UNIT 1.

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND

LEARNING

LESSON 1 ICT COMPETENCY STANDARDS FOR PHILIPPINE PRE-

SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

If there is one thing that changed the world so fast, it is TECHNOLOGY.

While there exists technology in the past as non-digital technology, the current digital
technology has been a factor that shrunk the world and make it flat. It has provided a
new environment for learning, new ways teachers teach and also the new ways of ho
learners learn. In the beginning, it has created a divide between the digital natives and
the digital immigrants. However, as the years go by, such divide has become narrower
and even blurred. This has led to the new educational revolution in teaching and
learning which has been triggered by technology and resulted to better learning
outcomes in the 21st century.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you shoul be able to:

1. Identified the competency standards of ICT necessary in teaching for pre-

service teacher education.
2. Familiarize with the ISTE National Education Technology Standards for
Teacher

MOTIVATION

“Pre-service teacher practice or train to serve their knowledge and learnings

with others. Love your profession and the path you want to be with. Sacrifices before
and learned more after.”

ABSTRACTION

ICT Competency Standard (CHED UNESCO) as provided in the 2017, Policy,

Standards and Guidelines (PSG) for Pre-Service Teacher Education
 “Demonstrate proficiency in the development and utilization of information,
Communication and Technology (ICT) resources in promoting quality
teaching- learning process.”

 Domain 1: Understanding ICT in Policies

1.1. Demonstrate awareness of policies affecting ICT in education
1.2. Comply with ICT policies as they affect teaching-learning environment
1.3. Contextualize ICT policies to the learning environment

 Domain 2: Curriculum and Assessment

2.1 Demonstrate understanding of concepts principles and theories of ICT
systems as they apply to teaching-learning
2.2 Evaluate digital and non-digital learning resources in response to student’s
divers needs.
2.3 Develop digital learning resources to enhance teaching- learning
2.4 Use ICT tools media and technology skills, learning skill, learning and
innovation skills, career skills and effective communication skills.

 Domain 3: Pedagogy
3.1 apply relevant technology tools for classroom activities
3.2 Use ICT knowledge to solve complex problems and support students’
collaborative activities
3.3 Model collaborative knowledge construction in face to face and virtual
environment

 Domain 4: Technology Tools

4.1 Demonstrate competence in the technical operations of technology tools
and systems as they apply to teaching and learning
4.2 Use technology tools to create new learning opportunities to support
community of learners
4.3 Demonstrate proficiency in the use of technology tools to support teaching
and learning.

 Domain 5: Organization and Administration

5.1 Manage technology- assisted instruction in an inclusive classroom
environment
5.2 Exhibit leadership in shared decision-making using technology tools

 Domain 6: Teacher professional Learning

6.1 Explore existing and emerging technology to acquire additional content
and pedagogical knowledge
6.2 Utilize technology tools in creating communities of practice
6.3 Collaborative with peers, colleagues and stakeholders to access
information in support of professional learning.

Module 7: Teacher Disposition

7.1 Demonstrate social, ethical, and legal responsibility in the use of
technology tools and resources
7.2 Show positive attitude towards the use of technology tools
 Course Learning Outcomes Competency
Domain
1. Explain ICT policies and safety issues as they
impact on the teaching-learning process
2. Integrate media and technology in various
content areas
3. Apply learning theories and principles in the
design and development of lessons through
appropriate media and technologies for teaching
learning.
4. Formulate teaching-learning experiences and
assessment tasks using appropriate and
innovative technologies
5. Demonstrate social, ethical, and legal
responsibility in the use of technology tools and
resources
DepEd Order 42, s.2017
 “Show skills in the selection, development and use of the variety of teaching
learning resources including ICT to address learning goals/”

ISTE National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers

(NETS*T)
 ISTE- International Society for Technology in Education

Philippine ICT Competency Standards

Standard 1: Technology Operations and Concepts

 Teachers demonstrate a sound understanding of technology operations and

concepts.
Standard 2: Planning and Designing Learning Environments and Experiences

 Teachers plan and design effective learning environments and experiences

supported by technology.
Standard 3: Teaching, Learning, and the Curriculum

 Teachers implement curriculum plans that include methods and strategies

for applying technology to maximize student learning.
Standard 4: Assessment and Evaluation

