wdk;wufaejcif;? enf;ynm jrifhrm;jcif;ESifh
wpfOD;csif; 0ifaiG Per Capital Income jrifhrm;NyD; vlaerI tqifh
twef;jrifhí tiftm;BuD;rm;rnf jzpfaMumif; awGY&Sd&ayrnf/
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m t&if;cH taMumif;&yf
rsm;\ yif&if;tajctjrpf jzpfayonf/ ajr,m? vkyfom; t&if;
tESD;wGif vlom;onf y"metusqHk; zefwD;&Sif jzpfayonf/ EdkifiHh
pGrf ;tm;udk vlom;uom zef wD ;jcif ; jzpfa yonf/ vlU pGrf ;tm;
t&if;tjrpfwGif vlOD ;a&? touftydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf &Sda erI
(Age Ratio)? usm;^r tcsdK;tpm;? vlOD;a& odyfonf;rI? a'o
tvdkuf vlOD;a& ysHUESHUrI? aus;vufESifh NrdKUjyvlOD;a& aexdkifrI?
pmwwfajrmufrI &mcdkifEIef;? tvkyftudkif &&SdrIESifh r&&SdrI? EdkifiH
&yfjcm; aexdkifrIwdkY yg0ifayonf/ EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;twGuf
ppftiftm;udkvnf; jzpfapygonf/
acwfopff urÇmwGif odyÜH
enf;ynm zGHUNzdK;jcif;onf EdkifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m zGHYNzdK; wdk;wuf
a&;twGuf tajccH taMumif;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ odyÜHESifh enf;ynm
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI &Sdoavmuf ukefxkwfvkyfrI wdk;wufayrnf/ pD;yGm;a&;
omru ppfa&;wdkYyg wdk;wufaponf/ EsLuvD;,m; vufeuf
ydkifqdkifrIonf EdkifiH\ tiftm;udk BuD;rm;apayonf/ odyÜHESifh
enf;ynm zGHUNzdK;oavmuf pdkufysdK;a&;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh ukefxkwf
vkyfief;rsm;vnf; wkd;wufNyD; EdkifiHawmfudk EdkifiHh pGrf;tm; BuD;rm;
apayrnf/

tjynfjynfqdkif&mESifh ukefoG,fjcif;rS r&&SdEdkifaom (odkUr[kwf) &&ef

cuf c J a om uk e f ypö n f ; rsm;ud k &&S d E d k i f r nf jzpf o nf / jynf y
ukefoG,frIaMumifh jynfyrS enf;ynm (Hi-Tech) rsm; &&SdNyD; zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wuf Edkifayonf/ odkYaomf jynfy ukefoG,frItay: rSDcdkae&
aom EdkifiHtaejzifh jynfy\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI udkvnf; cH&Edkifay
onf/ jynfy pD;yGm;a&; qufoG,frIwGif jynfyodkY tvkyform;rsm;
ay;ydkYjcif;? jynfyrS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; vufcHjcif;? jynfyü &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
jcif;? jynfyrS uRrf;usif ynm&Sifrsm;udk vufcHjcif;wkdY yg0ifay
onf/ ¤if;qufoG,frIrsm;rSwqifh EdkifihH pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIudk
yHhydk;ay;ojzifh EdkifiHph Grf;tm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/ yl;aygif; aqmif
&Guf rI vk yf ief ; rsm;onf Edk if iHtcsif; csif; pD; yGm;a&; oabm
wlnDcsuf pmcsKyf(Bilateral Treaties) csKyfqdkjcif;? a'oqdkif&mESifh
tjynfjynfqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&; pmcsKyf (Regional and International
Treaties) csKyfqdkjcif;? tmqD,HESifh World Trade Organization
(WTO) wkdYwGif yg0ifjcif;wkdYonf EkdifihHpD;yGm;a&; pGrf;tm;udk wdk;wuf
apNyD; EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk wdk;wufapygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;pepf [lonf
vGwfvyfonfh aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepf? A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifonfh
pD;yGm;a&;pepf? a&m>yef; pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Mix Economy) [lí
&S d M uygonf / pD ; yG m ;a&; tajccH taqmuf t tH k cd k i f r mNyD ;
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (Economic Institution) cdkifrm
onfh EdkifiHrsm;onf vGwfvyfonfh aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk
usifhoHk;Muygonf/ vGwfvyfonfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif NydKifqdkifrI
&Sdjcif;aMumifh t&nftaoG; aumif;rGefaom ypönf;rsm;udk tNydKif
tqdkif xkwfvkyfMuygonf/ tajccH pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHk rcdkifrm
ao;onfh EdkifiHrsm;onf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifonfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;
udk usifhoHk;Muygonf/ (Oyrm- ,cifqdk&S,fvpf EdkifiHrsm;?) EdkifiH
tcsdKUrSm ¤if;pD;yGm;a&; pepf (2)rsdK; udk aygif;pyfí a&m>yef; pD;yGm;a&;
pepfudk toHk;jyKMuygonf/ (Oyrm- w½kwfjynfoUl or®wEdkifi)H
pD ;yGm;a&; tzG J U tpnf ; rsm; jzpfM uaom uk ef onf B uD ; toif ; ?
pm;oHk;ol or0g,rtoif;? tvkyform; or*¾rsm;? EdkifiHom;ydkif
vkyfief;tvdkuf toif;tzGJUrsm;? Oyrm- yJukefonfBuD;rsm; toif;?
aiGaMu;qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (Commercial Bank)? pawmh
&S,f,m aps;uGuf? tmrcH tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tp&Sdonfh tpkd;&
r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk pepfwusjzifh cdkifrmpGm zGJUpnf;
aqmif&Gufjcif;onf EdkifiHh pGrf;tm;udk jzpfxGef;apygonf/ odyÜHESifh
enf;ynmzGHU NzdK;wdk;wufvmNyD; wpfurÇmvHk; aygif;pnf; aeonfh
jzpfpOf Globalization acwfBuD;wGif tpkd;& r[kwfaom toif;
tzGJUrsm;\ pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;onf ydkrdk tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;
&SdvmNyD ; Edk if iH h pG rf ; tm;ud k jzpf xG ef ; apEd k i fy gonf / xd kY aMumif h
EdkifiHawmfESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfrnfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh pD;yGm;a&;
qdkif &m tzGJUtpnf; rsm;onf Edk ifiHhpG rf;tm;udk jzpfxGef ;aponfh
t"du taMumif;&if;cHrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
 (Natural Resources)

vufqk yf vufu dki f jyEdk if onfh ta&;BuD;aom obm0 o,HZmw

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ydkifqdkifjcif;ESifh xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifjcif;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifi\
H
tiftm;udk awmifhwif;ap&ef zefwD;Edki\ f / pD;yGm;a&; tiftm;udk awmifhwif;
ap&efESifh pufrIxkwfukefrsm; wdk;wufap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;twGuf ukefMurf; ypönf;rsm;ESifh "mwf
owåK ypönf;rsm; tvQHy,f &Sdaejcif;onf EkdifiH wpfEdkifiHudk tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH
jzpfapEdkifonf/ xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHBuD;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY EdkifiHtwGuf ta&;BuD;aom
obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/ (19)
&mpkacwfwGif t*Fvef EdkifiHonf ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh oHrPdudk ydkifqdkifum
oabFm wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom uRef;opfudk jrefrm EdkifiH uJhodkU
wdkif;jynfrsdK;rS tcsdefra½G; xkwf,lEdkif&ef zefwD;xm;Edkifjcif;onf tiftm;BuD;
EdkifiH jzpfapcJhonf/ *smrPDESifh jyifopfonf ]]½dGKif;}}ausmufrD;aoG;e,f ydkifqdkif
a&;twGuf y#dyu©rsm; jzpfcJhMuonfudk pm½IolwdkY odMurnfjzpfonf/
[pf wvmonf ol \ ppf ,EÅ &m; vnf ywfa &;twGuf ta&;wBuD;
vdktyfaom a&mfbmESifh "mwfqDtwGuf &wufrat; jzpfcJh&onf/ *syef
onf 'kwd, urÇmppftwGif;u ppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom "mwfqD
udk &&ef tif'dkeD;&Sm;udk odrf;ydkufcJhí cJrjzLtwGuf rav;&Sm;udk odrf;ydkufcJh&
\/ 'kwd, urÇmppfrjzpfrD 1939 ckESpfwGif tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf
r[mAsL[majrmufaom ypönf; (7)rsdK;udk aMunmxm;cJhonf/ xdkypönf;rsm;
&efolYvufxJ rygoGm;a&;onf toufESifhtrQ ta&;BuD;\/ 1951 ckESpf?
ZGefvwGif r[mAsL[majrmufESifh ta&;MuHK ypönf;rsm;udk pm&if; ]]u}} tjzpf
(73) rsdK;? pm&if; ]]c}} tjzpf (20) rsdK; owfrSwfxm;onf/ ,cktcgwGif ydkíyif
rsm;jym; vmonf/ ta&SUtv,fydkif; a'orS a&eHudk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifa&;onf
tar&duef jynfaxmifpk\ ta&;BuD;aom r[mAsL[m &nfrSef;csufyifjzpf
onf/
 obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif xGef,ufpdkufysdK;aom ajrBuD;
vnf; ygonf/ txl;ojzifh a&&Snf ppfyGJumvtwGif; pm;eyf&du©m zlvHkum
EdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;udk 0vifatmif auR;arG;xm;EdkifvQif xdkEdkifiHtzdkY tiftm;
yifjzpfonf/ *syefEdkifiHwGif v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;udk tpdk;&rS tBuD;tus,f
axmufyHhxm;NyD; jynfwGif; zlvHkrI &Sdatmif vkyfxm;\/ xkdYtjyif *syef qef
aps;uGufxJodkY EdkifiHjcm;rS aps;aygaom qefrsm;0ifum jynfwGif; qef aps;uGuf
ysuf roGm;ap&ef tpdk;&rS umuG,fay;xm;\/ wenf;tm;jzifh t"du pm;eyf
&du©mudk jynfyEdkifiHrsm; tay: rSDcdkjcif; uif;ap&ef pDrHxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ EdkifiH
rsm;rS rdrdEdkifi\H v,f,m u@udk tumtuG,fay;a&; rl0g'rsm;onf urÇmh
ukefoG,fa&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif t[efYtwm; jzpfaeayonf/ obm0 t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk pOf;pm;&mwGif vlUpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpf(Human Resources) udk
vnf; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ayrnf/ vlUpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpfonf obm0 t&if;
tjrpfudk pufrIxkwfukef jzpfatmif aqmif&GufEdkifaom aygif;ul;yif jzpfonf/
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif vlUpGrf;tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk tav;xm;
aqmif&GufaeMuonfhtjyif OD;aESmuf,dkpD;rI rjzpfatmifvnf; umuG,fae
Mu&onf/ tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif vl o,HZmwudk a&mif;pm;aeonfh tjzpfrsdK;
awGUae&onf/
 (Industrial Capacity)

obm0 o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfESifh ukefMurf;rsm; vHkavmufpGm ydkifqdkif

aomfvnf; pufrIenf;ynm r&SdvQif xdkEkdifiHonf tiftm;csdeJYum ukefMurf;
wif ydkYonfh EkdifiHom jzpfvdrfhrnf/ obm0rS tarG&xm;onfrsm;udk xkwf
a&mif;vdkuf½HkrQESifh acwfrDí tiftm;awmifhwif;aom EdkifiH rjzpfEdkifay/ pufrI
pGrf;&nfudk wnfaxmif&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ tjcm;wpfzufü tqifhjrifh
enf;ynmrsm; ydkifqdkifaomfvnf; vHkavmufaom ukefMurf; r&SdvQif jyifyEdkifiH
rsm;rS ukefMurf; wifoGif;jcif;udk rSDcdkae&ayrnf/ ,cktcgwGif pufrI enf;ynm
uGm[rIaMumifh ukefMurf; wifydkYEkdifaom EkdifiHrsm;u pufrI enf;ynm xGef;um;
aom EdkifiHrsm;tay: rSDcdkae&jcif;om jzpfonf/ wefzdk;jrifh (Value Added)
xkwfukefrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifjcif; r&SdbJ ukefMurf;oufoufudkom a&mif;cs
aejcif;onf EdkifiHtwGuf tjynfht0 cHpm;cGifh r&&Sdyg/ ukefMurf;wk\ dY aps;EIef;
rSm Mumav enf;av jzpfonf/
rsufarSmufurÇmwGif o,HZmw csrf;omaom EdkifiHtcsdKU qif;&Jvsuf&Sd
onfudk awGUae&onf/ obm0 o,HZmw csrf;omygonfqdkNyD; zifckxdkifae
,HkrQESifh bmrS jzpfrvmay/ tiftm;BuD; EdkifiH rjzpfEdkifay/ acwfrDEdkifiH rjzpf
Ekd ifa y/ puf rIenf;ynmESifh aygif;pyfrSomvQif tiftm;BuD; Edk ifiH tjzpfodkU
a&muf&Sd Edkifrnf/ ,la&eD,H "mwfowåK tvGef<u,f0aomfvnf; pufrI enf;ynm
r&Sd ygu ,if;tzdk;wef owåKudk toHk;jyKEdkif rnf r[kwfa y/ tqdkyg t&if;
tjrpf (2) rsdK;pvHk; &SdrSom tPkjrLpGrf;tifudk ydkifqdkifaom tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH
jzpfEdkifayrnf/
puf rI wkd;wuf rIonf Ekd ifiH rsm;\ vHkjcHKa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrItzGJU
tpnf;wd\
kY ajymif;vJrI wdkYudk zefwD;EdkifpGrf; &SdaMumif; ordkif;u oufaojycJh
onf/ pufrI pGrf;&nfudk oHk;um EdkifiHtcsif;csif; MoZmvTrf;rdk;&ef BudK;pm;
Muonf/ þtaMumif;udk Dependent Theory u &Sif;jy Edkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
pufrIpGrf;&nf jrifhrm;rIonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ tiftm;awmifhwif;a&;twGuf
ta&;BuD;aom tajccHyifjzpfonf/
 (Military Mobility Capacity)

EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHwGif rnfonfh wyfrawmfrsdK;&Sdonf? ppfrI xrf;Edkifonfh

touft½G,fOD;a&onf vuf&Sd ppfrIxrf;vsuf&Sdonfh vlOD;a&ESifh rnfonfh
taetxm;wGif &Sdonf? tcsdK; rnfrQ&Sdonf? rnfuJhodkY vufeufrsKd; wyfqif
xm;onf? ppfa&; pGrf;&nf rnfrQ&Sdonf qdkonfh tcsufrsm;onf ppftiftm;
udk jzpfay:aponfh tajccHtcsufrsm;om jzpfygonf/ ppfa&; pGrf;&nfonf
EdkifiH wpfEkdifiH\ tiftm;udk jzpfay:apEdkifonfh ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsuf
tjzpf rSwf,lMuonf/ “Arm Might breed Wealth and Wealth breed
Arm Mighty” [k NAdwdef 0efBuD;csKyf Tony Blair u ajymzl;ygonf/ ppfbuf
qdkif&m ppfrIa&;&m enf;ynmjrifhrm;rI? acgif;aqmifrI t&nftcsif;ESifh vufeufudkif
wyfzUGJ rsm;\ t&nftcsif;onf ppftiftm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tajccHtcsuf
rsm; jzpfygonf/ (20) &mpkaESmif;ydkif; ESpfrsm;rSpí ppfbufqdkif&m enf;ynm
omvGefolonf atmifEdkifaMumif; awGU&Sdvmygonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif w½kwf
EdkifiHonf Human Wave Attack jzifh AD,uferfudk oifcef;pmay;&ef wdkufcdkuf
cJh&m ¤if;wdkUom oifcef;pm wavSBuD; jyefvnf &&So d Gm;cJhygonf/ 1991 ckESpf
oJuEÅm& ppfqifa&;wGif r[mrdwfw\ dkY omvGefonfh ppfvufeuf pGrf;yum;
aMumifh tD&wfwyfom;rsm; aoG;ysufapcJhygonf/ odkYaomf vufeuf pGrf;yum;
omvGefwdkif; atmifjrifEdkifrnf[k wxpfcs ,lqívnf; r&Edkifao;yg/ AD,uferf
wdkufyGJ pOfrsm;wGif AD,uferf wyfrsm;onf Mobility aumif;jcif ;? Tunnel
Warfare ud k usifhoHk ;jcif;? Mobilization ud k xda &mufpGm toHk;csEdk ifjcif;?
Media rS tar&duefwdk\ Y e,fcsJUusL;ausmf &ufpufrIudk tar&duef jynfol
vlxkrS vufcHvmatmif jyKvkyEf dkifjcif;aMumifh ppfatmifEdkifcJhygonf/
acwfrD vufeufrsm;tjyif ppfacgif;aqmifw\ dkY t&nftcsif;onfvnf;
EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;twGuf ta&;BuD;ayonf/ ppfacgif;aqmif wpfa,mufonf
ppf{u&mZf (odkYr[kwf) ppfynm yg&rD&Sif jzpfvQif wdkif;jynftwGuf tiftm;yif
jzpfonf/ urÇmhordkif;wGif xdu
k JhodkUaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ jrefrmh
ordkif;wGif bk&ifhaemif uJhodkU yk*¾dKvfrsdK;yif jzpfayonf/ ppfacgif;aqmifw\
dkY
t&nftaoG; nHhzsif;ygu r[mAsL[mESifh enf;AsL[m csrSwf&mwGif rdrdwyfzUGJ
tiftm;udk tjynfht0 oHk;pGJEdkifjcif; r&Sday/ ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tNrJwrf;
ajymif;vJwdk;wufaeaom ppfenf;y&d,m,frsm;udk avhvm&ef vdktyfygonf/
AsL[mopfrsm; csrSwftoHk;cs Edkif&ayrnf/ tpOftvmtm;jzifh vufeufudkif
wyf zGJY\ pGrf;aqmif&nf udk ppfqifa&; wpfck wG if wyf zGJUrsm; rnfrQjrefjref
ajymif;a½TUEdkif onfjzifh wdkif;wmygonf/ wyf rawmfom;rsm;onf pGrf;&nf
xufjrufap&ef avhusifhrIrsm; pOfqufrjywf&Sd&ef vdktyfayonf/ ¤if;tjyif
vufeufudkif wyfzGJUrsm;tMum; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIonf tvGefta&;BuD;
aom ppfa&; vdktyfcsufyif jzpfonf/ wyfzGJUpnf;yHkESifhywfoufí pepfus&ef
vdkonf/ tcsdK;us&ef vdkonf/ ajcvsifwyfrsm;omvQif aumif;í tulvuf½Hk;
wyfrsm; tm;enf;aevQif xdkppfwyf\ toHk;0ifrIwGif t[efYtwm;jzpfEdkif
onf/ ppfpnf;urf; onfvnf; pGrf;&nfxufj rufa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;\/
ppfpnf;urf;qdk&mü wyfzGJUrsm;twGif; vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;tjyif jynfol
jynfom;wkdUtay: apmifhpnf;&rnfh pnf;urf;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ jynfolwdkU\
tMunftndK wefaeaomwyfonf ppfqifa&;wGif atmifjrifEdkifrnf r[kwf
ay/ wyftiftm; awmifhwif;aeap&eftwGuf wyfESifhjynfol wpfom;wnf;
usae&ef vdktyfayonf/ ppftiftm;udk jzpfapaom tajccHtaMumif;&yf
rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf-
tiftm; awmifhwif;cdkifrmNyD; t&nftaoG;jynfh0aom wyfrawmf
wpf&yf&Sdjcif;/ (Military Strength)
acwfrD vufeufypönf; wyfqifEdkifrIESifh tkyfcsKyfaxmufyHhrI jynfhpHk
aumif;rGefjcif;/ (Equipment & Logistic)
avhusifhom; jynfh0NyD; ppfenf;AsL[mESifh ppfr[mAsL[m usifhoHk;rI
rSefuefjcif;/ (Training Tactics and Strategy)
pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIESifh pdwf"mwf aumif;rGejf cif;/
(Unity and Morale)
 (National Character)

