--I?

BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF

:. M. Stone
R. E. Nickell

Design Technology Division

sandia
c* Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87112

*This work supported by the United States Nuclear

Commission un&gp BRDA Contract ~ ~ ( 2 9 --789
1 ) ; . ;,+.',
-rr
'.t r , J .
 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.
 --7
-2-
- f '

I. ~ntroduction
Thin-walled s t r u c t u r a l members t h a t a r e s u b j e c t e d t o s u s t a i n e d l o a d s
w h i l e a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e may e x h i b i t a t i m e - d e p e n d e n t structural
i n s t a b i l i t y , referred t o a s creep buckling. T h i s t e r m i s meant t o d e s c r i b e
t h e p r o c e s s by which t i m e - d e p e n d e n t i n e l a s t i c b e h a v i o r of t h e m a t e r i a l
i n t e r a c t s w i t h i n i t i a l i m p e r f e c t i o n s and/or i n s t a n t a n e o u s , load-induced
d i s p l a c e m e n t s s o t h a t a m p l i f i c a t i o n of t h e s e imperfection/displacements
c r e a t e s an u n s t a b l e g e o m e t r i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a p p l i e d
loading.
Because o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of LMFBR p r i m a r y p i p i n g components
(thin-walled, low p r e s s u r e , h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e ) , t h e d e s i g n e r m u s t g u a r d
a g a i n s t c r e e p b u c k l i n g a s a p o t e n t i a l f a i l u r e mode f o r c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l
: r e g i o n s , s u c h a s e l b o w s , where s t r u c t u r a l f l e x i b i l i t y and i n e l a s t i c r e s p o n s l
may combine t o c o n c e n t r a t e d e f o r m a t i o n and c a u s e i n s t a b i l i t y . The ASME
B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Code, t h r o u g h i t s e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e Code Case
1592 ( S e c t i o n 1 1 1 , D i v i s i o n 1 ) p r o v i d e s d e s i g n r u l e s f o r C l a s s 1 c o r p o n e n t s
(

aimed a t p r e v e n t i n g c r e e p b u c k l i n g d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n l i f e . A similar set

, of r u l e s i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d f o r C l a s s 2 and C l a s s 3 components a t t h i s t i m e
One of t h e o r i g i n a l c o n c e p t s b e h i n d t h e c r e e p b u c k l i n g r u l e s was t h a t

1
t h e v ~ r i a b i l i t yi n c r e e p p r o p e r t i e s ( e s p e c i a l l y due t o t h e e f f e c t s cE p r i o r
I? h e a t t r e a t m e n t j , t h e u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t i n i t i a l i m p e r f e c t i o n s , and t h e . l a c k
o f c o n f i r m e d a c c u r a c y o f d e s i g n a n a l y s i s meant t h a t c o n s e r v a t i s m would be
d i f f i c u l t t o a s s u r e . A s a r e s u l t , a f a c t o r of t e n on s e r v i c e l i f e wzs
I r e q u i r e d ( i . e . , a n a l y s i s m u s t show t h a t , under s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t
;
I
e x t r a p o l a t e t h e l i f e of t h e component by t e n t i m e s , c r e e p b u c k l i n g d o e s n o t
! o c c u r ) . Two o b v i o u s p r o b l e m s w i t h t h i s a p p r o a c h a r e t h a t : f i r s t , tke creep
b e h a v i o r m u s t a l s o be e x t r a p o l a t e d ( s i n c e most c r e e p e x p e r i m e n t s a r e term-
, i n a t e d a t a small f r a c t i o n of t h e design l i f e , e x t r a p o l a t i o n of c r e e p d a t a
i s a l r e a d y an i s s u e , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e c r e e p b u c k l i n g q u e s t i o n ) ; s e c o n d ,
t h e n o n l i n e a r c r e e p a n a l y s i s , which i s v e r y n e a r l y p r o h i b i t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e
f o r d e s i g n l i f e h i s t o g r a m s , becomes even more c o s t l y .
P r i m a r i l y d u e t o t h e s e two i s s u e s t h e c r e e p b u c k l i n g d e s i g n r u l e s were
a l t e r e d i n o r d e r t o accommodate l o a d and s t r a i n f a c t o r s ~ f s a f e t y t h a t were
t h o u g h t t o be r o u g h l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e f a c t o r o f t e n on s e r v i c e l i f e . The
background f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e s e s a f e t y f a c t o r s i s g i v e n i n a r e c e n t
p a p e r by Berman, e t a l . [ll*. In t h i s r e p o r t t h e s p e c i f i c concern i s f 3 r
t h e c a s e of load-controlled time-dependent b u c k l i n g , where t h e l o a d f a c t o r
i s 1 . 5 f o r n o r m a l , u p s e t , and emergency o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , and 1 . 2 5 f o r
faulted operating conditions. The m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y i s t o
d e t e r m i n e whether t h e m a t e r i a l s behavior i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a d o p t io n of
these rules.
I n o r d e r t o t e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e s e l o a d f a c t o r s were r o u g h l y
e q u i v a l e n t t o a f a c t o r o f t e n on l i f e , a s i m p l e g e o m e t r y was needed t o keep