 Teachers apply technology to facilitate a variety of effective assessment

and evaluation strategies.
Standard 5: Productivity and Professional Practice
  Teachers use technology to enhance their productivity and professional
practice.
Standard 6: Social, Ethical, Legal and Human Issues

 Teachers understand the social, ethical, legal, and human issues

surrounding the use of technology in support of student learning who
come from diverse background, affirm diversity, promote safe and healthy
use of technology resources and facilitate access to technology resources
for all students.
ISTE National Educational Technology Standards for Students
Standard 1: Creativity and Innovation

 Students demonstrate creative thinking, construct knowledge, and develop

innovative products and processes using technology.
Standard 2: Communication and Collaboration

 Students use digital media and environments to communicate and work

collaboratively, including at a distance, to support individual learning and
contribute to the learning of others.
Standard 3: Research and Information Fluency

 Students apply digital tools to gather, evaluate, and use information and
plan strategies for inquiry.
Standard 4: Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision Making

 Students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage
projects, solve problems, and make informed decisions using appropriate
digital tools and resources.
Standard 5: Digital Citizenship

 Students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to

technology and practice legal and ethical behavior.

Standard 6: Technology Operations and Concepts

 Students demonstrate a sound understanding of technology concepts,

systems, and operations.

ENRICHMENT

There are many evidence that the use of information and communication
technology (ICT) in deucatin provides effective pedaagogical benefits. This paper
describes the ICT skills enhancement training among faculty members in the teacher
education in the four provinces, in Central Visayas, Philippines. The technology
 literacy training was designed for teacher educators who have the minimal or no
knowledge or who have the abiliy to explain and discuss the task, but skills in ICT
operations and concepts using international and local ICT competency standards for
teacher education.
ICT or the Information and COmmunication technology as a tool for teaching
anf learning. ICT helps us to make creative visual aids that we may use in teaching,
by the help of gadgets like laptop, phone and any kind of technology. Our teaching
life will be on ease because we don’t need to write on manila paper just to have our
medium in teaching. ICT Competency Standard for Philippine Pre-service Teacher
Education are, as the future shaper of the future generation, I realized that ICT Tools
gives a major effect on the learning process of the students and also I realised that
being ICT competent is very important on todays educations because we are now
living in a modern world that most of the students are inclined with technology.

EVALUATION

Choose the best answer from the options given:

1. The ICT competency standards for teachers include all the following EXCEPT one.
Which one?
A. Digital and non-digital technology
B. Enhance financial literacy skills
C. Ethical issues on the use of ICT
D. Use of technology tools

2. All teachers in the 21st century should be___________.

A. Digital citizens
B. Digital natives
C. Digital immigrant
D. Digital police

3. The use of technology will enhance the 21st century skills along
I. Development of tools
II. Critical thinking and problem solving
III. Designing learning environment and spaces
IV. All of the above

A. I only B. II only C. I, II, III D. IV only

4. A universal standard in the use of ICT in teaching and learning in the

classroom requires all teachers to____________ EXCEPT one.
a. Use gadgets when teaching
b. Understand the issues and safety policies
c. Utilize the tools available in the environment
d. Buy and expensive computer

5. One of the constraints in the application of ICT for the enhancement of

standards among teachers and students is_____________.
a. Training of technology teachers
b. Connectivity of the school
c. Availability of the qualified teachers
D.Lack of awareness about the use of technology

LESSON OUTPUT

1. Form a group of a most five members.

2. Use the survey instrument on the Use of ICT in the Classroom found below.
3. Ask permission from the school head or principal that you will conduct a survey.
4. With your group, conduct a survey of at least 20 elementary teachers for those
who willteach from K to Grade 6 or 20 high school teaachers for those who will
be teaching from Grades 7 to Grade 12.

The Survey on the Use of ICT in the Teaching and Learning for Teachers
Dear Teachers, please mark check (/) your answers to the following YES NO
questions found below.

1. Do you use technology in your teaching?

2. Are you aware of policies that guide you in the use of ICT?

3. Do you use non-digital learning learning resources in your

teaching?