vufqkyfvufudkif rjyEdkifaom EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; jzpfonfh trsdK;om;a&;

oGifjyifvu©Pm[lonf EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHtwGif; aexdkifMuonfh jynfoltrsm;
\ oGifjyifp½dkufvu©Pm jzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfoltrsm; ,HkMunf
vufcHxm;Muonfh tavhusifht,ltq wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ ¤if;trsdK;om;a&;
oGifjyifvu©Pmonf EdkifihHpGrf;tm;tay: tusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sdygonf/ EdkifiH
wpfEdkifi\H EdkifiHjcm;a&;ESifh umuG,fa&; rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&mwGif ¤if;tcsufudk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; &efvdktyfygonf/ Oyrm- ½k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh
tpdk;&ESifh tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay: av;pm;Mujcif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om;
rsm;udk r,HkouFm &Sdjcif;wdkYonf ¤if;wd\ kY trsdK;om;a&; oGifjyifvu©PmuJhodkY
jzpfaeygonf/ xdkYtwGuf ½k&Sm;wdkYonf BuD;rm;aom wyfzGJUrsm;udk wnfaqmuf
Muygonf/ *syef vlrsdK;wdkY\ trsdK;om;a&; oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;onf trdefY
emcHwwfrI? tvkyf BudK;pm;rI? pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIESifh tcsdefav;pm;rI wdkYaMumifh
*syefonf tvGefwdkawmif;aom umvtwGif; EdkifiHph Grf;tm; awmifhwif;aom
EdkifiHtjzpfodkY a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ t*Fvdyf udkvdkeDacwf rwdkifrD jrefrmEdkifiHodkY
a&muf & Sd c Jhonfh Ed k if iH j cm;om;rsm;u jref rmvlr sKd ; wdk U onf pd wf v I y f &S m;rI
vG,faomfvnf ; pnf ;vHk;nDnGwfrI tm;enf;onf[k rSwfcsufj yKzl; ygonf/
jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY\ trsdK;om;a&; oGifjyifvu©PmrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aewwf
MuNyD; onf; cH cG ifhvG wfwwfonfh p½dk ufvu© Pm &Sda omfvnf; pnf ;vHk ;rI
tm;enf;Muygonf/ odkYaomf ta&;MuHKygu aumuf½dk;rD;uJhodkY pdwfqlvG,fNyD;
pdwfajyvnf; vG,fwwfygonf/ ¤if;p½dkufonf jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY\ trsdK;om;a&;
oGifjyifvu©Pmjzpfonf[k a,bk,s,lqí &Edkifygonf/
 (National Morale)

trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwf[lonf trsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk; waygif;wpfpnf;

wnf;&Sd onf[laom t,ltqudk pd wftm;xufoef pGm ud e f; 0yf aeonf h
pdwf"mwft&if; cH jzpfygonf/ ¤if;trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf onfvnf; Edkif ihH
pGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/ trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfonf twuftus &Sd
wwfygonf/ y#dyu©tajctaewGif trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfonf jrifhrm;ae
wwfNyD ; Edk if ihHtwG uf tiftm;udk jzpfa pygonf/ trsdK;om;a&;pdwf "mwf
ysufokOf;ygu pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI NydKuGJEdkifygonf/
1917 ckESpfwGif Slovenia a'owGif jzpfyGm;cJah om Battle of Caporetto
wdkufyGJpOfwGif yg0ifcJhonfh tDwvDonf trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf ysufjym;oGm;
um ppf ½IH ;NyD ; vuf euf csol (3)odef;cefY &Sd cJh ygonf/ *smrefwdkYonf 'k wd,
urÇmppf umvwGif [pfwvm usqHk;oGm;aomfvnf; trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwf
rusbJ qufvuf wddkufyGJ0ifcJhygonf/ *syefwdkYonfvnf; tvm;wl jzpfyg
onf/ jrefrmwdkY\ trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf wenf;tm;jzifh 0HomEk &u©dw
pdwf"mwfonf trsdK;? bmom? omoemudk apmifha&Smufonfh pdwf"mwf jzpf
onf[k vufcHxm;Muonfudk avhvmawGY&Sd&ygonf/
(Historical, Psychological and Sociological)
orkdif;tajccHESifh vlrIpdwf"mwfa&;&mwkdUrSm pm&if;Z,m; udef;*Pef;
rsm;jzifh azmfjyí r&Edkifojzifh vGefpGmodrfarGUNyD; tPkpdwf avhvm&rnfh tajccH
tcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/ ,if;wdkUudk avhvm&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;tm;
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvmoifhayonf-
Edk ifiHwpfEdk ifiH\ jzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif; &yf
rsm;? jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;rsm;onf ,if;Edkifi\ H ordkif;aMumif;yif jzpfay
onf / ,if ; onf rsuf arS muf E d k if i H t ay:wG i f wenf ; r[k w f
wenf;jzifh a&mifjyef½dkufcwfrI &Sdaeayvdrfhrnf/ trsdK;om;a&;
p½dkufvu©Pmonfvnf; ordkif;rSyif tajccHvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHonf ,if;\ &yfwnfrItwGuf rnfuJhodkY ½kef;uef
vIyf&Sm;cJh&onf [laomtcsuftay: rlwnfí EkdifiHom;wkdY\ EdkifiH
tay: cspfjrwfEdk;pdwf? pnf;vHk;pdwfrsm;wdkYonf uGJjym;ayvdrfhrnf/
ordkif;t& wpfavQmufvHk; tkyfpdk;ol? cs,fvS,folw\ dkY tzdESdyfudk
cHcJh&onfh EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh wuf<upGm vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Guf
vdkpdwfrsm; &SdMurnf r[kwfay/ acgif;iHkUcH b0rsdK;jzifhom a&mifh&Jae
wwfayonf/ trsdK;om;a&; tjrifwdkYonfvnf; ordkif;\ tusdK;quf
rsm;yif jzpfayonf/ vlrsdK;BuD;tjrif? Adkvfuspdk;rdk;vdkonfhtjrif?
tEdkifusifhtompD;&,lvdkonfh tjrifrsm;onfvnf; orkdif;rSyif
tajccHvmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\
jynfolrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; rnfuJhodkY qufqHrI &SdMuonf
qdkonfh tcsufrSmvnf; EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk avsmhap? wdk;apEdkifonfh
tcsufyif jzpfonf/ Zmwfjrifh? Zmwfedrfh cGJjcm;rI? tom;ta&mif
cGJjcm;rI? vlwef ;pm; cGJjcm;rI? bmoma&;t& cGJjcm;rI tp&Sdonf
wdkUrSm EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk ,kwfavsmhapEdkifygonf/ xdkYtwl jynfol
rsm;\ wdkif;jynfudk umuG,f&ef wdkufpdwf? cdkufpdwfESifh wuf<urI
&Sd &efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ ppf½IH; edrfh rIrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmif rsm;
tay: ,HkMunfrI enf;jcif;wdkUonf pdwf"mwfa&;&mudk ysufjym;ap
Edkifygonf/ jynfoljynfom;rsm;twGif; pdwfoabmxm; rwdkuf
qdkifjcif;? aoG;uGJjcif;? rnDnGwfjcif; wkdYonfvnf; EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk
xdcdkufapygonf/
EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ pGrf;tm;udk
jzpfapa&;twGuf xdkEdkifiH\ ,Ofaus;rI p½dkufvu©Pmrsm;onf
vnf; tajccHtaMumif;&if; wpf&yfwGif yg0ifygonf/ EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH
\ udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rI p½dkufvu©Pmrsm;onf EdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;
rsm; taejzifh trsdK;*kPf? Zmwd*kPf jrifhrm;aeNyD; trsdK;udk cspfpdwf?
EdkifiHudk cspfpdwf ponfwdkUudk tpOftNrJ jzpfay:aeaprnf jzpfyg
onf/ wdkif;wpfyg;,Ofaus;rI p½dkufvu©Pmrsm; ysHUESHU vTrf;rdk;oGm;
ygu xdkEdkifiHtaejzifh trsdK;ysufrnfh tBuD;rm;qHk; tEÅ&m,fudk
&ifqdkif&rnf jzpfayonf/
(National Spirit) rsdK;cspfpdwf qdkonfrSm wpfajr
wnf ; ae? wpf a &wnf ; aomuf ? r&Sd twl ? &Sd twl ? at;twl ?
yltrQ? wpfavSwnf;pD;? wpfc&D;wnf;oGm;? qdk;wl aumif;buf?
OruGJ odkuf rysufjzifh aexdk iful;vl; qufqHaom pd wf"mwf yif
jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:aprnfh rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfrsm;
rSm-

trsdK;udk cspfonfh pdwf"mwf/

jynfaxmifpkBuD;udk cspfonfh pdwf"mwf/
wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfonfh pdwf"mwf/
tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk toufay;umuG,fvdkonfh pdwf"mwf/
EdkifiHawmftwGuf udk,fusdK; pGefYvGwfrnf qdkonfh pdwf"mwf/
ud k , f h ½d k ; &m ,Of a us;rI u d k jrwf Ed k ; xd e f ; od r f ; rnf qd k onf h
pdwf"mwf/
udk,fh tm;udk,f udk ; NyD ; udk ,fh Edkif iH zGHU NzdK;wdk ; wufa &;twG uf
udk,fpGrf;? OmPfpGrf; &Sdoa&GU BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufrnf qdkonfh
pdwf"mwf/
EdkifiHawmf? trsdK;? bmom? omoemawmf tusdK;udk a&S;½Ionfh
pdwf"mwf/
avScGufcsnf;usef? tvHrvSJonfh pdwf"mwf/
olUuRef rcHvdkonfh pdwf"mwf wdkYjzpfygonf/
(Leadership and Personality)
acgif;aqmifrI t&nftaoG;rsm;jzpfonfh wdusrI? xufjrufrI? OmPf
tajrmftjrif&SdrI ponfwdkUudk ydkifqdkifaom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;onf xdkEdkifiH
twGuf tiftm;yif jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifwpfOD;\ t&nftcsif;ESifh MunfndK
av;pm;cH&rI (Charisma) onf EdkifiHph Grf;tm; awmifhwif;atmif jyKvkyf&mwGif
txl;ta&;MuD;\/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; uJhokdY yk*¾dKvfrsdK;uom
wdkif ;&if ;om; pnf;vHk ;nDnGwfa&;twGuf aqmif&Guf Edk ifcJhonf/ at;at;
aq;aq; aewwfonfh oabm&Sdaom acgif;aqmifwdkYaMumifhvnf; EdkifiH\
tiftm;udk csdeJYapEdkifonf/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGif or®w umwm\
yifudk,fobm0 at;at;aq;aq; aewwfrIESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk tav;xm;
wwfrIrsm;aMumifh ¤if;tkyfcsKyfaom ESpfrsm;twGif; tar&duefEdkifi\ H tiftm;
onf csdeJYcJhonf[k ,lqMu\/ xdkYaMumifhyif aemufwpfBudrf a&G;aumufyGJ
twGuf rJqG,f&mü jynfoljynfom;rsm;u “A, B, C - Anybody But Carter”
[l í ajymqd k jcif ; cH cJ h &onf / or® w &D *if vuf x uf wG if Edk i f iHht if tm;
wnfaqmufa&;ü xufjrufaom rl0g'rsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
EdkifihHacgif;aqmifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tjrif wpfckwnf;omru pD;yGm;a&;?
ppfa&;ESifh tjcm;aom tjrifrsm;udk wwfuRrf;&ef vdkonf/ urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;udk
avhvm&mwGif wwd,urÇm&Sd EdkifiHrsm;onf jynfwGif; rNidrfoufrIrsm;tjyif
acgif ; aqmif w d k Y \ t&nf t aoG ; nH h z sif ; rI r sm;ud k y g awG Y & onf / Ed k i f i H h
acgif;aqmifonf a&SUa&;udk BudKwifawG;Edkifonfh Vision &Sd &rnf/ OmPf
tajrmftjrif jrifhrm;onfh Emotional IQ &Sd&rnf/ xdkYtjyif aumif;rGefonfh
qufqHa&; Communication &Sd&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/
jrefrmEdk if iH \ ordk if;aMumif;udk avhvmMunfhy gu acgif ;aqmif rI
aumif;onfh rif;rsm; jzpfonfh taemf&xm? bk&ifhaemif? tavmif;rif;w&m;
wdkU tkyfpdk;onfh acwfumvwGif EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; jrifhrm;NyD; acgif;aqmifrI nHhonfh
oDaygrif; vufxufwGif EdkifiHonf EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; usqif;cJh&NyD; uRefb0odkYyif
a&muf&SdcJhayonf/ tm&SEdkifiHrsm;\ twdwfESifh rsufarSmuf tajctaersm;udk
avhvmyguvnf; EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;rI? qkwf,kwf tm;enf;rIrsm;
onf EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrItay:wGif wnfrSDrI&SdaeaMumif; awGY&Sd&ygonf/
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teufrSm acgif;aqmifrIaumif;í EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;jrifhrm;
vmaponfh w½kwfEdkifi\ H acgif;aqmif or®w usefZDrif;\ acgif;aqmifrIudk
avh vmMunfh ygu Ed k if iH h p G rf ; tm;tay: acgif ; aqmif r I \ tcef ; u@rSm
ta&;BuD;NyD; qufEG,fyHkudk od&SdEdkifayonf/ usefZDrif;onf &Sef[dkif;NrdKUteD;&Sd
&efZlNrdKUwGif 1926 ckESpfü arG;zGm;cJhNyD; 1947 ckESpfwGif vQyfppf tif*sifeD,mbGJU
&&SdcJhonf/ armfpDwkef; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf ajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhaom pD;yGm;a&;
ay:vpDudk a&;qGJa&;wGif yg0ifcJhNyD; 1985 ckESpfwGif &Sef[dkif;NrdKU\ NrdKUawmf0ef
jzpfum 1987 ckESpfwGif &Sef[dkif; NrdKUawmf\ uGefjrLepfygwD twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh
ay:vpfAsL½dktjzpf ta&G;cHcJh&ayonf/ 1989 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif yDuif;NrdKUawmf
wdeftefrif&ifjyif 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfay:yHkBuD; ay:vmonfhtcg &Sef[dkif;
NrdKUBuD;udk tBuD;tus,f *,uf½dkuf cJhayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; usefZD rif;\
acgif;aqmifrI t&nftcsif; jynfh0rIaMumifh &S ef[dkif;NrdKUonf rm&S,favm
rxkwfjyef&bJ wif;rmrIudk avsmhatmif vkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ wdeftefrif ta&;
tcif; aMumifh jyKwf usoGm;onfh taxG a xGtwG if; a&;rSL; ausmuf usd ,ef
ae&mwG if usefZD rif;udk a&G;cs,fcJhN yD; 1989 ck ESpf wGif usefZDrif; rSm or®w
jzpfvmcJhayonf/ w½kwfjynf\ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif usefZDrif;\
rdom;pkrSm usefZDrif;\ t&Sdeft0goHk;í tjrwfxkwfrI r&SdonfrSm acgif;aqmifrI
twGuf erlem,l&rnfhtcsuf jzpfygonf/
usefZDrif;\ w½kwfjynf &nfrSef;csufrSm (21) &mpkwGif w½kwfjynfonf
pD;yGm;a&; tiftm; tawmifhwif;qHk;EdkifiH jzpfapa&;yifjzpfonf/ w½kwfEdkifiH
onf xdk umvodkU a&mufaomtcg urÇmay:wGif ppftiftm;? pD; yGm;a&;
tiftm; tBuD;rm;qHk;EdkifiH jzpfvmEdkifayonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh qdkaomf EdkifiHh
pGrf;tm; tjrifhrm;qHk;aomEdkifiHwpfcktjzpf wnf&Sdvmap&ef &nfrSef;xm;ay
onf/ usefZD rif;onf uG,fvGefol acgif;aqmifBuD; wdefYa&SmifzdefY\ tEÅdr
arQmfrSef;csufjzpfaom a[mifaumiftm; w½kwfjynfrBuD;ESifh jyefvnfaygif;
pnf;cGifhudk 1997 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (1) &ufaeYwGif atmifjrifpGm jyKvkyfEdkifcJhNyD;
wpfEdkifiH pepf(2)&yf (One Country Two System) jzifh t&Sdeft[kef rysuf
tkyfcsKyfoGm;onfrSm usefZDrif;\ acgif;aqmifrI t&nftcsif;aMumifhyifjzpf
ayonf / urÇmay:wG if vl OD;a& trsm;qHk;jzpfaom w½kwfEdkifiHESifh tdE´d,
Edk ifiH wdkY\ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk EIdif;,SOfMunfhygu acgif ;aqmifrI omvG efonfh
w½kwfEdkifiH\ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf tdE´d,EdkifiHxuff jrifhrm;onfudk awGU&Sd&ay
rnf / vuf&Sd wG if w½k wfEdk if iHonf urÇmhpD; yG m;a&;wGi f tqif h (2) jzpfNyD ;
rMumrDESpf tenf;i,ftwGif; tar&duefudk ausmfí tqifh (1) odkY wufvSrf;
Edkifawmhrnfjzpfygonf/
awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; jrifhrm;vmrIrSm or®w ywfcsHK;[D;
aMumif h v nf ; aumif ; ? rav;&S m ;Ed k i f i H \ Ed k i f i H h p G r f ; tm; jrif h r m;vmrI r S m
a'gufwm r[moD[m rdk[mruf aMumifhvnf;aumif;? pifumylEdkifiH\ EdkifiHh
pGrf ; tm; jrifhrm;vmrI rSm 0ef BuD ;csKyf vDuG rf;,l ES ifh *dk acsmuf awmif wdkY \
acgif;aqmifrw I dkUaMumifh vnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmcJh&aMumif; avhvmoHk;oyf
rdayonf/
xdkUaMumifh EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf MumESifh wlygonf/ acgif;aqmifrIonf
a&ESifhwlNyD; acgif;aqmifrI aumif;rGefonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHhpGrf;tm; onfvnf;
wifhwifhw,fw,f jrifhjrifhrm;rm; &SdvmrnfjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
 (Societal Cohesiveness)