"Numbers i n b r a c k e t s i n d i c a t e r e f e r e n c e s t h a t a r e l i s t e d a t t h e end o f t h e
. .t e x t . . ,
,,-- ,-
i.
-3-
t h e g n a l y s i s expense reasonable. A l s o , a g e o m e t r y ( w i t h boundary c o n d i -
. t i o n s , l o a d s , and good c r e e p c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n ) t h a t had been e x p e r i m e n t a l l y
t a k e n t h r o u g h a r a n g e o f b u c k l i n g p a r a m e t e r s was d e s i r a b l e . For t h e s e two
r e a s o n s t h e aluminum c y l i n d e r work o f Samuelson [ 2 ] was s e l e ' z t e d a s t h e
basis for t h i s study. The s t u d y i t s e l f was d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e p a r t s : (1)
a s o f t w a r e v e r i f i c a t i o n p a r t t h a t was d e s i g n e d t o show t h a t an e x i s t i n g gen-
e r a l p u r p o s e , n o n l i n e a r , f i n i t e e l e m e n t program was c a p a b l e of s u c c e s s f u l l y
a n a l y z i n g t h e problem; ( 2 ) a c o n v e r g e n c e p a r t t h a t examined d i f f e r e n t e l e -
m e n t s , m e s h e s , and n o n l i n e a r c o m p u t i n g s t r a t e g i e s s o t h a t a near-minimum
c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g t i m e c o u l d be a s s u r e d ; and ( 3 ) t h e s a f e t y f a c t o r e v a l u a -
t i o n parameter c a l c u l a t i o n s themselves.
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s , t h e s e i t e m s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n some d e t a i l .
S e c t i o n 2 d e s c r i b e s t h e e x p e r i m e n t s c o n d u c t e d by S a m u e l s o ~ . S e c t i o n 3 o u t -
' l i n e s t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e by which t h e c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g t i m e s a r e
calculated. S e c t i o n 4 g i v e s t h e e s s e n t i a l r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y , f o l l o w e d
I
by a s e c t i o n t h a t p r o v i d e s t h e c o n c l u s i o n s and recommendations.

2. Experimental Basis
!
! A s i m p l e problem g e o m e t r y w i t h s u p p o r t i n g experiment.31 work and w i t h
i good m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n was needed f o r t h i s s t u d y . The experiment.21
I work done by Samuelson [ 2 ] on a x i a l l y l o a d e d aluminum c y l i n d e r s p r o v i d e d t h e
needed t e s t r e s u l t s w i t h which t o e v a l u a t e t h e n u m e r i c a l ~ a l c u l a t i o n s . I n
i
I h i s work, Samuelson t e s t e d a s e r i e s of 4 1 aluminum c y l i n d s r s w i t h v a r i o u s
I magnitudes
i
o f a x i a l l o a d and w i t h r a t i o s of c y l i n d e r r a d i u s t o w a l l t h i c < -
s n e s s ( R / h ) v a r y i n g from 3 0 t o 1 5 0 . The l e n g t h t o r a d i u s r a t i o ( L / R ) i n ,211
I.
I c a s e s was g r e a t e r t h a n 2 . The t e s t s were run a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e
. ( 2 2 5 " C ) , w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s d e t e r m i n e d from s p e c i a l c o m p r e s s i v ?
!
a c r e e p specimens a l s o t e s t e d a t high temperature. From t h e c r e e p d a t a
i; o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e s e s p ' e c i a l t e s t s , Samuelson d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e c r e e p
I rate,
-
c o u l d be a p p r o x i m a t e d by a power law on s t r e s s , a .
1 &cr
I

where t h e c o n s t a n t s B and n were d e t e r m i n e d from t h e t e s t d a t a .

The c y l i n d e r s were t e s t e d i n a s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d l o a d i n ; frame with
t h e s h e l l e d g e s i n s e r t e d i n t o machined s l o t s i n t h e l o a d i n g d e v i c e . . I t i s
i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t r a d i a l growth r e s u l t i n g from a u n i f o r m t h e r m a l expan-
s i o n o f t h e c y l i n d e r ' w i l l be r e s t r i c t e d a t t h e s h e l l e d g e s c a u s i n g l o c a l
bending near t h e s u p p o r t s . A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e t e s t l o a d was done s l o w l y t o
avoid i n t r o d u c i n g i n e r t i a e f f e c t s ; consequently, t h e c r i t i c a l time reported
by Samuelson was t h e t i m e e l a p s e d from f i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e s t l o a d
u n t i l t h e t i m e o f specimen c o l l a p s e . The o b s e r v e d c o l l a p s e mechanism was t h e
r a p i d g r o w t h o f b u l g e s which a p p e a r e d n e a r t h e shel.1 s u p F o r t s .
The d o m i n a n t f a c t o r used i n s e l e c t i n g a p a r t i c u l a r c y l i n d e r geometry
and l o a d i n g f o r n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s was t h e f i n a l b u c k l e d d o n f i g u r a t i o n . . I n
 , i. - , '9

S a m u e l s o n ' s p a p e r , t h e b u c k l e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n was c h z r a c t e r i z e d by t h e number

~ f ~ c i r c u m f e r e n t i awaves
l observed a t c o l l a p s e . I t was f e l t t h a t by c h o o s i n g
' a t e s t where t h e number o f c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l waves was z e r o , a c o m p u t a t i o n a l i y
simpl e two-dimensional a x i s y m m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o u l d be p e r f o r m e d . Seven
c a s e ' s o f z e r o c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l waves were o b s e r v e d i n t h e 4 1 t e s t s p e r f o r m e d .
The f i n a l s e l e c t i o n was b a s e d on t h e s h o r t e s t c r i t i c a l t i m e measured f o r t h e
seven c y l i n d e r s . The t e s t s e l e c t e d h3d t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
2
R/h = 32, h = 1.495 mm,
'APPLIED
= 12.1 kg/mm . The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s
f o r t h i s t e s t show a c r i t i c a l t i m e of 4 3 5 m i n u t e s ( 7 . 2 5 h o u r s ) .
%,

3. Numerical Procedure
Two n u m e r i c a l p r o c e d u r e s come t o m i n d f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e t i m e -
dependent buckl i n g problem. The f i r s t method, r e c e n t l y d i s c u s s e d by
Miyazaki, e t a l . [ 3 ] , e n t a i l s t i m e marching f o r a p e r i o d of i n t e r e s t and
; e v a l u a t i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x a t each time s t e p . A s the
1 c r i t i c a l t i m e i s r e a c h e d , t h e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x becomes n o n p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e ,

