•z. ~•zã˛.

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•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˙!FåÈܲ ˛õyë˛Ü ˛ü
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ É 28

223
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~ܲܲ 1 † í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Ä í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
àë˛ö
1.1.0 í˛ˆz j
Ï ¢ƒ
1.1.1 ≤ÃhflyÏ Óöy
1.1.2 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚
1.1.3 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ
1.1.4 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚
ܲV ≤ÃÌü ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ SáV !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÈÎ˚ SàV ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚
1.1.5 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏû˛òÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ä ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛
1.1.6 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y
1.1.7 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ öï%˛ö ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty
1.1.8 §yÓ˚yÇ¢
1.1.9 xö%¢#°ö#
1.1.10 @ˇÃs˛i õO#

1.1 í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
~•z ~ܲܲ!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° xy˛õ!ö çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓöÈÙÙÙÈ
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Ä §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ܲÌy ò%!ê˛ !ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ≤ÈÏÎyà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ Ä Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ
ôü≈#Î˚ Ä xöƒyöƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy–
xy!ú ˛Ü˛yñ ~!¢Î˚y Ä °y!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–

1.2 ≤ÃhflÏyÓöy
˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸª •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó˚y‹T…=!° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x@ˇÃî# û)˛!üܲy ˆöÎ˚ xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛ ï˛#Ó˚Óï≈˛# ˆò¢ÈÙÙÙȈflõöñ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ñ •°ƒyu˛ñ •zÇ°ƒyu˛ Ä ú ˛y™– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!˛õåȈÏö ü)° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !åÈ° ÓƒyÓ§yÈÙÈÓy!îçƒñ ôü≈≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ñ û)˛!ü òá° Ä §¡õò °%Z˛ö– ˆ§•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˛õÑyã˛¢ ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy–

EHI (P VII M 25-28)—15 225

 í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚yˆÏô≈ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ !ö!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° 1870 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸª Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ S1914V
xhsˇÓ≈ï≈˛# §üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ôöï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲ ï˛#Ó  ˆÓ˚£ÏyˆÏÓ˚!£Ï °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– x“
§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z xy!ú ˛Ü˛yñ ~!¢Î˚y Ä °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛áö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xö!ôܲ,ï˛ fl∫yô#ö ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ
fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ~ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò xyáƒy ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~•z
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò–
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Ä §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ܲÌy ò%!ê˛ §üyÌ≈ܲ– ~ܲ•z ü%oyÓ˚ ~!˛õë˛ Ä!˛õ벖 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ S≤Ãyhsˇ periphery) !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ Îy í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyòñ Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Süyï,˛û)˛!üñ metropolis, centre, coreV !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y•z §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò ܲÌy!ê˛•z ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò §¡∫ˆ¶Ï ˛ §yôyÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îy=!°ˆÏܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆí˛!û˛í˛ ê˛ü§ö ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö So‹TÓƒ ≠ David
Thompson, Europe since NepoleonV– !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎ 1815 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏà ≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚¢ï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ# !öÓ˚Ó!FåÈߨ
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° xöƒyöƒ ü•yˆÏò¢=!°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ •zí˛zÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ¢!_´à%!°Ó˚
e´ü §¡±§yÓ˚î¢#° !ÓhflÏyÓ˚– ~•z Óy!•ƒÜ˛ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚•z §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò– ˆflõö#Î˚ñ ˛õï%≈˛à#çñ Ä°®yçñ ú˛Ó˚y§# Ä !Ó !ê˛¢ Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛
§y¡Àyçƒ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ã˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È– ~•z ˆÎ xÈÙÈ•íz ˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ#ÈÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ#Î˚ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚
òá° Ä !öÎ˚sfî ï˛yÓ˚ öyöy Ó˚*˛õ !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈÓƒyÓ§yÈÙÈÓy!îçƒñ ôü≈≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ñ xƒyí˛ˆÏû˛MÈ˛yÓ˚ Ó§!ï˛!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ñ °%ê˛ï˛Ó˚yçñ çyï˛#Î˚ x•ÇܲyÓ˚
ç!öï˛ ï˛yí˛¸öyñ Ó˚yçƒçÎ˚ñ Î%k˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò S~Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyüÓ˚y ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ òy§ÓƒÓ§y ÈÙÙÙÈüyö%£ÏˆÏܲ òy§ˆÏc ÓÑyôÓyÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yV–
IJõˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆòÄÎ˚y •° ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yü%!oܲ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ x@ˇÃî# û)˛!üܲy ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛
ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ~ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚ öy ˆÎ ˆÎ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ¢!_´ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ÷ô% §ü%o•z ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– fli°û˛yà
x!ï˛e´ü ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy– •ƒy˛õ§Ó%à≈ Ä xˆÏê˛yüƒyö ï%˛Ü˛#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ÓÇ¢!û˛!_ܲ §y¡Àyçƒ (dynastic empires), çyü≈yöˆÏòÓ˚
Ó§!ï˛ Ä Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç ˛˛õ)Ó≈!òˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ xû˛ƒy§ñ ˆöˆÏ˛õy!°Î˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ü•yˆÏò¢#Î˚ §y¡Àyçƒñ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚
o&ï˛ ò!«˛î Ä üôƒ ~!¢Î˚yÎ˚˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚– ~üö!ܲ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˛õ!ÿ˛ü !òˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ §ü%o ˛õyÓ˚ öy •ˆÏÎ˚Ä ü•yˆÏò¢#Î˚
fli°˛õˆÏÌ §y¡Àyçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö!çÓ˚– xï˛~Ó 1870 §yˆÏ° SÓy ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yüyöƒ §üˆÏÎ˚V •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ xMÈ˛° òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yö x!û˛öÓc !åÈ° öy– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Ä Ú§y¡ÀyçƒÓyòÛ (impenalism) ܲÌyê˛y
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üôƒû˛yˆÏà•z x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÈÎ˚!åÈ°– 1870 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §üÎ˚ܲy°ˆÏܲ•z Ú§y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Î%àÛ (‘Age
of Imperialism’) Ó°y •Î˚–