jynfwGif; pnf;½Hk;rI&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;onf tiftm;cdkifrmNyD; tpnf;ajyaom

EdkifiHrsm;onf tiftm;csdeJYrnf jzpfonf/ National Unity vnf; r&Edkifay/
xdktaMumif;rSm EdkifiHtwGif;ü&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;? vlrsdK;pki,frsm;
rsm;aevQif wpfzufuvnf; bmompum;? bmoma&; udk ;uG,f rI wdkUwGif
tuGJuGJtjym;jym; &SdaevQif Unity udk xdcdkufEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm- jrefrmEdkifiH?
tdEd́,EdkifiH)
EdkifiHwpfckwGif jynfhpHk&rnfh Mueftifvu©Pm (4) csuf&Sdonfh teuf
tk yfcsKyfol tpdk;&ESifh tcsKyftjcmtmPmqdkonfh tcsufrsm;rSm vufqk yf
vufudkifjy&ef cufcJaom Intangible Factor rsm;jzpfygonf/ tpdk;&qdkonfrSm
vG,fvG,fajymqdkMuonfhtwdkif; 0efBuD;tzJGY Cabinet wpfckwnf;udo k m qdkvdk
onf r[kwfyg/ tkyfcsKyf pDrHcefYcGJrI? Oya'jyKrI? w&m;pD&ifrI [laom tpdk;&
wpfck\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif aqmif&Guf taumiftxnf
azmfay;&aom rl0g'? pnf;rsOf;? Oya'rsm;? 0efxrf;rsm;? ud&d,mrsm;? ,mOf?
taqmuf ttHkr sm; ponfh ½k y f0 w¬K ypön f; rsm;? ouf &S d ? ouf rJ h tvHk; pH k
tusHK;0ifaom tkyfcsKyfrI,EÅ&m;pepfBuD; wpf&yfvHk;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/
Acwfpepf qdkonfrSm tajctae tcsdeftcgtay: rlwnfí ajymif;vJ
vm&jcif;jzpfygonf/ ordkif; OD;bHkajracwf ? aus;ydk ifuRefydkifacwf? oufOD;
qHydkifacwf? ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwf? t&if;&Sif ygvDrefacwf? 'Drdkua&pDacwf
paom acwftrsdK;rsdK;wGif tkyfcsKyfolESifh tkyfcsKyfcHqdkonfh vlwef;pm; (2) &yf
&Sdygonf/ ,aeYcsdet f xd bk&iftkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH? apmfbGm;tkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH?
pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepfESifh ygvDrefpepf usifhoHk;aomEdkifiH? or®w tkyfcsKyfaom
EdkifiH? or®wudk EdkifiHawmf\ OD;aoQmiftjzpfxm;NyD; 0efBuD;csKyf tkyfcsKyfaom
EdkifiH(Presidency)? OD;aoQmiftzGJUu pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH ponfjzifh
tkyfcsKyfonfh tpdk;& trsdK;rsdK;udk awGUjrifMu&rnfjzpfonf/
 rnfodkU yif acwfajymif ;ajymif; ? rnfonfhtpdk; & yHkpHESifhyif tkyfcsKyf
tk yf csKyf r[mor®wrif ; vuf xufrS pí ,aeYtxd tk yf csKyfol tpdk ; &\
t"du vkyfief;wm0efrSm (3)ck om&Sdonfudk awGY&ayvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;rSm Oya'
jyKjcif; (Legislation)? tkyfcsKyf pDrHcefYcGJjcif; (Administration)? w&m;pD&ifjcif;
(Jurisdiction) wdkYjzpfygonf/

t"dutm;jzifh Oya'jyXmef;aom tvkyfukd vTwfawmfu wm0ef,l yg

onf/ tpdk; &rsm;\ &oHk;bwf*sufqdkif &m Oya'rsm;? wdkif;olj ynfom;rsm;
vdkufem&rnfh Oya'rsm;? tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf; Xmersm;\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh
ywfoufaom Oya'rsm; ponfjzifh EdkifiHwpfckvHk;\ ta&;t&mudpörsm;ESifh
ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;pDrHcefYcGJrItzGJUrSm trsm;tm;jzifh tpdk;&tzGJU[k ac:aom
0efBuD;tzGJU jzpfygonf/ 0efBuD;tzGJYudk trsm;tm;jzifh 0efBuD; csKyf wpf OD;rS
OD;aqmifavh&SdNyD; tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif or®wu OD;aqmifavh&Sdonf/ w&m;pD&if
a&;\ tjrifhqHk; tmPmykdifrsm;tjzpf w&m;olBuD;csKyfESifh a&SUaecsKyfwdkUudk
cef Y tyf x m;avh &Sd ygonf / ta&;BuD ; qHk ; tcsuf rSm ¤if ; tzG J U (3)zG JUonf
vGwfvyfrI&SdNyD; tjyeftvSefxdef;csKyfxm;EdkifrI (Check and Balance) &Sd&ef jzpf
ygonf/ vlqdkonfrSm wpfOD;wpfa,muf? wpfpkwpfzGJUwnf;u tmPm&,l
xm;vQif Mumvmaomtcg tmPmudk ,pfrl;om,mvmNyD; tmPm tvGJoHk;pm;
rI (Abuse of Power) jzpfvmwwfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpdk;& vkyfief;tzGUJ (3)
zGJUudk oD;jcm;pD cGJxm;NyD; tjyeftvSefxdef;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
(Quality and Type of Government)
tkyfcsKyfol tpdk;&\ t&nftaoG;onfvnf; vufqkyfvufudkif rjyEdkif
onfh EdkifiHh pGrf;tm;jzpfonf/ tpdk;&aumif; wpfckonf EdkifiH\ t&if;tjrpf
rsm;udk taumif;qHk;ESifh txda&mufqHk; oHk;pGJEdkif&rnf/ EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHonf
tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; rjynfhpHkbJESifh tiftm;BuD; EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ tcef;u@
rsdK;rS yg0if ujyvdkvQif uarmufur jzpfwwfonf/ tpdk;&aumif; wpfckonf
t&if;tjrpfESifh rl0g'udk rQwatmif jyK&rnf/ xdkYtjyif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf;
rQwpGm oHk ;pGJ&rnf/ tif'dk eD; &Sm;Edk ifiHonf or®w qlumEdk vufxufwGif
tmumo tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&GufcJhbl;onf/ þuJhodkY t&if;tjrpfESifh rl0g'
rrQwrIaMumifh tif'dkeD;&Sm; jynfolrsm; qif;&JwGif; eufchzJ l;ygonf/ ½k&Sm;EdkifiH
wGif 1917 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;tNyD; qdkAD,ufwkdY tmPm &vm
csdefwGif wdkif;jynf\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ppfa&;wGif roHk;bJ EkdifiH jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;wGif oHk;Ekdif&ef yxr urÇmppfrS EkwfxGufcJhonf/ xdkYtjyif pufrI
EdkifiH wnfaqmufa&;twGuf vloHk;ukefypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyrf Itpm; tBuD;pm;
pufrI vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiH\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk oHk;cJhonf/ vQyfppf"mwftm;
xkwfvkyfa&;uJhodkU pDrHudef;rsdK;udk txl;tav;ay;um aqmif&GufcJhonf/
qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpkonf ppfat; umvrSpí vufeuf xkwfvkyfrIudk
OD;wnf aqmif &Guf cJhonf / xdkYtjyif ppf wyftif tm; awmifhwif ; ap&ef
umuG,fa&; toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJcJhonf/ aemufqHk;wGif pD;yGm;a&;
uarmufur jzpfum jynfysuf&awmhonf/ urÇmay:wGif þuJhodkY wdkif;jynf
tiftm;r&SdbJ wyftiftm; BuD;rm;jcif;onf wdkif;jynftwGuf trSefwu,f
tiftm; rjzpfay/ 0efxkyf0efydk;omvQif jzpfonf/ *syefEdkifiHonf 'kwd,
urÇmppftwGif;u EdkifiHhtiftm;t&if;tjrpfrsm; rjynfhpHkrIaMumifh wdkif;jynf
tiftm; rawmifhrwif; jzpfaomfvnf; ppfwGif yg0ifcJhygonf/ ,if;tcsufudk
oabmaygufaom a&wyf Adk vfcsKyf BuD; ,mrmrdk wdku rpfa 0;wdku f yGJwG if
]]wpfcsDwnf;ESifh tEdkifwdkufvQifwkduf? xdkodkYr[kwfygu tBuD;tus,f ½HI;edrfh
vd rfhrnf} }[k ajymMum;chJ onf / tar&duefwdkYonf wdk if;jynf tiftm; &Sdí
wyf rawmf udk tiftm;&Sdatmif vkyfxm;um ppfxJyg0ifcJhí a&&Snfppfudk
qifETJEdkifcJhonf/
tpdk ; & trsdK ;tpm;ES ifh ywf ouf írl tmPm&S ifp epf? ygvD ref 'D rdk
ua&pDpepf ponfhyHkpHrsm;onf Edk ifiH\tiftm;tay: oufa&muf rI &Sd\/
tmPm&Sif qefaomtpdk;&rsm;onf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mESifh rl0g'rsm;
taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ydkíxda&mufrI &SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkodkYaom
wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif acgif;aqmif\ t&nftcsif;aumif;ygu wdkif;jynftwGuf
tvGef tusdK;&Sd\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh odom
Edkifygonf/ pifumylEdkifiHonf taumif;qHk; Oyrm jzpfonf/
(Bureaucratic Organization)
EdkifiHph Grf;tm;udk wdkif;wm&mwGif tcufcJqHk;tcsufrSm us,fjyefY ½IyfaxG;
vSonfh tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfyif jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
,EÅ&m;onf tpdk;&\ rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef jzpfonf/ tmPmydkif
tzGJUtpnf;wpfc\ k pGrf;aqmif&nfonf ¤if;\ tcef;u@? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;?
vltiftm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufrIESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; jynfhpHkrIwdkYtay: rSDwnf
onf / 'k wd, urÇm ppfN yD ; umvwG if *syef E d ki f iH \ pD ; yGm;a&; jyef vnfx l
axmifEdkifro I nf *syef tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m; (txl;ojzifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m
ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufrI vkyfief; 0efBuD;Xme) \ pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhrm;rI
aMumifhvnf; jzpfonf/ BudK;eD pepfonf EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHudk tiftm; awmifhwif;&ef
jyKvkyf&mwGif t"duusaom t[efYtwm;BuD; wpfckyif jzpfonf/ AD,uferf
Edk if iHwGif pD ;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif ;vJ rI rsm; vk yf onfhtcgwG if BudK ;eDpepf
yaysmufap&ef aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ ,cktcg AD,uferf v,form;wdkYonf
rdrdwdkU\ v,f,mxGufukefrsm;udk qdyfurf;odkY o,faqmifí ydkYukefcGifhjyKcsuf
udk t&,lum em&Dydkif;twGif; EdkifiHjcm;odkY wifydkYEdkifMuonf/
 (Reputation and Image)

*kPfodu©mESifh toGiftjyifonf EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ vu©Pmudk azmfñTef;

onf/ EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ *kPfodu©mudk xdkEdkifiH\ orkdif;? vlpGrf;aumif;rsm;?
xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh jzpf&yfrsm;? trsdK;om;a&; &yfwnfrIESifh atmifyGJrsm;
twGuf wdkufcdkufcJhaom wdkufyGJrsm;? ta&;ygaom qef;opfwDxGifrIrsm;ESifh
avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm; tay:wGif tajcwnfavonf/ xdkordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm;
onf Ed kif iHhpG rf ; tm;udk wG ufcsuf& mwG if ta&;ygavonf / Oyrmtm;jzifh
jrefrmwk\ dY ,dk;',m;tay: atmifEdkifrIonf jrefrmvlrsdK;wk\ dY *kPfodu©myif
jzpfonf / xdk uJh odkY &Sdxm;cJh aom *k Pfod u©mESif h toGi ftjyifa Mumifh ,ck
rsufarSmufacwftcgwG if xdkif ;Edkif iHonf jref rmEdk ifiHESifh &if qdk ifrI rsm;wGif
ppfa&;xuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk ydkrdktav;xm;aMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&
onf/ e,f pyfa'owGif jzpf ay:avh&Sda om jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif
oHwrefenf;udk oHk;avh&SdaMumif; awGY&onf/ odkYaomf vmtdkEdkifiH (odkYr[kw)f
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwdkYESifh &ifqdkif&vQifrl ppfa&;udk ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;aMumif; awGU&
onf/ þtcsufrsm;rSm xdk if;EdkifiHonf jrefrmwkdY\ tBuD;tus,f zsufqD;
jcif;cH&rIESifh tjcm;aom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;tay: atmifEdkifrI wnf;[laom
ordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm;\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIaMumifhyif jzpfwef&m\/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf AD,uferfppfyGJwGif tBuD;tus,f qHk;½IH;
cJh&í jynfolrsm;rSm “No More Vietnam” [k a<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/ þtcsuf
aMumifhyif 1991 ckESpf? oJuEÅm& ppfqifa&;ü tar&duefwyfrsm; apvTwf
a&;wG i f tcuf t cJ jzpf c J h & ao;onf / or® w a*smh b k & S f u tajctae
t&yf&yfrSm uGJjym;ygaMumif;udk ajymqdk pnf;½Hk;cJh&onf / þordk if;rSwfwdkif
aMumifh tar&duef jynfolwdkYonf trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwfjzifh tpdk;&\ rl0g'
rsm;tay: yl;aygif;ulnDrI enf;cJh&aMumif; awGU&onf/
 (Propaganda)

0g'jzefYcsda&;rSm pdwf"mwf ppfqifa&;\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif;yif jzpfonf/