II
which c o r r e s p o n d s t o an i n s t a b i l i t y of t h e p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e . The main
f l a w w i t h t h i s method i s t h a t f o r most p r o b l e m s of i n t e r e s t ( e - g . , n u c l e a r
p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t s ) t h e t i m e t o c o l l a p s e i s q u i t e l o n g s o t h a t t h e computa-
/ t i o n a l expense is p r o h i b i t i v e . The s e c o n d method a l l o w s a d i r e c t c a l c u l a -
t i o n o f t h e c r i t i c a l t i m e a f t e r o n l y a few t i m e s t e p s . T h i s d i r e c t pro-
c e d u r e i s q u i t e a t t r a c t i v e from a c o m p u t a t i o n a l p o i n t of view and was c h o s e n
f o r t h e c u r r e n t numerical study. The c o m p u t a t i o n a l d e t a i l s c a n be found i n
[ 4 , 5 ] , b u t w i l l be r e p e a t e d h e r e f o r c o m p l e t e n e s s .
Let u s define the l i n e a r e l a s t i c s t i f f n e s s matrix a s K ' O ) , - the initial

.
: I
-. -
s t r e s s m a t r i x a s K ( ~ () a ) , and t h e i n i t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t m a t r i x a s K ( ~ ) ( u ) ,
,.. . -
I
1I
- -
where a and u a r e - t h e s t r e s s and d i s p l a c e m e n t f i e l d s , r e s p e c t i v e l ; . Th?
i n c r e m e n t a . 1 e q u a t i o n of e q u i l i b r i u m i s t h e n

6
,
1 -
where t h e i n c r e m e n t a l l o a d v e c t o r , AP, i s u n d e r s t o o d t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t
I of i n i t i a l s t r a i n s due t o c r e e p d e f o r m a t i o n f o r time-dependent buckling.
i
! For t i m e - i n d e p e n d e n t , -
l o a d c o n t r o l l e d b u c k l i n g , AP would c o n t a i n o n l y
incremental e x t e r n a l l o a d s , f o r time-dependent, s t r a i n controlled buckling,
-
+ A P c o n t a i n s i n i t i a l s t r a i n s due t o thermal l o a d i n g .
A s t h e n o n l i n e a r s o l u t i o n p r o g r e s s e s , t h e a n a l y s t may w i s h t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e load o r time m u l t i p l i e r , A , s u c h t h a t t h e f o r c i r t g f u n c t i o n , AAP, w i l l
c a u s e t h e s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s t o become n o n p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e . T h i s non-
l i n e a r s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s c a n be w r i t t e n

- -
and i f t h e s t i f f n e s s i s expanded a b o u t t h e s t a t e ( a , u ) , t h e e i g e n v a l u e p r o b -
: lem becomes
 ' @ = 0 (4)
: where 4.. i s t h e b u c k l i n g mode sfiape c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o .A.
I n ( 4 ) t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of K.. ( ' ) , K ( ~ ) , and K ( 2 ) remain s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d ,
.. '
i
* " . (1)
b u t some comment on t h e n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n of .A: and A ..~ ( ~ ) ( ~ , A ~ )
(A?)
..
i s needed. T h e , f o r m a t i o n of AK")
.. .. can be made q u i t e simplyQwhen one
(Ao)

-.. ..
r e c a l l s t h a t K" ( ' ) i s a l i n e a r f u n c t i o n of o s o t h a t

I . ..
?
-
The c a l c u l a t i o n . o f A K ( * ) ( u , A U ) r e q u i r e s some a d d i t i o n a l work due t o t h e
h i g h e r o r d e r dependence of K T 2 ) on t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s , u . In order t o d e t e r -
, * ..
r n i n e ' ~ ~ ' we
~ ) n, o t e t h a t
=
,'

. .
where B ( ' ) a r e t h e l i n e a r terms i n t h e s t r a i n - d i s p l a c e m e n t r e l a t i o n s and
S
B ( & ) a r e t h e corresponding nonlinear terms.
&
The m a t r i x @.. ( O ) i s n o t a
-.
f u n c t i o n of t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s w h i l e t h e m a t r i x B
.. ( e ) i s a l i n e a r f u n c t i o n of
u . 7
he m a t r i x D i s t h e e l a s t i c o r e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c c o n s t i t u t i v e m a t r i x .
Expansion of K* ( q ) ( _ u ) i n a T a y l o r s e r i e s a b o u t t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s , , IL gives a
f i n a l m a t r i x form f o r A: ( 2 ) , - .
-.

! where

The c o m p u t a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c r i t i c a l l o a d
' i n v o l v e s use of i n c r e m e n t a l l o a d i n g t o r e a c h a d e s i r e d l o a d l e v e l , P . The
l o a d i s incremented by a v a l u e AP and t h e r e s u l t i n g m a t r i x e q u a t i o n s s o l v e d
f o r t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s . Using t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t r e s s e s ,
' t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i c e s a r e formed and t h e e i g e n v a l u e problem
I
solved f o r and t h e bucking mode s h a p e , 4.. . The c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g l o a d i s
I

' t h e n d e t e r m i n e d by

'CR
= P + XAP .
. .--. ~ -
b u c k l i n g problem i s handled i n a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n .
The t i m e - d e p e n d e n t

i The l o a d c o n s i s t s o f i n i t i a l - s t r a i n t e r m s t h a t a r e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e t i m e
s t e p , A t ( t h e i n i t i a l - s t r a i n i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o F w h i c h , .in i n c r e m e n t a l
j
.
f o r m , becomes ATc = F ( a , t , F )
C
At).
C
T h e r e f o r e , i n ( 8 ) , t h e l o a d P c a n be
r e p l a c e d w i t h t h e t i m e t and t h e i n c r e m e n t a l l o a d AP w i t h t h e t i m e i n c r e n e n t
At. T h e r e s u l t i n g e q u a t i o n f o r t h e c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g t i m e becomes

tCR= t + X A t .

