“Department of Business Administration”

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 : “Business Research”

SUBMITTED BY : Haiqa Malik (2019 –BBA -027)

SUBMITTED TO : Dr. Fozia

SEMESTER : VI-A

DATED : March 25th, 2022

Comparison of Research Philosophies

Ontology (what is Epistemology (how reality is Axiology (role of Methodology (model behind
reality) known) values) research process)
Positivism
The truth or reality is Reality is known through It implies that there In order to test the theories,
independent and on reliability of observations, and the are objective, experiments are conducted, in
the basis of the generalizability of findings. independent laws of which data is sampled, measured,
relevant facts. Predictions and reasoning is done nature to which analysed, this allows them to test
World operates by after experiments. human life is cause‐and‐effect relationships.
laws of cause and subjected. Meaning Concerned with generalization of
effect. that research is their findings
absolutely value free.
Constructionism
Reality is on the basis Reality is seen by understanding It accepts reality as a Qualitative in nature. Focus
of people’s views, rules people use to make sense of construct of human groups and unstructured
perceptions, the world by investigating what mind, therefore interviews allow them to collect
interactions and happens in people’s minds, how reality is perceived to rich data, linked to the contextual
experiences. people’s views of the world result be subjective. uniqueness of the world that is
from interactions with others and It is bound by values. being studied.it is concerned with
the context in Which they take understanding a specific case
place.
Critical realism
There is an external Reality is seen by belief that a It is burdened by the Use of multiple flawed methods
reality or objective phenomena is subjective in nature researcher’s values. or data sources in qualitative
truth that can’t be and the collection of data is research to develop a
measured or observed. imperfect and flawed. comprehensive understanding of
It is independent. what is happening. 
Pragmatism
The truth or Reality Reality is seen on the basis of It is value bound, as it Qualitative or quantitative
lies in its observable both on both objective, observable is the values of the
practical phenomena and subjective researcher that will
consequences. In other meanings can produce useful help him/her draw a
words if something knowledge defending of the conclusion on the
works out then it is research questions of study. basis of the given
practical and true. point of views.