0g'jzefYcsda&;udk EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m oabmxm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rI
wdkYudk yHkazmf&eftwGuf toHk;csMuonf/ jynfwGif;a&;&mwGifrl trsdK;om;a&;
pdwf"mwfjrifhrm;ap&efESifh tpdk;&ESifh wnfqJ Oya'? pnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: opöm
apmifhod½dkaorI ydkrdk cdkifNrJvmap&eftwGuf 0g'jzefYcsda&; vufeufudk oHk;onf/
jynfya&;&mwGif 0g'jzefYcsda&;onf cspfMunf&if;ESD;aom EdkifiHrsm;tMum; zGJUpnf;
xm;onfh r[mrdwt f zGJUrsm;twGif; ydkrdkcdkifNrJap&efESifh wpfzuf &efol tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;twGif; aoG;uGJap&ef twGufoHk;onf/ 0g'jzefYcsda&;wGif ta&
twGufydkif;ESifh t&nftaoG;ydkif; [lí (2) ydkif;&Sdonf/ ta&twGuf tm;jzifh
rsm;jym;vS pGmaom pmapmif rsm;udk ½dkuf ESd yfí jzefY a 0jcif ; ? vl rI uG ef,ufrS
xkwfvTifhjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ odkUaomf w&m;vGef 0g'jzefYcsdrIonf qdk;usdK;
*,ufrsm;? oHo, jzpfrIrsm;ESifh r,HkMunfrIrsm;udk jzpfapwwfonf/ t&nf
taoG;tm;jzifh 0g'jzefYcsdrIonf jynfolwkdYtay: ydkrdkxda&mufonf/ xkdYaMumifh
0g'jzefYcsd&mwGif tESpfom&u ydkí ta&;BuD;onf/
0g'jzefYcsda&;wGif ta&;tBuD;qHk;rSm ]],HkMunfEdk ifrI }} yifjzpfonf/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf or®w a&*if vufxufwGif Mu,fwm&m ppfyGJ
[k vlodrsm;onfh r[mAsL[mumuG,fa&; tpDtpOfudk csrSwfaqmif &GufcJh
onf/ 'Hk; cGif ;'Hk; xkwf vk yfa &;onf ,if;tpDtpOf\ wpfpdwfwpf ykd if; jzpf
onf / xd k t pD t pOf t & 'H k ; cG if ; 'H k ; wpf p if ; ud k prf ; oyf y pf v T w f u m ¤if ;
atmifjrifrI twGuf pme,fZif; ESifh ½k yfjrifoHMum;rSa eí 0g'jzefY csdcJhonf/
trSefrSm tylxGufud&d,m wyfqifxm;onfh 'Hk;wpfpif;udk tyl&Sm ud&d,m
wyfqifxm;onfh cGif;'Hk;jzifh vkyfMuHwdkufcdkufapjcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkprf;oyf
ypfvT wfonfha eY wG i f wpf zuf rS ysH oef;vmrnfh 'Hk; ysHxd yf zl;udk tyla y;um
'Hk;cGif; owfrSwfxm;aom 'kH;usnfwGif tylaiGU&Sm ud&d,mudk wyfqifay;vkduf
jcif;om jzpfonf/ þtwkjyKvkyfcsufudk rodvdkufbJ qdkAD,ufwdkYrSm tar&duef
wdkYu vufeuf omvGefoGm;rnfpdk;um umuG,fa&; toHk;p&dwfrsm; yHkatm
oHk;pGJcJhonf/ wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&; cRwfNcHKusaecsdefwGif umuG,fa&; toHk;
p&dwfrsm; axmif;cJhaomaMumifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrSm z½dkz&J jzpfcJh&onf/
 (Quality Diplomacy)

Ed k if i hH p G rf ; tm; tajccH r sm;xJ wG i f rwnf N id r f qH k ; jzpf a omf v nf ;

ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tajccHrSm oHwreft&nftaoG;yif jzpfonf/ oHwref
t&nftaoG;[k qdk&mü EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'udk csrSwfazmfaqmifjcif;onfvnf;
yg0ifonf/ t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;aom oHwrefqufqHa&;onf Edkifit hH iftm;
tajccHrsm;udk aygif;½Hk;í wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; jzpfatmifzefwD;um wu,fh
pGrf;tm;jzpfatmif azmfaqmifEdkifonf/ þoabmt& oHwrefqufqHa&;
twwfonf trsdK;rsdK;aom Edkifiht H iftm; tajccHrsm;udk pkpnf;um EdkifiHawmf
\ trsdK;om;a&; &nfrSef;csufudk tjrifhqHk; atmifjrifrI&atmif pGrf;aqmifEdkif
onf/ pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhrm;aom oHwrefqufqHa&;onf EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHu
arQmfrSef;Edkifaom tiftm;xuf omvGefatmif EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk wdk;jr§ifhEdkifonf/
ppfBuD; (2)ck tMum;umvu tar&duefEdkifiHonf tiftm;awmifhwif;Edkifaom
tajccHrsm;&SdygvQuf urÇmhEdkifiHa&;wGif txD;usefaexdkifa&; rl0g'aMumifh
tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH wpfc\ k tcef;u@rsdK; r&cJhay/ 'kwd, urÇmppfNyD; umv
rSompwif í ,if; rl 0g'udk ajymif ;vJypfcJh onf / oH wref quf qHa &;ES ifh
Edk ifiHjcm;a&;0g'udk taumif;qHk ; toHk;cscJhonfh Edkif iHwpfckudk jyygqdkvQif
1890 ESifh 1914 tMum;umvu jyifopfEdkifiHudk jy&ayrnf/ jyifopfwdkYonf
1870 wGif *smreDudk ppf½IH;cJhNyD;aemuf 'kwd,wef;pm; tiftm;&Sd EdkifiH tqifhodkY
avQmhuscJh onf/ *smref acgiff;aqmif bpfprwfuvnf; ¤if;\ Edk ifiHa&;
uRrf;usifrIjzifh jyifopfudk urÇmhEdkifiHa&;ü txD;usefaeatmif jyKvkyfxm;í
'kwd,wef;tqifhu rwufEdkifatmif pDrHxm;\/ odkYaomf 1890 ckESpf aemufydkif;
bpf prwf\ tcef; uG ,faysmufoGm;NyD;aemuf *smrefEdkifiHjcm;a&; rl 0g'rSm
tajymif;tvJ jzpfvmcJhonf/ *smreDonf ½k&Sm;ESifh NAdwdefwdkYjzifh uif;uGmvm
onf/ jyifopfwkdYonf þtcsufudk tcGifhaumif;,lum ½k&Sm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
NAdwd ef ES ifhvnf;aumif; r[mrdwf rsm;jyKum tiftm;BuD;Edk if iH tqifhod kY
a&muf&Sdatmif aqmif&GufcJhonf/
 t&nftaoG; jrifhrm;aom oHwrefqufqHa&; vkyfief;rsm; pOfquf
rjywf&Sdaea&;onf EdkifiH wpfEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;BuD;\/ xdkodkY pOfqufrjywf
&Sdaea&;rSm yk*¾dKvf wpfOD;csif;tay: rwnfbJ tpOftvmESifh tzGJUtpnf;
tay:wnfavonf/ tXrajrmuf [ife&DacwfESifh yxr urÇm ppfMum;umv
NAdwdefEdkifiH\ tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmrIonf tpOftvmaumif;aom NAdwdoQ
tk yfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;ESifh Edkif iHjcm;a&; XmewdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/ Stanley
Baldwin ESifh Neville Chamberlain vufxuf NAdwdoQwdkY MoZmtmPm
usqif;rIrSm EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmerS uRrf;usifolrsm;\ MoZm usqif;um xdkyk*¾dKvf
(2)OD;\ yk*¾dKvfa&; vTrf;rdk;rIaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfw\
dkY rdom;pk tpOf
tvmonfvnf; vTrf;rdk;rI &Sdonf/ Neville Chamberlain \ tavQmhay;a&;
rl0g'aMumifh NAdwdefEdkifiH tiftm;rSm wyef;½HI;cJh&onf/ csmcsD\ vufxufwGif
rSom NAdwdefEdkifiHonf tiftm; jyefvnfjynfhNzdK;cJhonf/ acgif;aqmif[lonf
um; wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf ajymif;vJaewwfaomaMumifh t&nftaoG;
jrifh rm;aom EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeESifh 0efxrf;rsm; pOfquf rjywf &Sda eap&ef
ta&;BuD; ayonf/ tcsdKUaom EdkifihH acgif;aqmifrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;a&;ü pdwf
r0ifpm; Muay/ þtcgrsdK;wGif oHwrefqufqHa&;onf Edk ifiHjcm;a&;Xme
ay:wGif tvGefrSDwnfaeayonf/ uvifwef qdkvQif EdkifiHjcm;a&;udk pdwf0if
pm;rI enf ;yg;\/ xdkodkYaom tajctaersdK;wG if tar&duefEdkif iH\ jynfy
trsdK;om;a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifa&;onf EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeay:wGif
wnfrSDaeonf/
Edk if iHBuD; rsm;wGif Edki fiHjcm;a&;Xmeü wm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef txl ;
t&nftcsif;rsm; owfrSwfxm;\/ wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;wGifvnf; EdkifiHwum
qufqHa&;Xmersm;udk zGifhvS pfum avh usifh ysdK;axmifay;\/ Edk ifiHwum
qufqHa&;[k qdk&mwGif tjynfjynfqdkif&m ordkif;? tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;
abm*aA'? tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'? oHwref qufqHa&;? tjynfjynfqdkif&m
toif;tzGJYrsm;? ppfa&;r[mAsL[mESifh t*¾r[mAsL[mwdkY yg0ifaomaMumifh
rnfrQ us,fjyefYonfudk cefYrSef;Edkifygonf/ oHwrefwdkYonf ¤if;wd\ kY t"du
wm0efBuD;rsm;jzpfonfh tumtuG,fay;jcif;? udk,fpm;jyKjcif;? avhvmoHk;oyf
jcif; (axmufvSrf;a&; tygt0if)? tpD&ifcHjcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;jcif; wkdYudk
xufxuf jruf jruf aqmif &G uf Edk if a &;onf ta&;BuD ;vSa y\/ xd kolwdkY\
vkyfief;uRrf;usifrIonf EdkifiHtwGuf tm;yif jzpfayonf/
 Hard Power Soft Power
Smart Power

odyÜHESifh enf;ynm zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmNyD; owif;tcsuftvuf vsifjrefpGm

ysHUESHYrI jrifhrm;vmaom (21) &mpk acwfBuD;wGif EdkifiHph Grf;tm;udk Hard Power?
Soft Power ESifh Smart Power tjzpf ajymif;vJusifh oHk;vmMuygonf/ Edkifih H
pGrf;tm;[lonf EdkifiH\ pGrf;tm;pkrsm;udk a&m>yef;toHk;cs&onfh Mix Strategy
jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m rwlnDonfh tajctaewGif rwlnDonfh enf;AsL[m
rsm;jzifh rdrdvdkvm;csuf (Interest) udk taumiftxnfazmfavh &Sdygonf/
tif tm;csif;NydK if tEd kif usJa eonfh ,aeY urÇmh Ed k if iHa &;wGif Power onf
toufwrQ ta&;BuD ; vmygonf/ Lord Palmerston rS ]] There is No
Permanent Friend or Foe, the Only Permanent is Interest}} ]]xm0& &efo?l
xm0& rdwfaqG [lí r&Sd? xm0& tusdK;pD;yGm;omvQif &Sdonf}} qdkonfh ¤if;\
tqdktrdefYtwdkif; BuD;Edkif? i,fn§if;0g'onf xGef;um;vmcJhygonf/ EdkifiHwum
a&;&mwGifomru jynfwGif;a&;&mwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmf\ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;
udk taumiftxnf azmf&mwGif Hard Power? Soft Power ESifh Smart Power
udk uRrf;usifydkifEdkifpGm toHk;cswwf&ef vdktyfygonf/ okdYjzpfygaomaMumifh
Edk ifiHhpGrf;tm; (National Power) udk jzpfyGm;aponfh taMumif; &if;rsm;udk
tusdK;&SdpGm toHk; cswwfonfh ynmtm; aumif;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf
aqmif&GufMu&ef vdktyfygonf/
 EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udkjzpfay:aponfh taMumif;&if; t&if;cHrsm;udk tkyfpk
trsdK;rsdK;cGJí owfrSwfMuonfudk avhvmawGY&Sd&ygonf/ “World Politics”
pmtkyfwGif Organski onf EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:aponfh taMumif;&if;
t&if;cHrsm;udk obm0t&if;cH (Natural Elements) ESifh vlrIt&if;cH (Social
Elements)[lí tkyfpk (2)pk cGJvdkufonf/ obm0t&if;cHwGif yx0D t&if;
tjrpfrsm;? vlOD;a& ponfwdkYyg0ifNyD; vlrIt&if;cHwGif pD;yGm;a&;? ppfa&;? EdkifiH
a&;? pdwf"mwfa&;&m? owif;tcsuftvuf tp&SdonfwdkY yg0ifMuavonf/
Morgenthau url EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk jzpfxGef;aponfh t&if;cHrsm;tm; wnfNidrf
t&if;cH (Stable Elements) Oyrm- yx0D? obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh yHkrSef
ajymif;vJaeonfh t&if;cH (Constant Change) Oyrm- pufrI vkyfief;qdki&f m
pGrf;aqmifrI? tpdk;& t&nftaoG; ponfjzifh tkyfpk (2)ck cGJjcm;avhvm azmfjy
cJhygonf/ xdkYtwl Couloumbis ESifh Wolfe wkdYurl EdkifiHpGrf;tm;udk vufqkyf
vufudkifjyEdkifonfh pGrf;tm; (Tangible) Oyrm- vlOD;a&? e,fedrdwf? obm0
t&if;tjrpf? pufrI pGrf;tm;? pdkufysdK;a&; pGrf;tm;? ppftiftm;ESifh ppfupm;
EdkifrIESifh vufqkyfvufudkif rjyEdkifonfh pGrf;tm; (Intangible) jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;?
pdwf"mwfa&;&m? enf;ynmESifh owif;tcsuftvuf tp&Sdonfjzifh cGJjcm;
owfrSwf avhvmcJhonfudk awGY&ygonf/ rnfodkY qdkapumrl Edkifih H pGrf;tm;udk
jzpfay:aponfh taMumif;&if; t&if;cHrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH umv
a'oudk vkd ufí ta&;ygrI udk worwf wnf ; ,l qír&yg/ wpf Edki fiH wGif
xdkpGrf;tm;onf toufwrQ ta&;BuD;aecJhaomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHwGif omref
tqifhom &dSwwfonfh oabmudk em;vnf&efvdktyfygonf/
Hard Power

Hard Power onf &SnfvQm;onfh ordkif;aMumif; &Sdygonf/ a&S;bk&if

rsm;vufxuf ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;onfh umvuwnf;u ppftiftm;udk toHk;jyKí
vTrf;rdk;rI &,ljcif;rStp Hard Power ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ aemif
tcgrS EdkifiHrsm;\ pGrf;tm;onf ppfyGJrsm;udk atmifEdkif&ef BuD;rm;onfh ppftif
tm;tjyif tiftm;pkrsm;udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef "etiftm;vnf; vdktyfaMumif;
&dyfpm;rdvmcJhMu ygonf/ xdkYtjyif pnf;urf;aumif;rGefonfh ppftiftm;
onfom pGrf;&nfxufjrufrI &Sdonfudk odomvmonfhtcg aumif;rGefonfh
Oya'rsm; &Sd&efvnf; vdktyfvmaMumif; od&SdcJhMuygonf/
Hard Power udk yuwd0g'D (Realism) rsm;u pD;yGm;a&; rufvHk;ay;rI
(odkYr[kwf) ppfa&; pGrf;tm;udk toHk;jyKí tjcm;EdkifiHtay: rdrdjyKrlvdkonfh
twdk if; aqmif &Gufa pEdk ifa om t&nftcsif;[k rSwf,lMuygonf/ Joseph
Nye url Hard Power [lonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ppftiftm;udk ]]rkefYESifh wkwf}}
(Carrots and Sticks) enf;AsL[m toHk;jyKí rdrdvdk&modkY qGJ,lEdkifonfh t&nf
tcsif;jzpfonf[k t"d yÜm,f zG ifhqdk cJhy gonf/ Kurt Campbell \ ]]Hard
Power: The New Politics of National Security}} pmtkyfwGif Hard Power
qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwpfckrS rdrd\ vdkvm;csufudk a&muf&Sdap&ef ajrjyifwyfrsm;?
a&wyf rsm;? acwf rD w d usonf h vuf euf rsm;tm; toH k ; jyKí rd rd E dk i fi H \
ta&;BuD;onfh &nfrSef;csuf (Vital National Objective)udk azmfaqmifEdkif
onfh pG rf;&nf [k t"d yÜm,f zGifh qdk ygonf/ rnfodkY yifqdka p Hard Power
r[mAsL[m jzpfaom twif;tusyfjyKrl apjcif; (odkYr[kw)f Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;
onf vGefpGm us,fus,fjyefYjyefU jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ Joseph Nye rS azmfñTef;
ouJhodkY ]]wkwf}} usifhoHk;aom r[mAsL[mwGif ppfa&; tiftm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;?
pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdkYjcif; tp&SdonfwkdYyg0ifNyD; ]]rkefY}} r[mAsL[mrSmrl ppfa&;jzifh
tumtuG,fay;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&; uefYowfcsufrsm; avsmhayghay;jcif;wkdY yg0if
ygonf/ ¤if ; r[mAsL[m\ oabmw&m;onf ]]rk efY } } tay:wGi f ]]wk w f } }
vTrf;rkdk;rI &Sdwwfygonf/ Hard Power udk toHk;jyKcJhonfh om"ursm; taejzifh
1900 jynfhESpfwGif w½kwfEdkifiH twGif;odkY taemuftkyfpk r[mrdwf (8)EdkifiHrS
Boxer Rebellion ta&;tcif;wGif 0ifa&mufESdrfeif;jcif;? 1939ckESpf 'kwd,
urÇmppf rjzpfrD *smrefrS ydkvefEdkifiHtwGif; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;? 1979
ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepf0g' jyefYyGm;&ef qdkAD,ufrS tmz*ef EdkifiH twGif; 0ifa&muf
jcif;? 2003 ckESpfwGif tar&duefrS tD&wf EdkifiH\ vufeufrsm; zsufodrf;a&;
twGuf 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif; ponfwkdYonf Hard Power usifhoHk;rI jzpfyg
onf/ tar&duefrS 1995 ckESpfwGif tD&wftm; pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdkYrI Oya'udk
xkwfjyefcJhNyD; tD&wf\ r[mrdwfrsm;jzpfMuonfh [pfbdkvm? [m;rwf? ygvuf
pwdkif; ponfwkdYudk tiftm;csdeJYatmif jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh ppfa&;
tjyif pD ; yGm;a&; enf ; vrf; jzifh Hard Power ud k vufawGU usifhoHk ;rIrsm;
udkvnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ Hard Power onf uefYowfcsufrsm; &Sdwwfygonf/
Hard Power toHk;jyKolwdkif; rdrdvdk&modkY OD;rwnfbJ raumif;onfh qefYusifbuf
tusdK;qufrsm;vnf; jzpfay:wwfygonf/ Hard Power aMumifh trkef;w&m;
ydkrdkyGm;rsm; apNyD; rdr\
d tEÅdr &nfrSef;csufrsm; ysufpD;wwfonfh oabmw&m;
rsm; &Sdwwfygonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkap EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;wGif Hard Power
qdkonfESifh Joseph Nye \ ]]rkefY ESifh wkwf}} azmfñTef;csufudk em;vnfoabmayguf
&ef vdktyfygonf/ Hard Power onf rdrdvdk&m jzpfap&ef tEkenf;? tMurf;
enf; oHk;um twif;tusyf t"r®qefonfh tjyKtrljzpfonf[k rSwf,l&rnf
jzpfygonf/
Soft Power