4. Do you develop digital resources for your learners?

5. Do you use technology tools for classroom activities?

6. Are you expert in the use of technology tools in your classes?

7. Do you have facilities to use the technology tools in your classes?

8. Are you aware of the ethical and legal responsibilities ij the use of
ICT tools?

9. Are your students learning better with the use of technology tools?

10. Do you enjoy using ICT tools in your teachning?

5. Consolidate your data.

1. How many answer YES or NO for each item? What percent is YES? NO?
2. Which with more 10 item/s has more YES than No answer? Rank the items with
more YES and ran the items with more NO.
3. What meaning can you derive from your results?

REFERENCES
Bilbao, et.al. (2019) Technology for teaching and learning. Quezon City: PH:
Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Anderson,J(2019) ICT Transforming Education A Regional Guide.UNESCO,
Bangkok Asia and the Pacific Regional Bureau of Education
https://www.slideshare.net/IraSagu/lesson-1-ict-competency-standards-for-philippine-
preservice-teacher-education-1806769

LLESSON 2 UNDERSATNDING THE BASIC CONCEPTS IN ICT

INTRODUCTION

The emergence of ICT is one of the wonderful gifts of modern science and
technology which has brought tremendous changes in library and information science.
Application of information and communication technology (ICT) to library and
information work has revolutionized the traditional concept of libraries from a
“Storehouse of books to an intellectual information center” connoting the concept of
an electronic library. It has opened up a new chapter in library communication and
facilitated global access to information crossing the geographical limitations.

ICT is being increasingly used in library and information services for

acquisition, processing, and dissemination of information. Libraries have been using
ICT based services to satisfy the diverse information needs of the users. The use of
ICT has become increasingly important in special libraries as it is switching over to
ICT based resources and services at an accelerated pace. The use of computers for
library operation avoids respectively jobs and saves a considerable amount of time,
resources and labor. It also speeds up technical processing and information services.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you shoul be able to:

 Define conceptually or operationally terms that are basic to the understanding of

ICT
 Use the concepts and terms in communicating with peers for further
understanding

MOTIVATION
 “Information and communication technology makes our lives changes, easy to
communicate, easy to gathered information, people be creative, people be productive
and people learned more things, all of these are made of technology.”

ABSTRACT

The following terms and concepts are related to technology that you need
to digest.

1. Technology refers to methods, processes, and devices used for practical

purposes. It includes instruments from pencil and paper to modern electronic
gadgets and tools for the practical task.

2. Information and Communication Technology and Literacy or ICT

Literacy is the use of digital technology, communication tools and networks
to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information
(Guro 21, 2011).

3. Educational Technology refers to the utilization of technology in teaching

and learning, which includes both the non-digital (flip charts, pictures, models,
realia, etc.). And digital (electronic tools: hardware, software, and
connections, etc.).\

4. Digital Literacy refers to the ability to discover, assess, utilize, share, and
generate content with the use of information technologies and the internet
(Cornell University).

5. Digital Learning is an instructional practice that utilizes technology to

reinforce students‘ learning experience. It covers the use of a broad spectrum
of processes that comprises blended or virtual learning. It can come as online
or off-line, which utilizes digital technology.

6. Online Digital Tools and Apps use an Internet connection to access the
information needed, like Skype. It is a telecommunication application software
product that focuses on providing video chat and video calls between
computers, tablets, mobile devices via the Internet and to regular telephones.

7. Off-line Digital Tools and Apps can still be used even if there is no internet
access. Among these are Canary Learning, Pocket, Evertone, iBooks, KA
LITE (Gupta, Prinyaka, 2017).

8. Instructional Technology refers to the theory and practice of design,

development, utilization, management, and evaluation of the processes and
resources for learning (Association for Educational Communications and
Technology, Seels, B.B. &Richey, P.C. 1994).
9. Software refers to program control instructions and accompanying
documentation stored on disks or tapes when not being used in the computer.
By extension, the term refers to audiovisual materials (Smaldino, 2005).

10. Multimedia is a sequential or simultaneous use of a variety of media formats

in a given presentation or self-study program (Smaldino, 2005).

11. Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It

connects millions of computers globally, forming a network in which any
computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are
connected to the internet. It is generally defined as a global network
connecting millions of computers (http://www.webopedia.com).

12. World Wide Web (www) is also called a Web, which is a graphical
environment on computer networks that allows you to access, view, and
maintain documentation that can include text, data, sound, and videos
(Smaldino, 2005). It is a way of accessing information over the medium of the
internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.

13. Web Access is the ability of the learner to access the Internet at any point
during the lesson to take advantage of the array of available educational
resources.

14. Webquest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all

information that learners work with comes from the web. These can be created
using various programs, including simple word processing documents that
include links to websites.

15. Productivity Tools refers to any type of software associated with computers
and related technologies that can be used as tools for personal, professional, or
classroom productivity.

Examples: Microsoft Office, Apple Works – word processing, grade and

record-keeping, web page production, presentation) (KFIT-Unesco 2016).

16. Technology Tool is an instrument used for doing work. It can be anything that
helps you accomplish your goal with the use of technology. These technology
tools can be classified as:

a. Data/Calculation Tools. Examples: spreadsheets, Excels, Sketchpads,

probability constructor
b. Design Tools. These are used to make models and design, creating, and
building. Included here are Family Tree Maker, GollyGee, and Crazy
Machines, among others.
c. Discussion Tools. Four different approaches utilize discussion and
interaction on the Internet. These are threaded discussion forum,
Blogging, Live chat, and Video Teleconferencing, Netiquette, and Safety
on the Net.
 d. Email Tools. Emails are great communication tools for sending messages,
photographs, videos, and other files. It allows you to reach out to others
around the world. Examples are google mail, Ymail, Yahoo mail, and
many more.
e. Handheld Devices. Handheld devices have become popular among
learners. These include Personal Digital Assistants, global positioning
system, (GPS) and Geographic Information system (GIS) in the
classroom, Portable electronic keyboards, Digital cameras, Mobile
phones, Palm, Handheld computers.

17. Webquest is a teacher structured research experience for the students that are
primarily based on the use of the World Wide Web and typically takes one or
more instructional periods (Bender & Waller, 2011).

18. Blog is an online journal where posted information from both teachers and
students is arranged. There are three kinds of blogs: blogs used for
communication, blogs used for instruction, and blogs used for both (Ferriter &
Garry, 2010).

19. Wiki, an editable website usually with limited access, allows students to
collaboratively create and post written work or digital files, such as digital
photos or videos. Wikipedia is one of the most widely recognized of all the
wikis (Watters, 2011).

20. Flipped classroom utilizes a reverse instructional delivery, where the teacher
is required to use the web resources as homework or out of class activity as
initial instruction of the lesson, which will be discussed during class time.

21. Podcast is a video or audio multi-media clip about a single topic typically in
the format of the radio talk show. The two essential functions of a podcast are
to retrieve information to disseminate information (Eash, 2006).

22. Google Apps is a cloud-based teaching tool which is stored in the Google
server and is available for students both at home and in school. It includes the
Gmail, a free-mail for all; Google calendar – a tool used for organizational
purposes; Google sites that provide options for developing blogs and wikis;
and Google docs are used for sophisticated word processing and editing for
the document.

23. Vlog is a video blog where each entry is posted as a video instead of the text.

24. Facebook is a popular social networking site used by students and adults
worldwide to present information on themselves and the world.

25. VOIP (voice over internet protocol) is a category of hardware and software
that enables people to use the Internet as a transmission medium for telephone
calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than traditional circuit
transmission.
ENRICHMENT

Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of
scientific knowledge beings used for practical purposes. ICT literacy is using digital
technology, communications tools, and/or networls to access, manage, integrate,
evaluate, and create information in order to function in a knowledge society.
ICT in education Improves engagement and knowledge retention: whn ICT
integrated into lessons, students, become more engaged in their work. This is because
technology provides different opportunities to make it more fun and enjoyable in
terms to teaching the same things in different ways.