The s t e p - b y - s t e p p r o c e d u r e used f o r time-dependent buckling is a s

follows:

I 1. Apply e x t e r n a l l o a d s and s o l v e t h e t i m e - i n d e p e n d e n t
( e l a s t o s t a t i c problem);
problem

2. B e g i n t o march i n t i m e f o r c r e e p a n a l y s i s ;
3. Stop the creep a n a l y s i s a t a convenient time, t ;
4. Allow a s m a l l a d d i t i o n a l c r e e p i n c r e m e n t , A t ;
S o l v e t h e r e s u l t i n g e i g e n v a l u e p r o b l e m f o r X and
5.
-
@;

6. Calculate the c r i t i c a l time using ( 9 ) .

I t is p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n an even b e t t e r e s t i m a t e of t h e c c i t i c a l t i r e
by e v a l u a t i n g ( 9 ) a t v a r i o u s t i m e s and e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e s e r e s u l t s . An
example o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e i s g i v e n i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .
Although t h e procedure is s i m p l e , a u t o m a t i c a p p l i c a t i o n t o e v e r y time-
d e p e n d e n t b u c k l i n g p r o b l e m c a n l e a d t o q u e s t i o n a b l e r e s u l t s . For e x a m p l e ,
c a r e m u s t be t a k e n , when u s i n g t h i s method i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a r e s i d u a l
load correction technique, t o ensure t h a t the incremental s o l u t i o n has
converged. I f t h e s o l u t i o n h a s d r i f t e d , l a r g e c o r r e c t i v e f o r c e s may be
added t o t h e Force v e c t o r . I f a s m a l l c r e e p increment, A t , is used t h e
r e s u l t i n g i n i t i a l s t r a i n t e r m s c a n be i n s i g n i f i c a n t compared t o t h e magni-
t u d e o f t h e c o r r e c t i v e f o r c e s . The r e s u l t i n g f o r c e v e c t o r i s t h e n no l o n g e r '

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e t i m e i n c r e m e n t and a n y c r i t i c a l t i m e e s t i m a t e p r e d i c t e d
would b e i n c o r r e c t .
A s i m i l a r p r o b l e m e x i s t s when t h e a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s ? l a s t i c i t y o c c u r -
ring simultaneously w i t h creep. A s long a s t h e c r e e p s t r a i n s a r e l a r g e i?
1 c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e p l a s t i c s t r a i n s , t h e n u m e r i c a l p r o c e d u r e c a n be u s e d
I with some c o n f i d e n c e . A s t h e p l a s t i c s t r a i n s become l a r g e , t h e s t r u c t u r a l
I s t i f f n e s s r e f l e c t s c h a n g e s d u e t o p l a s t i c i t y , a s w e l l a s c r e e p , and t h e s e
c h a n g e s a r e no l o n g e r proportional t o t h e t i m e i n c r e m e n t ; ' a g a i n , e q . ( 9 ) is
, n o longer valid.
II
Numerical R e s u l t s
4.
!I I
The aluminum c y l i n d e r d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 2 was modeled a s a two-
i d i m e n s i o n a l a x i s y m m e t r i c body. The k i n e m a t i c b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s imposed
on t h e model a r e shown i n F i g . 1. The r a d i a l b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n a p p l i e d a t
i t h e t o p o f t h e s h e l l p r o v i d e s a model o f t h e r e s t r a i n i n g a c t i o n o f t h e
; s l o t t e d l o a d i n q f r a m e ; t h e symmetrv condi tinn a t tho I n ~ i o r n d n o D c c l r r n c =n
L/R greater than 2.
!
The i n i t i a l d i s c r e t i z a t i o n used a x i s y m m e t r i c c o n t i n u u m e l e m e n t s w i t h
b i l i n e a r displacement approximations. T h r e e e l e m e n t s were used i n t h e
r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n and t w e n t y e l e m e n t s were e q u a l l y s p a c e d a l o n g t h e l e n g t h
( s e e Fig. 2a ) . The t e s t l o a d of 1 2 . 1 k g / m m 2 was a p p l i e d and t h e i n s t a n -
t a n e o u s e l a s t i c b u c k l i n g l o a d ( E u l e r l o a d ) was c a l c u l a t e d t o be w i t h i n t e n
percent of t h e c l a s s i c a l value. The s h e l l was t h e n c r e e p a n a l y z e d t o a
t i m e -of o n e h o u r . The e s t i m a t e d t i m e of c o l l a p s e f o r t h e p e r f e c t c y l i n d e r
w i t h no t h e r m a l l o a d i n g was 6 9 . 5 h o u r s . Recall t h a t the experimentally
measured t i m e was 7 . 3 h o u r s . I n [ 6 ] Gerdeen and Sazawal p r e s e n t a c l o s e d
form s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r problem and t h e y c i t e a c r i t i c a l t i n e of
21.6 h o u r s . I t is a g e n e r a l l y accepted b e l i e f t h a t experimental buckling
r e s u l t s c a n d i f f e r g r e a t l y from a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s d u e t o i n i t i a l i m p e r f e c -
t i o n s , e c c e n t r i c i t i e s , o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n a p p l i e d boundary c o n d i t i o n s . The
c r i t i c a l t i m e e s t i m a t e g i v e n by t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t model c o u l d n o t be a t t r i - .
b u t e d t o ' t h i s b e h a v i o r i n l i g h t of t h e a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d by
Gerdeen and S a z a w a l . The f i n i t e e l e m e n t r e s u l t s were s u b s e q u e n t l y a t t r i - . ,
b u t e d t o a s t i f f f i n i t e e l e m e n t mesh.
Major m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e c y l i n d e r model were made by c h a n g i n g f r o m I
c o n t i n u u m t y p e e l e m e n t s t o a x i s y m m e t r i c i s o p a r a m e t r i c s h e l l e l e m e n t s and by i
i n c r e a s i n g t h e number o f e l e m e n t s a l o n g t h e l e n g t h t o f i f t y ( s e e F i g . 2 b ) . !
The number o f e l e m e n t s d e c r e a s e d from 60 t o 50 b u t t h e number of d e g r e e s o f
freedom i n c r e a s e d from 160 t o 200. C a l c u l a t i o n of t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s e l a s t i c :
i
I
b u c k l i n g l o a d now p r o d u c e d a r e s u l t w i t h i n f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s i c a l I
3
value. The s h e l l was a g a i n c r e e p a n a l y z e d t o a t i m e of one hour and t h e ,
t i m e o f c o l l a p s e was e s t i m a t e d t o be 1 9 . 7 h o u r s , which c o r r e l a t e s w e l l w i t h
t h e a n a l y t i c a l e s t i m a t e of 2 1 . 6 h o u r s . I