[m;AufwuúodkvfrS ygarmu© Joseph Nye onf 1990 jynfhESpfwGif

¤if;a&;om;cJhonfh “Bound to Lead pmtkyfwGif Soft Power \ t,ltqudk
azmfjycJhygonf/ yg0gonf wpfzufou l dk rdrdvdk&modkY jyKrlaqmif&GufapEdkifonfh
pGrf;tm;jzpfonf/ Soft Power rSmrl xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&mwGif twif;tMuyf
jyKusifhjcif;xuf qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;Edkifonfh t&nftcsif;[k azmfñTef;
cJh ygonf/ 2007 ckESpf? w½kwfuGefjrLepf ygwD (17)Budrfajrmuf taxGaxG
nDvmcHwGif ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; [lcsifawmifrSvnf; w½kwfEdkifiH
taejzifh Soft Power udk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Guf&ef vrf;ñTefcJhygonf/ tar&duef
umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Robert Gats rS tar&duef\ Soft Power pGrf;tm;udk
wdk;jr§ifhEdkif&ef e,fbuf u@wGif oHwref enf;em? r[mAsL[m qufoG,frI
(Strategic Communications)? EdkifiHjcm; taxmuftyHh? pD;yGm;a&; taqmuf
ttHk jyKjyifjcif;ESifh wdk;csJUjcif;wkdYudk wdk;csJUaqmif&Guf&ef ajymMum;cJhygonf/
Soft Power [lo nf ]]wpf zuf om;tay: rdrdv dkvm;csuf twdk if ;
jzpfay:ap&ef qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;pnf;½Hk;jcif; jzpfonf}} [k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk
xm;ygonf/ ¤if;onf taysmhenf;jzifh odrf;oGif;jcif;jzpfí Hard Power ESifh
qefYusifzuf jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&;wGif Soft Power udk toHk;cs&mü
tpdk;&omru EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;& r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;ESifhyg aygif;pyfavh &SdMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk ]]yg0g\
'kwd,rsufESm}} (Second Face of Power) [k wifpm;í ac:Muygonf/ Nye
\ t,ltqt& EkdifiHwpfc\ k Soft Power onf ¤if;\ ,Ofaus;rI (tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkifonfh ,Ofaus;rI)? EdkifiHa&; wefzdk; (Political Values)
(jynfwG if;jynfy ,Hk Munfouf0 ifr I &Sdjcif;)ESifh ¤if ; \ Edk if iH jcm;a&; rl 0g'
(tjcm;olrsm;rS w&m;rQwonf[k tjrif&SdrI) ponfh tajccHt&if;tjrpf (3) &yf
tay:wGif rlwnfonf[k azmfjycJhygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh tjcm;EdkifiHrS rdrd
vdkvm;csuftwdkif; jzpfay:apjcif;onf xdktjcm;EdkifiHrS rdrd\wefzdk; Values udk
ESpfoufapjcif; jzpfygonf/ vlxktm; twif;tMuyfjyKjcif;xuf yl;aygif;
aqmif& Guf aponf h r[mAsL[myif jzpfy gonf / jzm;a,mif ;aoG ;aqmif rI
(Seductive) onf twif;t"r®jyKusifhjcif;xuf ydkrdkxda&mufonfh t,ltq
jzpfygonf/ 'Drdkua&pD? vlYtcGifhta&;? vlwpfOD;csif;\ tcGifhta&; ponfwdkY
onf vGefpGm aoG ; aqmif jzm;a,mif ; Edkif onfh wef zdk; rsm;&Sd onf [k Nye rS
¤if;\ ]]Soft Power: The Mean To Success in World Politics}} pmtkyfwGif
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 2011 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom Nye \ “The Future Power”
wGif Soft Power udk taumif;ESifh tqdk; (2)&yfpvHk;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif;
[pf wvm? pwmvif ? armf pDwHk ; wdkY onf ¤if; wdkU \ wynf h &if ; rsm;udk Soft
Power jzifh vTrf;rdk;EdkifcJhaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYonf taumif;oabm raqmifaMumif;
azmfjycJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh Soft Power onf wpfyg;ol\ pdwfudk vdrfvnf
vSnfhjzm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ vufESpfzufudk vdrfcsdK;jcif; r[kwf[k ajymqdkMuyg
onf/ Soft Power udk EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; oDtdk&D ½IaxmifhrS avhvmvQif
Idealism, Liberalism oabm raqmifyJ Realism yHkpH ydkrdkoufa&mufygonf/

Soft Power onf Hard Power xuf tpdk;&rsm; toHk;jyK&mwGif ydkrdk

cufcJaponfh taMumif;t&if; (2)&yf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm Soft Power udk
jzpfxGef;aponfh t"du taMumif;t&if;rsm;onf tpdk;&\ xdef;csKyfEdkifonfh
tajctaewGif r&Sdjcif;ESifh oG,f0dkufaom enf;vrf;tm;jzifh qGJaqmifjcif;
jzpfonfhtwGuf trsm;ESpfoufjrwfEdk;vmap&ef tcsdef,l&jcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/
Soft Power ESifh Hard Power t,ltqudk wpfcgwpf&w H Gif cGJjcm;&ef cufcJyg
onf/ Oyrm- tar&duefor®w Bush’s onf 9^11 ta&;tcif; jzpfNyD;
aemuf ¤if;\ ]]You Are Either With Us or With The Terrorists}} ]]ighaemuf
rygol? igh&efol}} t,ltqudk xkwfjyefaMujimcJhygonf/ ¤if;onf a,bk,s
tm;jzifh Hard Power [k owfrSwfEdkifaomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udk ¤if;ESifh
ppfa &;? pD; yGm;a&;? yl;aygif ;Mu&ef qGJ a qmifa ponfh ½I a xmifhrS MunfhvQif
oG,f0dkufaom enf;tm;jzifh Soft Power udk oHk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqEdkifyg
onf/
2021 ckESpfwGif Monocle rS EdkifiHrsm;\ Soft Power udk pdppfjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ ¤if;onf EdkifiHrsm;\ tpdk;& tqifhtwef;? oHwref enf;em?
tajccH taqmufttHk ? ,Ofa us;rI pG rf ;aqmifcsuf? ynm t&nf taoG;?
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m qGJaqmifrI? ,Ofaus;rI rpf&SiftzGUJ rsm; apvTwfEdkifrI? tdkvHypf
wHqd yf &&SdrI? Edk ifiH\ Adokumvuf&mrsm;? pD; yGm;a&; ukeftrSwfwHqdyfrsm;
tp&Sdonfh tajccHtcsuf (5)csuftay: rnfrQqGJaqmifrI &Sdonf udk pdppf
avhvm azmfxkwfcJhNyD; tqifhrsm;owfrSwfcJh&m- (1) *smrPD? (2) *syef? (3)
NAdwdef? (4) uae'g? (5) qGpfZmvef? (6) tar&duef? (7) jyifopf? (8) w½kwf?
(9) qGD'if? (10) MopaMw;vs? (11) awmifudk&D; ,m;? (12) e,fomvef? (13)
½k&Sm;? (14) aemfa0;? (15) 'def;rwf wdkYjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGY&Sd&ygonf/
Smart Power

Edk ifiH wum qufqHa&;wGif Smart Power [lonf Soft Power ES ifh
Hard Power wkdYudk yl;wGJtoHk;jyKonfh r[mAsL[m jzpfygonf/ “Center For
Strategic And International Studies” rS Smart Power qdkonfrSm BuD;rm;
awmifhwif;onfh ppftiftm;tjyif r[mrdwfjyKjcif;? rdwfzGJUjcif;ESifh Institutions
rsm;\ tqifhwdkif;wGif ¤if;EdkifiHtay: vdkvm;rI &Sdapa&;twGuf wdk;csJUaqmif
&Gufjcif;ponfh pGrf;&nfjzpfonf[k zGifhqdkcJhygonf/ EdkifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'rsm;udk
taumiftxnf azmf&mwGif Hard a&m Soft yg yl;wGJtoHk;jyK&ef vdktyfyg
onf/ Oyrm-tar&duefonf wmvDbef tpdk;&\ tonf;ESvHk;udk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef
Soft Power aqmif&Gufcsuf oufoufjzifh ¤if;wkdkY\ vdkvm;csufudk jynfhrDEdkifjcif;
r&SdonfhtwG uf BuD ;rm;onfh Hard Power pGrf;tm;pk rsm;ESifhyg aygif ;pyf
toHk;jyKjcif ;onf Smart Power r[mAsL[myif jzpf ygonf / Chester A.
Crocker rS Smart Power onf ]]oHwrefenf;emjzifh qGJaqmifjcif;? pGrf;tm;
jr§ifhwifjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;u@ wdkYwGif w&m;ojzifh&Sdonf[k xifrSwf
,lrIudk jzpfyGm;aponfh vTrf;rdk;rI jzpfonf}} [k zGifhqdkxm;onf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh
ppfa&; pGrf;tm;tjyif oHwrefenf;emwdkYjzifhyg bufpHka&m>yef; toHk;jyKjcif;
jzpfonf}}[k zGifhqdkcJhygonf/
Smart Power \ wdusonfh teuft"dyÜm,fonf ,aeYwdkif jiif;cHk
aeMuqJjzpfonf/ Smart Power onf Hard Power ESifh Soft Power tm;
wGJzuftoHk;jyKonfh r[mAsL[mrSefaomfvnf; tajctaetcsdeftcg tay:
rlwnfí rnfonfhudpöwGif Hard udkrsm;rsm; oHk;&rnf ? rnfonfh udpöwGif
Soft udkrsm;rsm; oHk;rnf&udk rSefuefpGm cGJjcm;aqmif&Gufwwf&ef ta&;BuD;yg
onf/ Oyrm- ajrmufudk&D;,m; tPkjrLvufeuf udpöwGif Soft Power xuf
Hard Power rsm;rsm;oH k;jcif;onf yd k r dkx d a&muf rI &S d Ed ki fonf / xd k YaMumif h
Financial Times rS ]]Nidrf ;csrf; rIudk &,lapvQif tar&duef taejzifh Soft
Power udk vufawGU uRrf;usifpGm toHk;jyKwwfNyD; wpfzufrS Hard Power jzifh
ppfEdkifatmif wkdufEkdif &rnf} } [l aom Smart Power t,ltqudk azmfjycJh
onf/
Smart Power onf (21) &mpkESpfrsm;wGifrS ydkrdkí trTef;wif ac:qdk
oHk;pGJvmMuaomfvnf; EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;ordkif;aMumif;udk avhvm&m
wGif ¤if;tm; a&S;,cifuwnf;u toHk;jyKvmcJhMuonfudk atmufygtwdkif;
avhvm awGU&Sd&ygonf-
1901 ckESpfwGif tar&duefor®w Roosevelt rS ]]pum;udk csdKom
aysmhajymif;pGm ajymyg}} wcsdefwnf;wGif wkwfBuD;BuD;udk aqmif
xm;yg}} ]]Speak Softly And Carry A Big Stick}} [k ajymqdkcJhjcif;/
1991 ckESpf ppfat;wdkufyGJ ed*Hk;csKyfonfh txdrf;trSwf jzpfaom
bmvif wHwdkif;tm; tajrmufrsm;jzifh NzdKcGif;jcif;xuf wlrsm;jzifh
NzdKcG if;jcif;onf Smart Power \ vufawGU om"u jzpfonf/
ppfat; wkdufyGJ umvwpfavQmuf tar&duefrS qdkAD,uftm;
Hard Power jzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhovdk wcsdefwGif Soft Power jzifh
uG efjrLepf 0g' qefYusifrIudk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;rSm rSefuefonfh Smart Power r[mAsL[m
usifhoHk;rIaMumifh jzpfonf/
2009 ckESpf? tar&duefEdkifiHü tdkbm;rm; tkyfcsKyfrI atmufwGif
Smart Power onf EdkifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'\ t"du tusqHk;aom
Principle jzpfcJhygonf/ Bush’s vufxufu Hard Power udk
rsm;rsm; toHk ;jyKrI rsm;\ tusdK ;qufudk axmuf jyNyD; Hillary
Clinton ESifh twl ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfMuaom Suzanne Nossel ESifh
Joseph Nye wdkYuvnf; Smart Power udk toHk;jyK&ef axmufcH
tm;ay;cJhMuygonf/ or®w tdkbm;rm;rS ]]uREfkyfwdkYonf Smart
Power udk pG rf;tm;jynf h toHk;cs&rnf ? Diplomacy ? pD; yGm;a&;?
ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;? Oya' pdk;rkd;a&; (Legal)ESifh ,Ofaus;rI tp&Sd
onfh rdrdwkdY\ vufoHk;ud&d,mrsm;udk tajctae tcsdeftcg tay:
rlwnfí rSefuefpGm a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKjcif; (odkY r[kwf) aygif;pyf
toHk;jyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMu&rnf? Diplomacy ESSifh Smart Power
onfom rdrdw\ dkY EdkifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'udk tumuG,fjyKEdkifonf}} [k
ajymMum;cJhygonf/
2011 ckESpfwGif tdkbm;rm;rS ta&SUtv,fydkif;ESifh ajrmuftmz&du
Edk if iH rsm;tay: zGHUNzd K;rI aqmif &G u f a y;jcif ; ? umuG ,f jcif ; ES if h
Diplomacy ponfh a'gufwdkif (3)&yf yg0ifonfh Smart Power
r[mAsL[mudk tajccHonfh EdkifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'udk csrSwfcJhygonf/
 A leader is best when people barely know he exists, not so good
when people obey and acclaim him, worst when they despise
him.
Lao-Tzu
500 BC

Lao-Tzu tqdktrdefYt& ]]acgif;aqmifonf rdrw d nf&Sdaeonfudk vl

trsm;u od½HkrQ odaejcif;onf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ ½dkaoMuNyD; csD;usL;
axmyem jyKaeygu odyfraumif;yg/ tqdk;qHk;rSm rdrdtm; txiftjrifao;
jcif;jzpfonf}}[k azmfñTef;cJhygonf/ qdkvdk&if;rSm yk*¾dKvfa&;t& wudk,fawmf
xifay:aejcif;onf odyfraumif ;aMumif; azmfjycJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ owif;
tcsuftvufacwf? A[kokwacwfwGif acgif;aqmifrI yHko@mefonf ajymif;vJ
oGm;cJhNyDjzpfygonf/ a&S;½kd;pGJ Command and Control yHkpHonf ,aeYacwfwGif
tvkyf rjzpfawmhyg/ yifwm*Gef ppfXmecsKyfrS avhusifha&;rSL;\ owif;ydkYcsuf
t& ]],aeYrsdK;qufopfrsm;udk atmfaigufa ejcif;jyK&ef rvdkawmhaMumif;?
olwdkU\ odrIynmrSm jrifhrm;vmonfhtwGuf t&dyfjyvQif taumifjrifvmNyD
jzpfaMumif;}} azmfjycJhygonf/ owif;tcsuftvuf awmfvSefa&; (Information
Revolution)ESifh Knowledge is Power acwfumvwGif acgif;aqmifrI\
OD;aqmifrIonf trdefYay;í ol&Jaumif;jyKrljcif;xuf vufatmufi,fom;
rsm;tay: pdwf"mwfwuf<upGm yg0ifvmap&ef vIHUaqmfay;jcif; (Motivation)
tcef;u@ odkY a&muf&SdcJhNyD jzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh Hard Power tay:
Soft Power onf vTrf;rdk;oGm;NyD[k rSwf,lí &ygonf/

acgif;aqmifrIESifh Power onf cGJjcm;í r&onfhtjyif tjyeftvSef

qufEG,faevsuf &Sdygonf/ Power [lonf tjcm;oltm; rdrdjyKrlvdkonfh
twkdif; jzpfay:apEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ xdkokdU jzpfap&ef
twif;tMuyf Ncdrf;ajcmufaqmif&Gufapjcif; (odkYr[kwf) ay;urf;í wdkufwGef;
apjcif; (odkUr[kwf) yg0if yl;aygif;aqmif &Guf &ef qGJaqmif apjcif; ponfh
tajccHtcsuf (3)csufjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ Soft Power onf aoG;aqmif
jzm;a,mif;jcif;ESifh qGJaqmifjcif;jzifh wdrf;nGwfvmatmif t"du jyKvkyfjcif;
jzpfygonf/ vlwpfOD;csif;udk pGJrufvmap&ef Intangible t&if;tjrpfrsm;
jzpfonfh qGJaqmifrI&Sdonfh Oy"d½kyfoGif? yk*¾dKvfa&; wefzdk;? tzJGUtpnf;ESifh
tjrif u s,f r I tp&S d onf w d k Y o nf tajccH rsm; jzpf ygonf / ¤if ; tajccH
tcsufrsm;onf xdkacgif;aqmiftay: vufatmuf rS udk,fusifh w&m;jzifh
w&m;enf;vrf;wus tkyfcsKyfoltjzpf rSwf,lMuygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh Soft
Power \ qGJaqmifrI pGrf;tm;yifjzpfygonf/ vlwpfzufom;udk rdrb d ufodkU
ygvmap&ef toHk;jyKMuonfh qJGaqmifjcif;yHkpHrSm trsdK;rsdK; &Sdygonf/ wzufom;
pdwf udk vI yf &Sm;apjcif; (Emotion) onf oH vkduf qGJ iiftm;uJh odkY jzpf NyD ;
acgif;aqmifr\ I MoZmwduúr(Charisma) udk wdk;yGm;apygonf/ acgif;aqmifrI
wGif Soft Power ESifh Hard Power uGmjcm;rIudk atmufygtwdkif; awGY&yg
onf-
Soft Power Hard Power

qGJaqmifrIESifh yifudk,ft&nftaoG;ESifh MoZmwduúr &Sdo?l

yg0ifyl;aygif;vkdr/I qufqHa&;aumif;jcif;/ qGJaqmifEdkiftm; &Sdjcif;/
Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh tvkyfjzKwfjcif;? cefYjcif;?
Hard
twif;tMuyfjyKjcif;/ Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? yHhydk;jcif;/ &mxl;wdk;jcif;? yHhydk;jcif;/