EVALUATION

Choose the best answer from the options given:

1. How best did you learn about the different concepts in ICT?
A. By memorizing the definition verbatim from the definition
B. Ethical issues on the use of ICT
C. By understanding the first meaning and memorizing
D. By memorizing first, then understanding the meaning A and B

2. When did educational technology become part of teacher’s conversation in a

learning action cell (LAC) with their peers?
A. Digital citizens During the digital age with the use of computers
B. After World War 2, where there were many inventions
C. During the 21st century when there was a digital superhighway
D. During the time instructional support materials were used
3. What is the fastest way to find the meaning of a word in the Webster?
A. Ask a friend in the library
B. Text the teacher to ask
C. Google the word in the internet
D. Use another dictionary in the library

4. Which of the following encompasses all these concepts?

A. Technology
B. Internet
C. Computers
D. Gadgets

5. What does digital literacy imply?

I. Financial and economic literacy
II. Media and digital literacy
III. Basic literacy
IV. All of the above
A. I
B. II
C. I and II
D. I,II, and III

LESSON OUTPUT

1. These are only few of the many terms found in our word cloud. With your
partner, explore in the web or reference book how terms are defined and
understood. You can also go over the Module and discover that there are many
terms that we have not included in the list.
2. Make a glossary of terms of at least 20 ICT related terms with each having a
conceptual or operational definition or description. Cite the source of your
definition.

REFERENCES

Bilbao, P., Dequilla, M., Rosano, D., & Boholano, H. (2019). Technology For
teaching and Learning 1. LORIMAR Publishing Inc.

https://community.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:Datssy06/
Understanding_the_basic_concept_in_ICT

LESSON 3 ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

INTRODUCTION

Are students of today interested in order to learn? Do teachers have the skills
to use technology to enhance their teaching? With the4th Industrial Revolution,
nobody can deny the influence of technology in our lives. As future teachers of the
21st Century, it is high time that you prepare yourselves to integrate technology in
your classrooms. Using technology is a tool and a catalyst for change. What then are
the roles of technology for teaching and learning?

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you shoul be able to:

 Identify the roles of technology in teaching and learning

 Appreciate the value of technology in supporting student learning

MOTIVATION
 “Technology without builders isn't going to improve student's achievements
and goals. The best combination to success is great teachers working with technology
to engage students and apply the learnings they need.”

ABSTRACTION

Roles of Technology for Teaching

According to Stosic (2015), educational technology has three domains:

1. Technology as a tutor. Technology can support the teachers, tutors and other
professionals to help students learn better.
2. Technology as a teaching tool. Technology can be used as an instrument in
teaching.
3. Technology as a learning tool. Technology makes learning easier and more
effective. use these tools for learning for life.

A. For Teachers and Teaching

1. Technology provides enormous support to the teacher as the facilitator of

learning.
•It transforms a passive classroom to an active and interactive one, with audio-visual
aids,
charts and models, smart classrooms, e-learning classrooms which motivate and
increase
attention level of learners.

2. Technology has modernized the teaching-learning environment

•The teachers are assisted and supplemented with appropriately structured
instructional
materials for daily activities.
•There are varied available technology-driven resources which can be utilized for
remedial lesson or activities.

3. Technology improves teaching-learning process and ways of teaching

•This will make the act of teaching more efficient and effective.
•There are arrays of teaching methods and strategies that can use technology which
are found compatible with learning styles

4. Technology opens new fields in educational researches.

•The areas of teaching testing and evaluation are enhanced by technologies for
teaching and learning.
•Current educational researchers will no longer find difficulty in interpreting tests,
assessment and other evaluation results.
5. Technology adds to the competence of teachers and inculcates scientific
outlook
•Through the utilization of theories of learning and intelligence which are explained
in references uploaded in the net, the teachers are encouraged to imbibe these
information with speed and accuracy.

6. Technology supports teacher professional development

•With the demand of continuing profssional development for teachers, the availability
of technology provides alternative way of attending professional development online.
For those who are involved as providers of contnuing prefessional development like
trainers, facilitators, or organizers, they can level up or enhance their delivery systems
with the support of technology tools.

B. For Learners and Learning

1. Support learners to learn how to learn on their own. All teachers fully
understand that subject matter or content is a means to achieve the learning outcomes.
a. Declarative knowledge consists of the dicrete pieces of information that answer
the questions what who, when, and where.
b. Structural knowledge consists of fact or pieces of declarative knowledge put
together to attain some of meaning.
c. Procedural knowledge is knowledge in action or the knowledge of how to do
something. It is based on facts but learned through the process of procedural
knowledge.