A c o m p a r i s o n of t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t s o - l u t i o n s from b o t h m o d e l s r e v e a l e d ,
a s e x p e c t e d , t h a t t h e s e c o n d model r s t h e more f l e x i b l e . The r a d i a l d i s - 1
p l a c e m e n t s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same f o r p o i n t s l o c a t e d away from t h e s h e l l ,
edge t h a t i s r a d i a l l y r e s t r a i n e d . Near t h i s e d g e , however, t h e c y l i n d e r I
I
e x p e r i e n c e s l a r g e r a d i a l d e f o r m a t i o n s which m u s t be modeled a c c u r a t e l y i f ;
t h e t r u e b e h a v i o r i s t o be p r e d i c t e d . The l o c a t i o n o f t h i s r a d i a l b u l g e !
d i f f e r e d f o r t h e two m e s h e s . The s e c o n d model had t h e maximum r a d i a l d i s -
p l a c e m e n t o c c u r r i n g 1 4 mm from t h e e d g e , i n c o m p a r i s o n t o 20 mm f o r t h e
f i r s t model. I t i s f e l t t h a t t h e f i r s t model was t o o c o a r s e l o c a l l y t o
a l l o w t h e r a d i a l b u l g e t o d e v e l o p n a t u r a l l y n e a r t h e e d g e a n d , by f o r c i n g
t h e b u l g e f u r t h e r away, an i n c o r r e c t b u c k l i n g mode s h a p e was c a l c u l a t e d ;
c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c r i t i c a l t i m e was i n c o r r e c t l y e s t i m a t e d .
I f t h e c r e e p a n a l y s i s i s e x t e n d e d up t o a maximum o f f i v e h o u r s , t h e '
e s t i m a t e o f c r i t i c a l t i m e i s i n c r e a s e d t o 20.9 h o u r s . A lot o f r e a l
( c r e e p ) t i m ; v e r s u s e s t i m a t e d c o l l a p s e t i m e shows t h a t t h i s d a t a c a n be
e x t r a p o l a t e d t o p r e d i c t a n upper bound o f 2 1 h o u r s ( s e e F i g . 3 ) . The c h a n g e 1;
i n t h e c r i t i c a l t i m e o v e r t h e f i v e hour p e r i o d was s i x p e r c e n t .
 ----'.An a t t e m p t was made t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h S a m u e l s o n ' s e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t
by i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f t h e ? r e - t e s t thermal expansioin i n t o t h e
n u m e r i c a l model. The t h e r m a l d a t a f o r t h e m a t e r i a l was t a k e n from B u s h n e l l
[7]. The p r e s e n c e o f t h e t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n l o w e r e d t h e e s t i m a t e d c r i t i c a l
t i m e from 1 9 . 7 t o 1 8 . 3 h o u r s - - s t i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y above t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y
determined value. The e q u i v a l e n t t e n s i l e s t r e s s c a l c u l a t e d i n t h i s a n a l y -
s i s , f o r t h e combined t h e r m a l and m e c h a n i c a l l o a d i n g , was o b s e r v e d t o be
l a r g e r t h a n t h e y i e l d s t r e s s r e p o r t e d by Samuelson f o r t h i s m a t e r i a l . T h i s
f a c t l e d t o some s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t t h e a c t u a l c o l l a p s e o f t h e t e s t specimen
was d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f p l a s t i c i t y i n t h e r e g i o n n e a r t h e s h e l l s u p p o r t s .
The combined e l a s t i c / p l a s t i c - c r e e p b e h a v i o r was s u b s e q u e n t l y a n a l y z e d ,
r e s u l t i n g i n a n o n p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e s t i f f n e s s a t 9.56 h o u r s . The i n s t a b l l -
i t y was d u e t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a p l a s t i c h i n g e n e a r t h e r e s t r a i n i n g e d g e .
I
The d i r e c t method c o u l d n o t be used i n t h i s i n s t a n c e t o c a l c u l a t e t h e
c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g t i m e b e c a u s e of t h e p r e s e n c e of l a r g e p : a s t i c strains. I

The c r i t i c a l t i m e was d e t e r m i n e d by m a r c h i n g i n t i m e u n t i l t h e s t r u c t u r a l
I
s t i f f n e s s became n o n p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e . R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by t h i s p r o c e d u r e I
a g r e e very w e l l with t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y determined v a l u e ; t h e remaining 11
d i f f e r e n c e s c a n be a t t r i b u t e d t o f u r t h e r s h e l l i m p e r f e c t i o n s and t o I
I

i n a c c u r a c i e s i n modeling t h e c r e e p b e h a v i o r . I

The s t r u c t u r a l i n s t a b i l i t y p r e d i c t e d by t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s n

was t h e p r o d u c t o f a complex i n t e r a c t i o n between c r e e p d e f o r m a t i o n and