Hard Power ESifh Soft Power onf ESpfrsdK;pvHk; &nf&G,fcsuf wlnDMu

onf/ (2)rsdK;pvHk;wGif tusdK;ESifh tjypf? taumif;ESifh tqdk; 'GefwGJaewwf
onf/ wpfckESifh wpfckvnf; qufpyfrI &SdMuonf/ Hard Power ESifh Soft Power
wdkYonf wpfcgwpf &H pGrf ;tm;jznfh (Reinforce) jzpfapNyD; wpf cgwpf&H
taESmuft,Suf tzsuftqD; (Interfere) jzpfapwwfonfh oabmobm0
udkvnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ acgif;aqmifwdkif;onf ¤if; Power ESpfckudk rSefuefpGm
toHk;cswwf&ef vdktyfonf/ Hard Power (odkUr[kwf) Soft Power wpfckwnf;
oufoufjzifhvnf; OD;aqmifrI ray;Edkifyg/ tmPm&SifwdkYyifvQif ¤if;wdkU\
twGif;pnf ;udk Hard Power jzifh qGJaqmifrI jyKMuaomfvnf ; vdk tyfaom
ae&mrsm;wG i f Soft Power ud k toH k ; jyKMuygonf/ acgif ; aqmif r Itay:
&GGHUaMumufBuD; jzpfapjcif;xuf cspfcifapjcif;u ydkrí
dk aumif;rGefygonf/ Soft
Power onf Hard Power xuf tNrJwap omvGefaumif;rGefonf[k rqdkom
yg/ wpfOD; wpfa,mufonf Soft Power jzifh aqmif&Gufaomfvnf ; ¤if;\
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk todtrSwfjyKí r&Edkifonfh tajctaersdK;vnf; &Sdwwfyg
onf/ Oyrm- bifvm'ifonf Soft Power rsm;pGm toHk;cscJhaomfvnf;
tar&duef½IaxmifhrS xdkodkYtjrifr&SdcJhyg? todtrSwf rjyKcJhyg/ vlwdkY\ oabm
obm0t& csKyfudkifrIudk rESpfNrdKUMuyg/ Soft Power jzpfaomfvnf; csKyfudkifonfh

Globalization, Information Revolution ESifh Democratization

acwfB uD; wGif acgif;aqmif rI yHk o@mefonf ajymif ;vJ oGm;NyD jzpf ygonf/
acgif ; aqmif rI yHk o@mef onf trd efY \ uRrf ;usif rI (Skill) wG if Vision,
Communication ESifh Emotional Intelligence wdkUonf ydkrdkta&;BuD;onfh
tcef;u@wGif yg0ifvmcJhygonf/ odkY&mwG if tcsdKUtajctaersm;ü Soft
Power onf tcsdefvG efpGm ,lwwfí tvk yfrjzpfygu Hard Power jzifh
yHk pHajymif;í toHk;cswwf&rnf jzpf ygonf/ Adkvfus tEdkif,ljcif; ? twif;
tMuyf tay;t,lvkyfjcif;? 0,f,ljcif; ponfwkdYudk tajctae tcsdeftcg
t& jyKjyifa jymif ; vJí toHk ;cswwf&ef vdk tyf ygonf / tcsdeftcgudk
rSefuefpGm cGJjcm;í Soft Power ESifh Hard Power udk uRrf;usifpGm aygif;pyfNyD;
Smart Power jzifh toHk;cswwf &rnf/ toHk;csrnfh umvonf tmPm&Sif
vm;? 'Drdkua&pDvm; (odkYr[kw)f omreftcsdefvm;? ta&;ay:tMuyftwnf;
tcsdefvm; qdkwmudk cGJjcm;od&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkap ,aeYacwf
onf Smart acwfodkU a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfygonf/ Smart acgif;aqmifrIjzifhom
vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
(National Power Index)

Rank 2021
UNITED STATE
1 GDP - $21.4 trillion, POPULATION - 328 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $65,280
CHINA
2 GDP - $14.3 trillion, POPULATION - 1.40 billion,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $10,217
RUSSIA
3 GDP - $1.69 trillion, POPULATION - 144 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $11,498
GERMANY
4 GDP - $3.86 trillion, POPULATION - 83.1 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $46,468
UNITED KINGDOM
5 GDP - $2.83 trillion, POPULATION - 66.8 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $42,354
JAPAN
6 GDP - $5.06 trillion, POPULATION - 126 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $40,113
FRANCE
7 GDP - $2.72 trillion, POPULATION - 67.2 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $40,380
SOUTH KOREA
8 GDP - $1.65 trillion, POPULATION - 51.7 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $31,846
SAUDI ARABIA
9 GDP - $793 billion, POPULATION - 34.3 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $23,140
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
10 GDP - $421 billion, POPULATION - 9.77 million,
GDP PER CAPITA, PPP - $43,103
Source : https://www.usnews.com/news/best­countries/power­rankings
 (The Important Role of National Power In 21st Century)

1990 jynfhESpfwGif urÇmhtiftm;csdefcGiv

f Qm ysufokOf;oGm;NyD; ppfat;
wdkufyGJ ed*Hk;csKyfum Unipolar jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/ xdktcg urÇmhEdkifiH toD;oD;
wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fEdkif&ef EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;udk
tNydKiftqdkif wnfaqmufvmcJhygonf/ (21) &mpktwGif; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; EdkifiH h
pGrf;tm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmonfh EdkifiHudk azmfjy&rnfqdkygu w½kwf jynfolY
or®w EdkifiHudk jyqdk&ygrnf/ w½kwfjynfwGif 1976 ckESpf? armfpDwkef; uG,fvGef
NyD;aemuf wdefa&Smufzdefonf 1978 ckESpfrS 1989 ckESpftxd vnf;aumif;?
usefZDrif;onf 1989 ckESpfrS 2002 ckESpt f xd vnf;aumif; tkyfcsKyfcJhygonf/
tqdkyg acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;onf w½kwfEdkifiH zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvm&ef ueOD; rsdK;aph
udk csay;cJholrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ w½kwf uGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifonfh ESpf
(100)jynfhonfh 2049 ckESpfwGif w½kwfonf urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiH jzpf&rnf
[l aom t*¾r[mAsL[m &nf rS ef;csuf csrSwfcJh ygonf/ ¤if;aemuf (4)rsdK;
acwfrDa&; rl0g' (r[mAsL[m) jzpfaom pdkufysdK;a&;? pufrI? umuG,fa&;ESifh
odyÜHESifh enf;ynm zGHUjzdK;vmapa&; twGuf pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfí taumif
txnfazmfcJh ygonf/ pwif taumiftxnfazmfpOf w½kw\ f GDP onf
urÇmh GDP \ 2.2 % rQom &Sdygonf/ xdkumvwGif tar&duef\ GDP onf
urÇmh GDP \ 25 % &Sdygonf/ 2010 ckESpfwGif w½kwfonf urÇmh pD;yGm;a&;
wGif *syefudk ausmfwufum urÇmhtqifh (2)odkY a&mufcJhygonf/ ESpftenf;i,f
twGif; w½kwfonf wwd, ae&mwGif wnf&Sdaom *syefxuf pD;yGm;a&;rSm (4)q
cefYxd ausmfvGef wdk;wufcJhygonf/ 2016 ckESpfwGif w½kw\ f GDP (PPP)
onf 21.72 BxDvD,ef&SdNyD; *syefonf 5.44 BxDvD,efom &Sdygonf/ IMF \
cefYrSef;csuft& 2026 ckESpf cefYwGif w½kwfonf pD;yGm;a&;wGif tar&duefudk
ausmfwufum urÇmeh Hygwf (1) jzpfvmygrnf[k od&ygonf/ w½kwfjynfwGif
vlvwfwef;pm;ta& twGufoef; (600)ausmf&SdNyD; urÇmwGif vlvwffwef;pm;
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wGif w½kwf or®w &SDusifyh ifonf urÇmBuD;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh pdk;rdk;Edkif&ef ]]21
&mpk ydk;vrf;ropf}} wenf;tm;jzifh (Belt and Road Initiative) (BRI) r[m
pDrHudef;BuD;udk aiGajrmufrsm;pGm tukeftuscHí pDrHaqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdygonf/
ESpfaygif; (40) twGif; w½kwfEdkifiHonf tqrwef tiftm;BuD;aom EdkifiH
tqifhodkY a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/ xdktcg w½kwfwdkYonf ]]aMumif}} rsm;uJodkY
0Sufxm;onfh vufoJrsm;udk xkwfjycJhygonf/ 2021 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif
w½kwf wdkufav,mOf tpD;aygif; (150)cefY xdkif0rf Air Identification Zone
twGif;odkY jzwfoef;0ifa&mufum &mZoHay;ygonf/
w½kwf jynfolU or® wEdkifiH ,ckuJhodkY Edkif iHh pGrf ;tm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
vmjcif;rSm EdkifihH acgif;aqmifrsm; Vision &SdNyD; rSefuefonfh r[mAsL[mrsm;udk
csrSwftaumiftxnfazmf aqmif½GufEdkifcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ w½kwfonf
EdkifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;jzifh wnfaqmufcJhygonf/ tvm;wl tm&SEdkifiHrsm;onf
EdkifihHpGrf;tm; zGHUNzdK;vmojzifh urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; A[dkcsufonf tm&SodkY a½TUajymif;
0ifa&mufvmcJhygonf/ EdkifiHcsif; ,SOfNydKifrIvnf; rsm;vmygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
(21) &mpkwGif EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;u@odkY a&muf&Sdvm
cJhNyD jzpfygonf/
 EdkifiHawmf\ r[mAsL[m rl0g'rsm; csrSwfa&;qGJ&olrsm; twGuf ]]EdkifiH h
pGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:aponfh t&if;cHtaMumif;&if;rsm;}} bmom&yfonf vGefpGm
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ þbmom&yfonf vGefpGmus,fjyefYNyD; av;eufygonf/ EdkifihH
pGrf;tm;udk taumiftxnf azmfMu&mwGifvnf; w&m;ao owfrSwfxm;onfh
pHjyKyHkpH r&Sdyg/ rdrdEdkifiHESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdrnfh udk,fydkifpHjzifh EdkifiHph Grf;tm;
udk taumiftxnf azmfMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ txufwGif jyqdkcJhrIrsm;onf
tvG,fwul avhvmEdkif&ef tusOf;csKyf azmfjyjcif;om jzpfygonf/ us,fus,f
jyefYjyefU qufvufavhvm&ef vdktyfygonf/
EdkifihHacgif;aqmifrsm;onf a&SUa&;udk BudKwifawG;Edkifonfh Vision &Sd&
rnf / ÓPf tajrmf tjrif jrifhrm;onfh Emotional IQ &Sd &rnf / xdkYtjyif
aumif; rG ef onfh quf qHa &; Communication &Sd &efvnf ; vdktyf ygonf/
]]You Don’t Need To Work Hard, All You Need Is To Work Smart}}
acwfBuD;odkY a&muf&SdvmcJhNyD jzpfygonf/
“
” Hans Morgenthau
 EdkifiHawmf\ wnfae&m taetxm;onf EdkifihHpGrf;tm;tay: tusKd;
oufa&mufrI bmom&yfukd avhvm&mwGif yx0DEdkifiHa&;\ (Geopolitics)
t"dyÜg,fukd uGJuGJjym;jym; od&SdjyD; ¤if;bmom&yf\ tajccHukd OD;pGmem;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfygonf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&; (Geopolitics) wGif Geo onf
emr0da ooejzpf jyD ; Politics onf emrf jzpf onf / t"d yÜg,frSm ]]Edk if iHa &;
tcsif ; t&mrsm;uk d tav;xm;jyD ; ,if ; tcsif ; t&mrsm;\ yx0D qd k if &m
vu©Pm&yfrsm;ukd avhvmjcif;}} [k zGifhqdkygonf/ “Relationship Between
Politics and Territory” udk avhvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;ESifh a0g[m& a&SUaemuf
jzpfonfh EdkifiHa&;yx0D (Political Geography) rSmrl ]]yx0D tcsif;t&mrsm;ukd
tav;xm;jyD; ,if;tcsif;t&mrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m vu©Pmrsm;ukd avhvm
jcif;}} jzpfygonf/ Geopolitics onf Political Geography rS qif;oufvmcJh
jcif;jzpfygonf/ Political Geography onf yx0D0if bmom&yf jzpfygonf/
Geopolitics rSm EdkifiHa&; bmom&yf jzpfygonf/ Geopolitics onfEdkifiHrsm;\
yx0Dtaetxm;t& EdkifihpH Grf;tm;&SdrIukd avhvmjcif;jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh
tiftm;MuD;EdkifiHrsm; tiftm;xdef;ñSdjcif;ESifh qufEG,fonf/ xdkUaMumifh ¤if;
bmom&yfonf EdkifiHukd A[kdjyKí ¤if;\ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; tcGifhtvrf;
omrIukd azmfxkwfavhvmjcif;jzpfonf[kvnf; rSwf,lí&Edkfifygonf/
Geopolitics Alfred Mahan (1840~1914)

Control of the sea is key to a nation's political, economic and

military interests.
Sea power involves:
Naval power
Ocean commerce
Ocean industry
Large population