2. Technology enhances learners’ communication skills through social

interactions. This is commonly described as the transmittal of information from one
person to another as single individual or groups of individuals.
a. Point to point two-way or one-to-one like Internet chat, phone conversation or
even face to face conversation.
b. One-to-many outbound like a lecture, or television. There is no social interaction.
c. Many -to many like group discussion, buzz session, heads together.

3. Technology upgrades learners’ higher-order-thinking skills: critical thinking,

proble solving creativity
Technology has a great role to play in the development and enchancement of these
skills.

Critical Thinking is a part of the cluster of higher order thinking skills. It refers to
the ability to interpret , explain, analyze, evaluate, infer and self regulate in order to
make good decisions.

Creativity is characterized as involving the ability to think flexibly, fluently,

originally and elaborately (Guidford, 1986 & Torrance, 1974 in Egbert, 2009).
 Flexibly means able to use many points of view
  Fluently new ideas
 Elaborately means able to add details.

Seven Creative Strategies

1. Substitute find something else to replace to do what it does.

2. Combine blend two things that do not usually go together.
3. Adapt look for other ways this can be used.
4. Modify/ magnify/minify make a change , enlarge, decrease.
5. Put to another use find other uses.
6. Eliminate reduce, remove.
7. Reverse turn upside-down, inside out, front-side back.

All together, the strategies will be labelled as SCAMPER.

ENRICHMENT

Technology, teachers can customize learning for students. It enables them to

improve their instruction methods and personalize learning, thus increasing their
productivity and efficiency as instructors. Through these helpful tools, teachers can
provide exciting activities
With the incorporation of technology into schools, the main purpose is to
change how teachers and students gather, access, analyse, present and transmit
information. This can democratize information in classrooms as well as help
differentiate instruction, particularly for students with special needs.
Today, technologies used to improve and facilitate learning can be found
everywhere. Leaving other contextual factors to the side – such as unequal access to
technological innovations and connected technologies across schools and districts –
we can only say that we have embraced technology in education when it is used for
both teaching and learning. With the incorporation of technology into schools, the
main purpose is to change how teachers and students gather, access, analyse, present
and transmit information. This can democratize information in classrooms as well as
help differentiate instruction, particularly for students with special needs.

EVALUATION

The test items that follow will find out what you have learned in Lesson 3.
Choose the correct answer from the options given.

1. Which statement about technology in teaching and learning is false?

a. Technology has modernized teaching and learning.
b. Use of technology promotes higher order thinking.
c. Millenial teachers are not ready to use technology in teaching.
d. To teach in the 21st century technology use is indispensable.
2. How did technology open new fieldsof educational research?
I.
Enabled researchers to process data faster and more accurate
II.
Created research tools with rigor to collect data
III.
Provided different ways of collecting information for evaluation
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I, II, and III
3. What value does the use of technology give teachers?
I. Provides support for teachers as faclitators of learning
II. Transformms passive classroom to interactive classrooms
III. Enhances learner’s communication skills
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I, II, and III
4. How can learners benefit most in the use of technology?
I.
Enhances global awareness and citizenship
II. Enables the students to participate in the on-line gaming
III. Increases addiction in internet games
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III
5. In which area of learning has technology given the most influence?
a. Distance learning
b. Face-to-face learning
c. On the job learning
d. Blended learning

LESSON OUTPUT

1. Make a group of 5 members.

2. Share what you have written in Task 1 and Task 2.
3. Make a summary of all members’ answers for Task 1 and Task 2.
4. Make a written report of your group summary. Indicate the names of your group
members.

REFERENCES
Bilbao, P., Dequilla, M.A., Rosano, D., Boholano, H. (2019). Technology for teaching
and learning 1. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Online Sources User blog: W A N I S A
H/Understanding the basic concept in ....
https://community.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:W_A_N_I_S_A_H/Understanding
_the_basic_concept_in_ICT Role of Educational Technology in Public and Private
http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijld/article/download/2