I

plasticity. I n i t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e t e s t l o a d c a u s e d l o c a l y i e l d i n g i n
elements near t h e s h e l l s u p p o r t s w i t h t h e p l a s t i c i t y occurring through a
q u a r t e r of t h e w a l l t h i c k n e s s . The e n s u i n g c r e e p a n a l y s i s c a u s e d t h e l o a d
i
t o r e d i s t r i b u t e a c r o s s t h e w a l l t h e r e b y l o w e r i n g t h e maximum s t r e s s e s t o a
v a l u e below t h e y i e l d s t r e s s . A s the creep a n a l y s i s progressed t h e s e values
remained below y i e l d u n t i l t h e c r e e p - i n d u c e d d e f o r m a t i o n s c a u s e d enough
b e n d i n g t o o n c e a g a i n b r i n g t h e maximum s t r e s s above y i e l d . T h i s .occurred a

a t 6 . 8 hours of creep time. A t t h i s t i m e t h e p l a s t i c zone b e g i n s t o s p r e a d

t h r o u g h t h e w a l l , more o r l e s s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y t o t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e c z e e p -
'enhanced d e f o r m a t i o n . A t 9 . 5 6 h o u r s t h e p l a s t i c r e g i o n had s p r e a d t h r o u g h
t h e w a l l and a p l a s t i c h i n g e d e v e l o p e d , c a u s i n g t h e s t r u c t u r a l i n s t a b i l i ~ y .
Another q u e s t i o n which was a d d r e s s e d d u r i n g t h i s s t u d y was t h e e f f e c t
of p r i m a r y c r e e p on t h e e s t i m a t e d c r i t i c a l t i m e s . A Cree? law which
i n c l u d e s b o t h p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c r e e p models was i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e
n u m e r i c a l model. T h i s c r e e p law i s g i v e n by

The c o n s t a n t A was d e t e r m i n e d by c r e e p d a t a s u p p l i e d by S2muelson and t h e

p a r a m e t e r , a , was v a r i e d . I t was f o u n d t h a t c r i t i c a l t i m ? e s t i m a t e s tak2n
d u r i n g t h e p r i m a r y c r e e p s t a g e were l o w e r t h a n t h o s e p r e d i c t e d d u r i n g s e z o n -
dary creep. T h i s i s n o t a s u r p r i s i n g r e s u l t when o n e c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e
 c-reepsrate i s h i g h e s t d u r i n g primary c r e e p s o t h a t a c r i t i z h l time e s t i m a t e
. would r e f l e c t t h e l a r g e i n i t i a l s t r a i n t e r m s and p r e d i c t an e a r l y c o l l a p s ? .
A s t h e model p a s s e d from t h e p r i m a r y t o t h e s e c o n d a r y s t a g e , t h e e s t i m a t e 3
t i m e s assumed t h e v a l u e s p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d w i t h no p r i m a r y c r e e p . In
a n a l y z i n g n u c l e a r p i p i n g components t h e p e r i o d o f p r i m a r y c r e e p i s a s m a l l
. p o r t i o n o f t h e s e r v i c e l i f e and c a n be o m i t t e d from t h i s t y p e o f a n a l y s i s .
I n t h i s r e p o r t , t h e main i n t e r e s t h a s been c e n t e r e d a r o u n d p r o b l e m s
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by c o n t i n u e d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i e d l o a d s f o r l o n g h o l d
times. The q Q e s t i o n o f how t o t r e a t l o a d r e v e r s a l s and s u b s e q u e n t r e i n t r o -
d u c t i o n o f p r i m a r y c r e e p b e h a v i o r h a s n o t been a d d r e s s e d .
The s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s were u n d e r t a k e n t o
q u a l i f y t h e n o n l i n e a r , f i n i t e e l e m e n t c o d e f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f time-depen- '

dent buckling behavior. The r e m a i n d e r of t h e d i s c u s s i o n i s d i r e c t e d toward 1

Y
t h e u l t i m a t e g o a l of d e t e r m i n i n g . t h e c o n s e r v a t i s m o f c u r r e n t ASME d e s i g n
r u l e s f o r time-dependent, load-controlled buckling. P r e v i o u s l y , a f a c t o r of ,
t e n on s e r v i c e l i f e was r e q u i r e d , b u t t h i s h a s r e c e n t l y been r e p l a c e d w i t h ,

l o a d f a c t o r s o f s a f e t y which a r e b e l i e v e d t o be e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e f a c t o r of ,
i
t e n on s e r v i c e l i f e . T h e s e l o a d f a c t o r s a r e 1 . 5 f o r n o r m a l , u p s e t , and E
emergency o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , and 1 . 2 5 f o r f a u l t e d o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . 1
The aluminum c y l i n d e r model was s e l e c t e d t o r e p r e s e n = a t y p i c a l p i p i n g ,
I
component b e i n g a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e s i g n r u l e s g o V J e r n i n g time-depen- ,

dent buckling. Although t h e p a r t i c u l a r m a t e r i a l i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s

aluminum, t h e r e s u l t s a r e f e l t t o be r e l e v a n t t o a wide v s r i e t y o f n c c l e a r ,
I
s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l s operating a t elevated temperature. The c y l i n d e r had b
1
b o t h m e c h a n i c a l and t h e r m a l l o a d s a p p l i e d and t h e s e c o n d a r y c r e e p model was
of t h e power law t y p e . C r i t i c a l t i m e e s t i m a t e s were o b t a i n e d o v e r a r a n g e
of s e c o n d a r y c r e e p e x p o n e n t s . The a p p l i e d m e c h a n i c a l l o a d s were t h e n I

i n c r e a s e d by f i f t y p e r c e n t and a new s e t o f c r i t i z a l t i m e s was c a l c u l a t e d .