Alfred Mahan (1840~1914)

r[ef; (Alfred Mahan) onf tar&duef a&wyf AdkvfcsKyfMuD; wpfOD;

jzpfouJhokdU yx0D0if r[mAsL[m uRrf;usifol (Geostrategist) ESihf ordkif;
ynm&Sif wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf / West Point wG if arG ;zGm;cJhjyD ; tar&duef
ppfwuúokdvfwGif ygarmu© wm0ef,lcJhzl;onf/ ¤if;ukd West Point \ zcifMuD;
[lívnf; todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/ ¤if;onf Naval War College wGif enf;jy
tjzpf wm0efxrf ;aqmif pOf a&wyf pGrf ; tm; Sea Power ESi hf pyf vsOf;jyD ;
pmtkyfrsm;pGm a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/ ¤if;onf (17) &mpkESpfrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;chJ
onfh a[mfvef? t*Fvef? jyifopfESifh pydef ppfyGJrsm;? (19) &mpkwGif jzpfyGm;cJh
onfh jyifopfESihf t*Fvdyf wdkU\ a&wyfppfyGJrsm;ukd txl;jyKavhvmí pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;pGm a&;om;jyKpkcJh ygonf/ ¤if;\ t,ltqrSm EdkifiHrsm;\ pGrf;tm;
onf yifv,fa&aMumif;ESihf qufEG,frI &Sdaeonf/ jidrf;csrf;pOf umvwGif
ukefoG,fa&aMumif;twGuf pGrf;aqmifEdkifouJhokdU ppfjzpfonfh umvwGif ppfa&;
twGuf xdef;csKyfEdkifonf/ ¤if;qkdvkdonfrSm EdkifiH\ yx0D ppfr[mAsL[m tcsuf
tcsmusonfh wnfae&m (Oyrm- Choke Point) ESifh t&nftcsif;ESifh tqifh
&Sdonfh a&wyfpGrf;tm; &Sdjcif;onf EdkifiH\ t"dupGrf;tm; jzpfonf/ xkdokdU
pGrf;tm; &Sdjcif;jzifh yifv,fa&aMumif; qufoG,frI jyKEdkifonfhtjyif &efolukd
vnf; xdef;csKyf acszsufEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh r[ef;\ t,ltqrSm
]]Sea Power onf EdkifihHpGrf;tm;twGuf tvGefta&;MuD;jyD; tiftm;MuD;onfh
a&wyfpGrf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHwumukd xdef;csKyfEdkifonf}} [lí jzpfygonf/ ¤if;t,l
tqt& ,aeYxufwdkif r[mtiftm;MuD;ESifh tiftm;MuD;EdkifiHrsm;onf a&wyf
pGrf;tm;ukd Blue Water Navy tqifhodkY wdk;csJUaqmif&GufaeMujcif; jzpfyg
onf/
Geopolitics Mackinder (1861~1947)

yHk(8) Mackinder \ Heartland Theory

Heartland Theory:
Who rules east Europe commands the heartland

Who rules the heartland commands the world island

Who rules the world island commands the world

NAdwd oQvlrsKd; wpfO D; jzpfol Halford J. Mackinder onf txl; yif

ausmfMum;onfh Geopolitics ynm&Sif wpfOD; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;onf ygvDref
trwfwpfOD; jzpfonfomru yxr urÇmppftNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;wGif NAdwdoQ ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJholvnf; jzpfonf/ ¤if;\
tqkdrSm ukef;ajrxkonf urÇmhrsufESmjyif\ av;yHkwpfyHkom &SdNyD; usefrSm a&
rsufESmjyif jzpfonf/ ork'´&mukd rnfokdYyif cGJjcm; ac:a0:aomfvnf; a&jyifrSm
qufpyfaeojzifh ork'´&m wpfpif;wnf;om &Sdonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ ukefajr
rSmrl a&ywfvnf0kdif;aeaom uRef;BuD;uRef;i,frsm; tjzpf &Sdonf/ xkduRef;rsm;
teuf tm&S? Oa&myESifh tmz&du oHk;wdkufaygif;uRef;onf tBuD;qHk; jzpfNyD;
urÇmhuRef;BuD; (World Island) [k ¤if;rS ac:onf/ urÇmBuD;wGif ork'´&monf
urÇmhrsufESmjyif\ 9^12 zHk;vTrf;onf/ urÇmhuRef;BuD;onf 2^12 zHk;vTrf;onf/
awmif^ ajrmuf tar&du? MopaMw;vsESifh tjcm;uRef;rsm;\ {&d,monf
1^12 om &Sdonf/ vlOD;a&t& MunfhvQif urÇmhvlOD;a& pkpkaygif;\ 14^16
ykH rSm urÇmhuRef;BuD ;ay:wGif &SdNyD; awmif^ ajrmuf tar&du wdkufrsm;ESifh
MopaMw;vswdkufwGif 1^16 ESifh usef urf;eD;? urf;a0;uRef;rsm;ay:wGif 1^16
yHkom &Sdonf/ rufuif'g (Mackinder) onf urÇmBuD;\ obm0 tydkif;tjcm;
a'orsm;jzifh pkaygif;zGJUpnf;xm;onfukd avhvmNyD; rnfonfh tydkif;tjcm;ü
tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH ay:xGef;Edkifonfhae&m jzpfonfukd avhvmaz:xkwfcJh onf/
wenf;tm;jzifh urÇmhrnfonfh tydkif;tjcm;a'oonf urÇmhA[kdcsufe,fajr?
wenf;tm;jzifh urÇmh tonf;ESvHk;e,fajr (Heart Land) ukd azmfxkwfcJhonf/
¤if;A[kdcsufe,fajronf tm&Swdkuf twGif;ykdif;ü ½k&Se,fajr trsm;qHk; yg0ifNyD;
w½kwf taemufykdif;? rGef*dkvD;,m;? tmz*efepöwef? tD&ef? tD&wf? ygupöwef
wdkYyg0ifonf/ A[kdcsufe,fajronf ajratmuf o,HZmw<u,f0NyD; obm0
twm;tqD;rsm;aMumifh &efolrsm; tvG,fwul0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufjcif; rjyKEdkif
[k qkdonf / okdY &mwG if xkd A[kd csuf e,f a jr\ taemuf zufj crf ;ü obm0
twm;tqD; r&Sdonfh tm;enf;csuf&Sdaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh Oa&my ta&SUydkif;
tif;tm;BuD;EdkifiH wpfckuom A[kdcsufe,fajrukd 0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufEdkifrnf
jzpfonf[k ,lqNyD; atmufyg oDtdk&Dukd azmfxkwfcJhonf-
Oa&my ta&SUydkif;ukd tkyfpkd;olonf A[kdcsufe,fajrukd vTrf;rdk; Edkif
onf/
A[kdcsufe,fajrukd tkyfpkd;olonf urÇmBuD;ukd vTrf;rdk;Edkifrnf/
urÇmhuRef;BuD;ukd tkyfpkd;olonf urÇmBuD;ukd vTrf;rkd;rnf/
Geopolitics Spykman (1893~1943)

yHk(9) Spykman \ Rimland Theory

Rimland Theory:

Who controls the rimland rules Eurasia?

Who rules Eurasia controls the destines of the world?

Nicholas John Spykman onf 'wfcsf-tar&duef yx0D r[mAsL[m

ynm&Sif jzpfonf/ ¤if;ukd God Father of Containment [k wifpm;ac:a0:
cJhonf/ ¤if;onf Yale wuúokdvf? EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; XmerS ygarmu©
wpf OD; jzpfcJhonf/ ¤if;\ oDtkd&D onf t"d utm;jzihf xd ef; csKyfjcif; rl0g'
(Containment Policy) ukd tajccHonf/ pydkufrif; (Spykman) onf rufuif'g
(Mackinder) \ urÇmBuD;ukd ydkif;jcm;rItm; A[kdcsufe,fajr (Heart Land)?
puf0ef;e,fajr (Rimland)? twGif;vjcrf;auG;e,fajr? urf;a0; uRef;rsm;ESifh
urÇmhwkdufBuD; (Oa&mywkduf) [kac:aom tjyifoD;oefU vjcrf;auG;e,fajr
[lí cGJjcm;avhvmcJh ygonf/ Rimland e,fajrwGif Oa&my urf;½dk;wrf;e,fajr?
tma&As ta&SUtv,fykdif; oJuEÅm&e,fajrESihf tm&S rkwfokefe,fajrwkdY yg0if
onf/ Rimland (odkUr[kwf) twGif;vjcrf;auG;e,fajrwGif vlOD;a& trsm;qHk;
ESihf obm0 o,H Zmw ayg<u,f0onf / Rimland onf Heart Land ESi fh
yifv,ftem;owf e,fajrtMum;wGif wnf&Sdjcif;aMumifh ¤if;onf Heart Land
xufykdí ta&;BuD ;onf[k azmfxkwfcJhygonf/ wpf enf;tm;jzifh ¤if;onf
ajrjyifwyfpGrf;tm;ESihf a&wyfpGrf;tm; tMum;wGif wnf&Sdaom Mum;cHe,fajr
(Buffer Zone) jzpfaejcif;aMumifh ykdrd kta&;ygonf[ k qkdjcif;jzpfonf/
rufuif'gu tjyifvjcrf;auG;e,fajr (Outer of Insular Crescent) onf
Heart Land ukd xdef;csKyf&ef ydkíta&;BuD;onf/ pydkufrif;u tjyifvjcrf;auG;
e,fa jronf ykd í ta&;BuD ; onf [la om ,l qcsuf rsm; uG J vGJ rI &S d onf /
pykdufrif;\ t,ltqrSm tcsKyftm;jzifh Rimland ukd xdef;csKyfEdkifolonf
Heart Land [kac:aom Eurasia ukd pkd;rdk;Edkifonf/ Eurasia ukd xdef;csKyfEdkifol
onf urÇmBuD;ukd xdef;csKyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf[k oDtkd&D azmfxkwfcJhonf/
Geopolitics Ratzel (1844~1904)

ukef;ajr tajcjyKEdkifiHonf yifv,f tajcjyKEkdifiHxuf a&&SnfwGif

omvGefonf/

ypdzdwfork'´&monf tem*wf ork'´&mjzpfonf/

Oa&myudk taumif;qHk;zGHUNzdK;vdkygu EdkifiH wpfEkdifiHwnf; jzpf&rnf/

Friedrich Ratzel (1844~1904)

ynm&Sif Friedrich Ratzel onf *smref vlrsdL; jzpfNyD; rlvu owåaA'

ynm&Sifjzpfonf/ ¤if;rS yx0D0if bmom&yfukd avhvmcJhNyD;aemuf yx0DEdkifiHa&;
ynm&Sif jzpfvmcJhonf/ ¤if;onf r[ef; (Mahan) wdkYESihfacwfNydKif ay:xGef;vm
cJh onfh ynm&S if wpf OD ;vnf ; jzpfonf/ &pfZ,f (Ratzel) \ ,lqcsuf rS m
yifv,f jyif onf ,Of a us;rI rsm;ukd pnf;vHk;ay;Edkifonfh tajccHtcsuf
jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif ukef;ajr tajcjyKEdkifiH (Land Power) ESihf yifv,f tajcjyK
EdkifiH (Sea Power) wdkU tm;NydKifMu&vdrfhrnf/ a&&SnfwGif t&if;tjrpf tiftm;
omvGefonfh ukef;ajr tajcjyKEdkifiHu tEdkif&rnf[laom a[mudef;xkwfcJh
onf / &pfZ ,f u ypd zd wf o rk ' ´ &monf tem*wf ork '´ &mjzpf N yD ; ¤if ; rS
tif tm;BuD; Ekd ifiH rsm; ay:xG ef ;vmrnf [k oHk ;oyf cJ honf / vufawGUwG if
¤if;oHk;oyfcsufrSm rSefuefaeonfukd awGU&Sd&onf/ xdkYtjyif &pfZ,fu ]]Oa&my
udk taumif;qHk; zGHUNzdK;vdkonfqkdygu EkdifiHwpfEdkifiH taejzifhom &Sdoifhonf}}
[k a[mudef; xkwfcJhonf/ xkdpOfu ¤if;onf *smrPDEdkifiHukd &nfpl;í ajymcJh
aomfvnf; ,aeY vufawGUwGif Oa&myor*¾ (European Union) ay:aygufvm
cJhNyD; ¤if;onf Oa&my jynfaxmifpk (The United States of Europe) [líyif
wif pm;ac:qdkvmMu ygonf/ &pfZ,f\ t,ltqESihf r[ef ;\ t,ltq
ukd uf nD rI r&Sd onf u kd awG U &onf / r[ef; u Ekd if i hH p G rf ; tm;onf uk ef ; ajr
tus,ft0ef; tay: rlrwnf? &Snfvsm;onfh urf;½dk;wef;ESihf qdyfurf;aumif;
rsm;&SdNyD; yifv,fESifh xdpyfrIrsm;avav EkdifiHt
h iftm; BuD;avav[k ¤if;u
,lqcJhonf/ vufawGUwGif ¤if;t,ltq rSefuefaMumif; awGU&onf/
 Edk ifiH\ wnfae&m taetxm;onf EdkifiHh pGrf;tm; tay: tusdK;
oufa&muf rIukd avhvm&mwGi f Geopolitics oD tkd &D rsm;ukd om tajccH í
avhvm&rnf jzpfygonf/ txufazmfjyyg ynm&Sifrsm;\ oDtkd&Drsm;? t,l
tqrsm;ukd tajccHí Edk if iH\ wnfae&mtaetxm;rS Edk if iH hp Grf; tm;uk d
azmfxkwf&rnf jzpfygonf/ obm0 yx0D0if wnfae&m taetxm;rS &moD
Owk? o,HZmw? ajrrsufESmoGifjyif taetxm;? tdrfeD;em;csif; EkdifiHrsm;\
taetxm; tp&Sdonf wkdYonf qufEG,fí obm0tavQmuf jzpfay:aeyg
onf/ ¤if;wkdYonf EdkifiHwpf ck\ obm0tavQmuf zefwD; ay;Edkifonfh
pGrf;tm;rsm;[líyif ac:qkdEdkifyg ao;onf/ wnfae&monf Edkifih H pGrf;tm;udk
jzpfxGef;aprIESifh eD;uyfpGm qufpyfaeygonf/ wnfae&maMumifh cHpm;&&SdEdkif
onfh &moDOwkonf qif;&J^ csrf;omrIukd jzpfapygonf/ urÇmh tqif;&JqHk;
EdkifiHrsm;ukd avhvmvQif orykdif;a'o Temperate Zones jyifywGif &SdaeMu
onfukd trsm;qHk; awGU&Sd&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif EkdifiH\ t&G,ftpm;ESihf
yHko@mefonfvnf; EdkifihH pGrftm;udk jzpfxGef;aprIwGif ta&;ygvSygonf/
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;onf t&G,ftpm;ESihf yHko@meftrsdK;rsdK; &SdMuygonf/ EdkifiHrsm;
ukd t&G,ftpm; tay:rlwnfívnf; tuJjzwfMuygonf/ t&G,ftpm; yrmP
ao;i,fvQif obm0t&if;tjrpf enf;yg;rnf/ vlOD;a& aexdkifrSk uefYowfcsuf
&Sdrnf ponfh tusdK;qufrsm;&Sdygonf/ acwfrw D dk;wufonfh t&G,ftpm;ao;
i,fonfh EdkifiHrsm;onfyifvQif urÇmwGif tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH tqifhokdY ra&muf
&SdEkdifyg/ t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;yguvnf; taumif;? tqdk; tusdK;oufa&mufrI
&Sdygonf/ t&G,ftpm;BuD;jcif;jzifh obm0o,HZmw ydkifqkdifrI ykdrdkaomfvnf;
vlrsdK;pkrsm; jyefYBuJaexdkifMujcif;aMumifh vlrsdK;pk jyóemrsm;? vHkNcHKa&; jyóem
rsm; &Sdy gonf/ Edkif iH \ yHk o@mef onf pkpnf;uspf vpf onfh t0ef;t0dk if ;
yHko@mefrSm taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf/ &SnfarsmuGJjywfaeaom yHko@mefrSm
vHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tcuftcJ&Sdygonf/
Geopolitics wGif EkdifiH\ wnfae&monf ta&;ygae&jcif;rSm urÇmBuD;
ukd pkd;rkd;vdkaom xdef;csKyfjcif; oDtkd&D (Containment Theory) ESifh tusdK;quf\
tusdK;oufa&mufrI oDtkd&D (Domino Theory) wdkU\ ,lqcsufrsm;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ EkdifiH\ wnfae&m ta&;ygrItay: taMumif;jyKí tiftm;BuD;
EkdifiHrsm;\ tav;xm;rIudkvnf; jzpfay:apygonf/ þtcsufukd tcGifhaumif;
,lí rSefuefpGm toHk;cswwfygu EkdifihH pGrf;tm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/
EdkifiH\ wnfae&monf r[mAsL[m tcsuftcsmusrIESifh ta&;ygrI
tay:rlwnfí EdkifiHhwefzdk;oifhavh &SdMuygonf/ r[mAsL[m wefzdk;oifhjcif;
tm; atmufygtcsuf (3)csuftay: tajccHí pOf;pm;avh&Sdygonf-
(Instrumental Value)
ta&;ygaom wefzdk;qdkonfrSm &nfrSef;csuf jynfh0ap&ef aqmif
&GufEdkifonfh wefzdk;&Sdonfh t&nftcsif;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ Oyrm –
vlwpfOD;wGif xl;uJ aumif;rGefonfh qufqHa&; ydkifqdkifxm;ygu
¤if;tcsufonf xdkvlyk*¾dKvf\ Instrumental Value jzpfNyD; ¤if;
tcsufjzifh rdrd\ vdkvm;csuf yef;wkdifukd atmifjrifpGm ausmfjzwf
taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&GufEdkif ygonf/ EdkifiH wpfEkdifiHwGif
tvm;wl xl ;uJonfh t&nftcsif; wpf&yf&Sd ygu ¤if;onf
Instrumental Value jzpfygonf/

(Aesthetic Value)
obm0tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? jyKjyifxm;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;?
qGJaqmifrI&Sdonfh tqif;vSaomwefzdk; jzpfygonf/ qGaJ qmifrI
tvSw&m;tay: tajccHí jzpfay:vmaom wefzdk;jzpfNyD; toHk;cs
wwfygu wefzdk;udk jzpfay:apygonf/
 (Intrinsic Value)
yifukd,fwefzdk; Intrinsic Value qkdonfrSm ypönf;wpfc\ k rl&if;
wef zdk ;ukd wGufcsufa zmfxkwfjcif; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm- ykdufqH
aiGaMu;onf puúLomjzpfí rl&if ;wefzdk; r&Sd yg/ wefzdk; wpfck
owfrSwfjcif;omjzpfNyD; tvJtvS,fjyKvkyf&ef twGufom oHk;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ Intrinsic Value ukd wenf;tm;jzihf t&nfBudKwefzdk;
(Melt Value) [l ívnf ; ac:ygonf / taMumif; rS m a&T ½ d k i f ;
wpfatmifp\ rl&if;rSm wefzdk;odyf r&SdvSaomfvnf; a&T'*Fg;tjzpf
tjym;cwfum ajymif;vJvdkufygu wefzdk;&Sdvm ygonf/ EdkifiH
wpfckvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;jzpfNyD; Ekdifi\ H yifukd,fwefzdk;udk
wGufcsuftNyD; EkdifiHh pGrf;tm;tjzpf ½IUjrifEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf/
 (Geo­politics of 21st Century)