!
The c r i t i c a l t i m e s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e d e s i g n l o a d and 1 . 5 t i m e s t h e I.
i
design l o a d , a r e p l o t t e d i n Fig. 4 , a s - a f u n c t i o n of c r e e p exponent.
To i n t e r p r e t t h e s e r e s u l t s i n l i g h t o f t h e p a s t and p r e s e n t d e s i g n
r u l e s , c o n s i d e r a n u c l e a r p i p i n g component w i t h a h y p o t h e t i c a l s e r v i c e l i f e
of 1 5 h o u r s and a s e c o n d a r y c r e e p e x p o n e n t of 5. The c u r r e n t d e s i g n r u l e s
a r e s a t i s f i e d by t h e 1 6 . 2 3 hour c r i t i c a l t i m e e s t i m a t e t a k e n from t h e
2
1 8 . 1 kg/mm c u r v e i n F i g . 4 , b u t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t of a f a c t o r o f t e n on
s e r v i c e l i f e ( 1 5 0 h o u r s ) i s n o t s a t i s f i e d by t h e 1 1 7 h o u r c r i t i c a l t i m e
e s t i m a t e t a k e n from t h e 1 2 . 1 kg/mm 2 c u r v e . I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r example,
1

t h e two d e s i g n r u l e s a r e n o t e q u i v a l e n t and t h e c u r r e n t r e q u i r e m e n t r e g a r d - :

ing t h e load s a f e t y f a c t o r is n o t a s c o n s e r v a t i v e a s t h e r u l e i t r e p l a c e s .
I t i s p o s s i b l e , however, t o s e l e c t an example s u c h t h a t t h e d e s i g n r u l e s a r e
e q u i v a l e n t f o r a c r e e p e x p o n e n t o f 5. Suppose t h e r e q u i r e d s e r v i c e l i f e w ~ s
t e n h o u r s ; t h e n t h e e s t i m a t e s of c r i t i c a l t i m e t a k e n from F i g . 4 satisfy
b o t h d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e r u l e s a r e s a i d t o be e q u i v a l e n t .
T h i s confusing s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s f o r t h o s e v a l u e s of c r e e p exponent
w.hos6 c r i t i c a l t i m e e s t i m a t e s d i f f e r by l e s s t h a n a f a c t o r o f t e n : In this
s i t u a t i o n , t h e c u r r e n t l o a d s a f e t y f a c t o r r u l e i s c o n s e r v a t i v e o r noncon-
+
s e r v a t i v e , d e p e n d i n g upon t h e m a r g i n o f s a f e t y i n t h e b u c k l i n g a n a l y s i s .
T h i s was i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e s . For c r e e p e x p o n e n t s w i t h
f a c t o r s g r e a t e r than t e n , t h e d e s i g n r u l e s a r e always equivalent.- Fig. 3
is a p l o t of t h e time f a c t o r s a s a f u n c t i o n of c r e e p exponent. Note t h a t
t h e p a s t and p r e s e n t d e s i g n r u l e s a r e e q u i v a l e n t a t t h e h i g h 2 r c r e e p
exponents ( > 6 ) .

V. C o n c l u s i o n s and Recommendations
The c u r r e n t s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d i n a n e f f o r t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d e g r e e
o f ' c o n s e r v a t i s m o r l a c k o f c o n s e r v a t i s m i n c u r r e n t A S M E d s s i g n r u l e s con-
cerning time-dependent ( c r e e p ) buckling. 1 ; - t h e course of t h i s i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n , c e r t a i n o b s e r v a t i o n s were made c o n c e r n i n g t h e n u m e r i c a l s o 1 u t i c . n o f I

c r e e p buckling problems. I t was d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t a n o n l i n e a r f i n i t e i

e l e m e n t c o d e c o u l d be used t o s o l v e t h e t i m e - d e p e n d e n t b u c k l i n g p r o b l e m . A 1
I
d i r e c t method of s o l u t i o n was p r e s e n t e d which proved t o b s c o m p u t a t i o n a l l y :
e f f i c i e n t a n d t ' p r o v i d e d a n s w e r s which a g r e e d v e r y w e l l w i t n a v a i l a b l e a n a l y - "I.
t i c a l solutions. 1
I

I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t e d b u c k l i n g t i m e s c ~ u l dv a r y w i d e l y
f o r s m a l l e r r o r s i n computed d i s p l a c e m e n t s . C a r e m u s t be t a k e n when d i s -
c r e t i z i n g s u c h p r o b l e m s t o r e f i n e t h e mesh i n a r e a s where l a r g e time-depen- '

dent deformations a r e l i k e l y t o occur. A suggested procedure f o r determin- 1

I
i n g a s u i t a b l e g r i d would be t o mesh t h e problem u s i n g a c o a r s e g r i d .
t h e s t a t i c and t i m e - d e p e n d e n t p r o b l e m s and i n s p e c t t h e s o l u t i o n f o r t h e
Solve

1
presence of l a r g e deformation g r a d i e n t s . I n t h o s e a r e a s where l a r g e g r a d -
i e n t s a r e p r e s e n t , r e f i n e t h e mesh, and s o l v e f o r t h e c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g t i m e .
iI
T h i s p r o c e d u r e s h o u l d e n s u r e a r e a s o n a b l e s o l u t i o n f o r a minimum of computa- ;

tional effort. i

Data f o r t h e c r e e p model was t a k e n from e x p e r i m e n t a l work by S a n u e l s o n I

and a power l a w r e p r e s e n t a t i o n was assumed based on h i s r e s u l t s . The model
B
was m o d i f i e d f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f p r i m a r y c r e e p e f f e c t s on t h e c a l c u 1 a t : o n of
c r i t i c a l time e s t i m a t e s . The p r e s e n c e o f h i g h c r e e p s t r a i n r a t e s c o n t r i b -
u t e d t o t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f e a r l y b u c k l i n g t i m e s when c a l c u l a t e d d u r i n g t h e ;
!
primary c r e e p s t a g e . The p r e d i c t e d t i m e e s t i m a t e s were found t o i n c r e a s e
w i t h t i m e u n t i l t h e s e c o n d a r y s t a g e was r e a c h e d and t h e e s t i m a t e s a p p r o a c h e d
I
I

t h e c r i t i c a l times p r e d i c t e d without primary creep. I t c a n be c o n c l u d e d ,

I

t h e r e f o r e , t h a t f o r most n u c l e a r p i p i n g components, whose p r i m a r y c r e e p

s t a g e i s s m a l l compared t o t h e s e c o n d a r y s t a g e , t h e e f f e c t o f p r i m a r y c r e e p
i s n e g l i g i b l e and c a n be o m i t t e d from t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .
I n a n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p a s t and c u r r e n t A S M E d e s i g n r u l e s f o r t i m e -
d e p e n d e n t , l o a d c o n t r o l l e d b u c k l i n g , i t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t c u r r e n t u s e o f
d e s i g n l o a d s a f e t y f a c t o r s i s n o t e q u i v a l e n t t o a s a f e t y f a c t o r o f t e n on ,

s e r v i c e l i f e f o r low c r e e p e x p o n e n t s . C a l c u l a t i o n s were p r e s e n t e d which

showed t h a t t h e c u r r e n t r u l e s were n o n c o n s e r v a t i v e , compared t o t h e p r e v i o u s
I '. . I '!<;:I,
-11- - . .
" ---
.,rules, f o r c r e e p e x p o n e n t s below t h e v a l u e o f s i x . Creep exponents above
t h a t v a l u e w e r e shown t o g i v e e q u i v a l e n t r e s u l t s f o r b o t h r u l e s . I t is
e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e e x a c t c u t o f f between c o n s e r v a t i v e and n o n c o n s e r v a t i v e
e x p o n e n t s w i l l v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o b l e m b u t t h e same n o n c o n s e r v 3 t i v e
r e s u l t s w i l l be observed a t t h e lower exponents.
F u t u r e work i n t h i s a r e a w i l l b e a d d r e s s i n g t h e p r o b l e m o f t i m e - d e p e n -
d e n t b u c k l i n g f o r a n a c t u a l LMFBR p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t . A standard long radius
p i p e elbow h a s been chosen a s t h e p a r t i c u l a r geometry. P- t h r e e - d i m e ~ s i o n a l
f i n i t e e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s o f t h i s i s p l a n n e d , e m p l o y i n g t h e same m e t h o d s d e s -
c r i b e d i n t h i s r e p o r t , and t h e r e s u l t s a r e t o be comparec w i t h e x p e r i m e r - t a l
d a t a from e i t h e r United S t a t e s o r f o r e i g n s o u r c e s .

References
[l] I . Berman, A. C . Gangadharan, and G . D. G u p t a , - " B u c k l i n q and I n s t a -
b i l i t y a t E l e v a t e d T e m p e r a t u r e s , " A d v a n c e s i n D e s i g n £0; E l e v a t e d Temp-
e r a t u r e Environment, S . Y . Zamrik and R . I . J e t t e r , e d s . , American
S o c i e t y of Mechanical Engineers (June 1975).

[2] L. A . S a m u e l s o n , " E x p e r i m e n t a i I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f C r e e p B u c k l i n g o f C i r -
c u l a r C y l i n d r i c a l S h e l l s Under A x i a l C o m p r e s s i o n a n d B e n d i n g , " J . E n g r .
a n d I n d . , 90, 589-595 ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

[3] N. M i y a z a k i , G . Yagawa, a n d Y . Ando, "A P a r a m e t r i c A n a l y s i s o f C r e e p

B u c k l i n g o f S h a l l o w S p h i r i c a l S h e l l by t h e F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t h o d , "
A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s P r e p r i n t No. 76-PVP-45, J u n e
1976.

[4] H. D . H i b b i t t , P. V . M a r c a l , a n d J . R . R i c e , "A F i n i t e E l e m e n t F o r m u l a -
t i o n f o r Problems o f L a r g e S t r a i n and L a r g e D i s p l a c e m e n t , " I n t l . J . o f .
S o l i d s and S t r u c t u r e s , -
6 , 1069-1086 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

[5] G. A . Dupuis, D . D . P f a f f i n g e r , and P. V. Marcal, " E f f e c t i v e U s e o f t h e ,

I n c r e m e c t a l S t i f f n e s s M a t r i c e s i n N o n l i n e a r G e o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s , " 9-
c e e d i n g s IUTAM Symposium on High S p e e d C o m p u t i n g o f E l a s t i c S t r u c t u r e s ,
L i e g e , Belgium ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

[6] J. C. G e r d e e n , and V. K . S a z a w a l , Review and I n t e r p r e t i v e R e p o r t on

C r e e p I n s t a b i l i t y , Vol. I , Department o f Mechanical E n g i n e e r i n g and
E n g i n e e r i n g Mechanics, Mich.igan T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y , Houghton,
M I (1973).
[7] D. B u s h n e l l , "BOSOR5-Program f o r B u c k l i n g o f E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c C o m p l e x .
S h e l l s o f R e v o l u t i o n I n c l u d i n q Large D e f l e c t i o n s and C r e e p , " Computers
and S t r u c t u r e s , -6 , 221-239 ( 1 5 7 6 ) .
 L i s t of Figures

Fig. 1 Experimental Cylinder

Fig. 2 F i n i t e Element Models

Fig. 3 E x t r a p o l a t i o n o f C o l l a p s e T i m e s t o an Upper Bound

Fig. 4 E f f e c t o f C r e e p E.xponent and Loading on C r i t i c a l

Time E s t i m a t e s

Fig. 5 R a t i o o f C r i t i c a l Time E s t i m a t e s V e r s u s C r e s p E x p o n e n t
 2
12.7 Kglmm