EdkifiHawmf\ wnfae&m taetxm;onf EdkifihpH Grf;tm; jzpfxGef;aprI

uk d avh v m&mwG i f t"d u tusqH k ; aom bmom&yf o nf ¤if ; Ed k i f i H \
yx0DEkdifiHa&; tcGifhomrI jzpfygonf/ odkYygí yx0DEdkifiHa&;\ umvtvdkuf
tvSnfh tajymif; ukd *½k jyKavhvmrd &ef vdktyf ygonf/ Foreign Policy
Research Institute t,f 'Dw m Mac Owen rS yx0D Ed kif iH a &; qk donf rS m
]]urÇmBuD;wpfckvHk;ukd vTrf;NcHKem;vnfap&ef taxmuftuljyKonfh bmom&yf
jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&rnfh r[mAsL[mukdvnf;
tBuHjyKay;onf}} [k qkdygonf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&;onf umvtvdkuf jzpfay:
wdk;wufvmonfh oabmw&m;udk tajccHí pOf;pm;oHk;oyfvmMu ygonf/
urÇmwGif ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmonfh Power Politics ukd ½IUjrifwwf&ef vdktyf
ygonf/ ,aeY EdkifiHhpGrf;tm;onf EdkifiH\ xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaom e,fedrdwf
(okdYr[kwf) vTrf;rdk;Edkifonfh e,fedrdwf? r[mAsL[mt& tcGifhtvrf;&Sdonfh
t&if;jrpfESihf EkdifihHpGrf;tm; (State Power) tay: tajccHí ajymqkdvmMu
ygonf/ eydkvD,efu ]]r[mAsL[m[lonf tcsdefESihf tuGmta0;ukd toHk;cs
Edkifonfh twwfynm}} (The Art of Using Time And Space) [k xkwfazmf
cJhzl;ygonf/ ¤if;t"dyÜg,fukd tav;xm; pOf;pm;vQif ¤if;onf t*¾r[mAsL[m
(Grand Strategy) tqifhukd azmfñTef;cJhonf[k rSwf,lí &ygonf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&;
onf raocsm ra&&monfh EdkifiHwum EkdifiHa&;? ppfESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;? tcsdef
ESihf tuGmta0; tcef;u@? yx0D0if taetxm;ESihf ywf0ef;usifwkdUtay:
tajccHygonf/ xdkUaMumifh yx0DEdkifiHa&;onf yx0Dtaetxm;ESihf r[mAsL[m
wdkUukd qufpyfrI jyKvsuf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wkdU qufpyfrIrS yx0D0if taetxm;
(Geographical space) ES ihf Edk if i Hwum Ed k if iHa &; pG rf ; tm; (International
Political Power) tay: tajccH í txl; jyK r[mAsL[mtjrif (Specific
Strategic prescriptions) wpf&yfudk azmfxkwfí &ygonf/
 1870 jynfhESpf aemufydkif;umvwGif yx0DEkdifiHa&; acwfBuD; (4) acwf
udk avhvmawGU&SdEkdif ygonf/ 1870 rS 1920 ckESpftwGif; *smreDrS Ratzel?
tar&d uefrS Mahan ? NAdwdefrS Mackinder ? qGD' ifrS Kjellen tp&Sd onfh
yx0DEdkifiHa&; ynm&Sifrsm; ay:xGef;vmcJhNyD; ¤if;wkdUonf State Theory rsm;ukd
azmfxkwfcJhygonf/ ¤if;aemuf Sea Power ESihf Land Power tm;NydKifrI
oDtkd&Drsm; ukdvnf; okawoejyK azmfxkwfcJhMuygonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfwGif
yxr urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpfxd zufppf ESifh wefjyef zufppf
0g'wkdY tNydKiftqkdif jzpfay:vmonfh yx0DEkdifiHa&; acwfBuD; a&muf&SdvmcJh
ygonf/ 1945 ckESpf? 'kwd, urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf jzpfay:vmonfh
Power Vacuum ukd tar&duefOD;pD; taemuftkyfpkESihf qdkAD,ufOD;pD; ta&SU
tkyfpkwkdUrS 0ifa&mufjznfhwif;cJh ygonf/ xkdtkyfpkBuD; (2)ck\ 0g'a&;&m ppfyGJ
BuD;wGif taemuftkyfpkonf Spykman \ Rimland ukd ykdrdktm;xm;ygonf/
ta&SUtkyfpkrSmrl Mackinder \ Heartland Theory ukd ydkrdktav;xm;Mu
ygonf/ tiftm;csdefcGifvQm xdef;ñSdEdkifonfh yx0DEdkifiHa&; ppfat; wdkufyGJBuD;
onf 1989 ckESpfwGif tqHk;owfcJhygonf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&;\ pwkw¬acwfonf
1989 ckESpf? urÇmhtiftm;csdefcGifvQm ysufokef;um tar&duef\ Adkvfus pdk;rdk;a&;
0g' ay:xGef;vmum Multipolar World acwfokdU a&muf&SdumrS pwif ay:
ayguf vmcJhygonf/
1989 ckESpfrSpí 0g'a&;&m ppfat;wkdufyGJ csKyfNidrf;cJhNyD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;
tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;tay: trsdK;rsdK;awG;awm ,lqvmcJhMuygonf/
¤if; ESihfpyfvsOf;í urÇmh EkdifiHa&; ZwfcHkay:odkY yxrqHk; xGufa y:vmonfh
tawG;tac: t,ltqrSm 1989 ckESpfwGif a&;om;cJhonfh Fukuyama \
]]The End of History}} t,ltqyif jzpfygonf/ ¤if;\t,ltqrS qkdAD,uf
wkdU\ uGefjrLepf EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac: usqHk;NyD;aemuf taemuftkyfpk\
Liberal Democracy onf vl rI, Ofaus;rI tzG JU tpnf; wpf&yfvHk; qifhuJ
jzpfpOf\ ed*Hk;csKyf jzpfoGm;cJhNyD jzpfonf}} [k aumufcsufcscJh ygonf/ ]]ppfat;
wkdufyGJ\ ed*Hk;onf ordkif;\ ed*Hk;jzpfonf/ taemuftkyfp\
k vGwfvyfonfh
'Drdkua&pD pepfonf vlwdkU\ tpkd;& (Human Government) rS vufcH&onfh
aemufqHk; yHkpHom jzpfonf}} [k ¤if;\ t,ltqukd az:xk wf a&;om;cJhyg
onf/ xkdUaemuf ¤if;\ ,lqcsuftay: ynm&Sifrsm;\ a0zefrIrsm; rsm;pGm
ay:aygufcJh ygonf/
urÇmhEkdifiHa&; ZwfcHkay:okdU a&muf&SdcJhaom 'kwd, xifay:ausmfMum;
cJhonfh ,lqcsuf wpf&yfrSm 1993 ckESpfu Foreign Affairs wGif Samuel P.
Huntington rS a&;om;azmfjycJhonfh ]]The Clash of Civilization}} t,ltqyif
jzpfygonf/ Huntington u urÇmh vlrI,Ofaus;rIukd (7) ydkif; cGJjcm;cJhygonf/
Western, Sinic (Chinese), Japanese, Islamic, Orthodox ESifh Latin
American wdkUjzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif tmz&du ,Ofaus;rIyg xnfhoGif;ygu (8)
rsdK;[k a,bk,s cGJjcm;cJhygonf/ ¤if;vlUtzGJUtpnf;wkdU\ ,Ofaus;rI vu©Pm
rsm;onf vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIukd wnfaqmufay;EkdifMuNyD; ¤if;rS
wpfzef tcsif;csif; oabmxm;vGJí tpnf;ajyEkdifNyD; y#dyu© jzpfyGm;Ekdifonf/
taemufurÇmwGif jzpfyGm;rnfh y#dyu©rsm;rSm 0g'a&;&m t,ltqukd tajcrcH
awmhbJ vlU,Ofaus;rI p½dkufvu©Pm Civilization ukdtajccHí jzpfvmvdrhf
rnf[k BudKwifrSef;qcsufrsm; xkwfa0cJhygonf/
ppfat;wkdufyGJvGef umvwGif tar&duefonf urÇmwGif pllyg yg0g jzpf
vmNyD; urÇmvHk;qkdif&m New World Order rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf/ 1992 ckESpf
wGif or®w pDeD,m Bush rS ]]tar&duef OD;aqmifonfh 'Drdkua&pD jynhf0aom
at;csrf;om,monfh vlUabmifBuD;xlaxmif&ef}}? 2000 jynfhESpfwGif or®w
uvifwefrS ]]oifonf tmz&du (okdYr[kwf) A[kd Oa&my (okdUr[kwf) rnfonfh
ae&mwG if aeapumrl vlrsdK;a&;? bmoma&;ukd taMumif;jyum tjypf rJh
jynfolrsm;ukd owfjzwfygu uREfkyfwdkU 0ifa&mufwm;qDoGm;rnf}}? 2003 ckESpf
wGif or®w *sLeD,m Bush rS ]]ighaemufrygol? igh&efol}}? 20014 ckESpfwGif
or®w tdkbm;rm;u ]]tar&duef\ ppfa&; pGrf;tm;onf t&m&mukd OD;aqmifrI
ay;onfh pGrf;tm;tjzpf rowfrSwfyg? ¤if;wkdUwGif tvGef tpGrf;xufonfh
]]wl}} (Hammer) &Sdaeaomfvnf; jyóemtm;vHk;udk ]]oH}} (Nail) [k rSwf,lí
rxm;yg}} [laom or®wrsm;\ t,l0g'rsm;ukd World Order ozG,f toHk;jyK
vmcJhMuygonf/ ppfa t; wdkufyGJumvwGif tar&duefonf Edkif iHwumrS
vdkufemusifhoHk;apvdkonfh International Order onf tar&duefESifh ol\
rdwfzuf (US Alliance) Edkif iHrsm;\ a&wyfpGrf;tm;ukd ydwfyifwm;qD ;rnfh
vrf;aMumif;rsm; (Uncontested American Maritime Power Access) ESihf
tiftm;xdef;ñSdjcif; qdkif&mvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; tay: aESmuf,SufrrI sm; r&Sd
apjcif; (Undisturbed balance of power) wkdUjzpfNyD; ¤if;vrf;pOfrsm; twdkif;
½kyfvHk;azmfcJhMuygonf/ tar&duef (Super Power) EkdifiHBuD;onf urÇmhta&;
udpörSeforQukd urÇmhykvdyfBuD;ozG,f 0ifa&muf ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;cJh ygonf/ w½kwf
onf 1976 ckESpfrS pí pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'rsm; ajymif;vJum urÇmh xdyfwef;EdkifiH
tqifhokdU wufvSrf;&ef tpDpOfwus BudK;pm;cJhygonf/ w½kwfEdkifiH tiftm;
BuD;xGm;vmjcif;aMumifh or®w tdkbm;rm;onf tm&Sypdzdwf a'ookdY tiftm;
xdef;ñSdjcif; (Rebalance) rl0g'udk csrSwfcJhygonf/
w½kwf E kd i f iH \ wkd ; wuf rI EI e f; rSm pOf quf rjywf wdk; wuf vmygu
tar&duefukd ,OfNydKifvmEkdifonfh tvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaeygonf/ w½kwfonf
½k&Sm;xuf omvGefoGm;Edkifonfh a&SUtvm;tvmrsm;ukd tar&duefu ½Ijrif
oHk;oyfcJhygonf/ w½kwfonf ¤if;wkdU\ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd taumif
txnfazmf&mwGif tcsdefaumif;ukd ykef;vQKd;í tvpftidkufapmifhonfh ]]Hide
and Bide}} r[mAsL[muk d usifh oH k;cJ honf[k wifpm;azmfjyvsuf &Sd ygonf/
rnfokdYyifqdkap w½kwEf dkifiH tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmjcif;onf av[me,fxw J Gif
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf BuD;xGm;vmjcif; r[kwfyg/ tm&SwGif ¤if;ESihf ,SOfNydKifzuf
td Ed´ ,? *syefwdkUonf vnf; tNydK ifBuD;xGm;vmMuygonf / td rfeD ;csif; ½k&Sm;
onfvnf; a&eHpGrf;tif tiftm;jzifh urÇmhEdkifiHa&; ZwfcHkay:okdY wufvmcJhNyD
jzpfygonf/ tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif trSefwu,fjzpfay:aeonfh yx0D EkdifiHa&;
rSm tu,fí w½kwfonf vGefpGm Ambitious jzpfvmygu ¤if;\wkd;wufrIukd
[efUwm;Ekdifonfh tvm;tvmrsm;ukd a'owGif;EkdifiHrsm;u ydkifqkdifxm;Mu
ygonf/
w½kw\ f &nf&G,fcsufonf w½kwfudk tajcjyKonfh tm&Syx0D EkdifiHa&;
tajctae (Chinese Centrality Asia Geopolitics) yHkpHokdU oGm;csifaeyg
onf/ okdUaomf ¤if;\wynfh ajrmufukd;&D;,m;yifvQif w½kw\ f BuD;rm;pkd;rkd;rI
atmufwGif aevkdonfhqE´ r&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ,aeYurÇmonf vGefpGm
½IyfaxG;vmonfh tajctaeokdU a&muf&SdaecJhNyD jzpfygonf/ yx0DEkdifiHa&;
tajctae (okdUr[kwf) ppftiftm; xdef;ñSdjcif; oufoufjzifh jyóem tvHk;pHk
udk rajz&Sif;Edkifawmhyg/ vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&m r[mAsL[m avhvmolrsm; taejzihf
Geopolitics ESihf Geoeconomics qufpyfaerIukd ½IUjrifwwfzkdY vdktyfygonf/
,aeY yx0DpD;yGm;a&;\ Great Game rSm RBM [kac:onfh Resources, Bases
and Market tay:tajccH í upm;Muygonf/ avmifp m t&if ;tjrpfuk d
&SmazGNyD; xkwfukefrsm; okdavSmifxm;onfh aps;uGufESihf ¤if; (2)&yf tay:
umuG,f apmifha&Smufay;Ekdifrnfh tajcpkdufpcef;wkdY jzpfygonf/ w½kwfonf
rnfokdYyif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmapumrl ¤if;EkdifiH\ pGrf;tm;pk oufoufjzifh Global
Super Power rjzpfEkdifyg/

þodkY raocsm ra&&m ½IyfaxG;aeonfh EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; Zero-

Sum Issues rS Win-Win tajctaeok d Y ajymif ; vJ q ufq H a e&ygonf /
,cifuvkd wpfzufowf tEdkifBuJEkdifonfh tajctaerS tcsdKjzifhowf&onfh
tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdcJhNyDjzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf xGef;opfp EkdifiH
rsm;\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI tvm;tvm tcGifhtvrf;ukd avsmhwGufí r&ovdk
yx0DEkdifiHa&; tav;omonfh EdkifiHrsm;\ wefzdk;onfvnf; ydkrkdjrifhrm;onfh
umvodkY a&muf&SdaecJhNyDjzpfygonf/
 w½kwfEdkifiHonf or®w &SDusifhyif vufxuf 2013 ckESpfwGif (21)
&mpk ykd;vrf;ropf (21st Century New Silk Road) rS Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) pDrHudef;BuD;udk taumiftxnfazmfcJhygonf/ tqkdyg pDrHudef;onf
w½kwfEdkifiHrS tm&S? tmz&du? Oa&myokdY ukefvrf;? yifv,fa&aMumif;vrf;
jzifh vrf; (2)oG,f azmufvkyfcJh&m tzGJU0if (71) EdkifiH yg0ifcJhygonf/ w½kwf
onf ¤if;ukefoG,frI pBuFefvrf;rBuD; pDrHude;f rS urÇmukd vTrf;rkd;&ef &nf&G,fcJh
ygonf/ tar&duefuvnf; 2019 ckESpfwGif BRI ukd ,SOfNydKif&ef vGwfvyf
yGifhvif;onfh (Free and Open) tif 'kd ypdzdwf Indo-Pacific Strategy ukd
csrSwfum ukefoG,frI pBuFefvrf;ukd wefjyef azmfaqmifcJhygonf/ 2021 ckESp?f
'DZifbm (1) &ufaeYwGif Oa&my,leD,H (EU) rS Global Gateway Initiative
(GGI) ukd xk wfj yef cJ hN yD; BRI ESi hf tNyd Kif pD; yG m ;a&; pBuF efv rf ; tpDt rH u kd
azmfxkwfcJhjyef ygonf/ txufazmfjyyg urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;rS urÇmukd
pdk;rdk;Edkif&ef tNydKiftqkdif aqmif&GufaeMu&m yx0DEdkifiHa&;t& r[mAsL[m
tcsuftcsmusonfh EkdifiHrsm;onf ydkrkdí pGrf;tm;jzpfxGef;vmEkdifonfh tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;ukd &&SdEdkifcJhygonf/
 jrefrmEkdifiHonf ta&SUawmif tm&SwGif wnf&SdNyD; w½kwf? tdEd´,?
xdkif;? vmtdk? b*Fvm;a'&SfU EdkifiHwdkUESihf e,fajrcsif; qufpyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
ajr{&d,m (653ç508) pwk&ef; uDvkdrD wm us,f0ef;NyD;? ukefajr e,f edrdwf
(6522) uDvdkrDwm &Snfvsm;um? yifv,fESifh xdpyfaeonfh urf;½dk;wef; e,fedrdwf
rSm (1930) uDvdkrDwm &Sdygonf/ cefUrSef;vlOD;a& (56) oef; (2020 ckESpf) &Sd
ygonf/ (21) &mpk urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; A[dkcsufonf tm&SokdU a&muf&Sdaeonfh
umvwGif jrefrmEkdifiH\ wnfae&monf ta&;ygonfh taetxm;odkU ykdrdk
a&muf&SdvmcJh ygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;tjrifjzifh oHk;oyfvQif tmqD,H\ ta&SU
taemuf pBuFefvrf;\tpESihf tqHk;ae&mwGif wnf&Sdygonf/ tmqD,HESihf
w½kwf? tdEd´,wdkYukd ukef;wGif; wHwm;BuD;ozG,f qufoG,fay;xm;ygonf/
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