1.1.2í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ˛Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚

í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy ˆòö òyòyû˛y•z ˆöÔÓ˚ç#ñ Ó˚ˆÏü¢ã˛w ò_ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
üö#£#Ïàî– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆòÏ!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚üyî xÌ≈ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛˛ Ó˚Æy!ö •Î˚ xÌã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §üyö%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yö ú˛°°yû˛ •Î˚ öy– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛˛ ÓƒÎ˚ñ !Ó !ê˛¢ ܲü≈≈ã˛y!Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yï˛y Ä ˆ˛õö§öñ
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ !Ó !ê˛¢ ü)°ôˆÏöÓ˚ ü%öyú˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ≤Ã!ï˛ÓåÈÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚üyî §¡õò û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ö‹;˛yhsˇ
•ˆÏÎ˚ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛ §!MÈ˛ï˛ •ï˛– §yüy!çܲ í˛zm,_ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏö !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ üyï,˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛ (metropolis) §!MÈ˛ï˛
•ï˛ xÌÓy !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ~ˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ӈϰˆÏåÈö §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•!ö≈‹Òy£Ïî (Drain of wealth)– ~!ê˛ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ú˛°–
üyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°§ ˛í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Ä §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ û˛y£Ïƒ §¡∫!°ï˛ ˆÜ˛yö ï˛_¥ !°ˆÏá Îyö !öñ Î!òÄ
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ñ xyÎ˚yÓ˚°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈ– üyÜ≈˛§‰ ~Ó˚ ü)°ôö#ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !û˛!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆç. ~. •Ó§öñ ˆ°!öö ˛≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ !ã˛hsˇy!ÓòÓ˚y §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ áyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
226
 !Ó !ê˛¢ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛!Óò •Ó§ö (J. A. Hobson) ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 1902 §yˆÏ° ˛≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Imperialism : A study @ˇÃˆÏsi
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ çöƒƒ ôü≈#Î˚ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä xöƒyöƒ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚î•z Ìyܲ öy ˆÜ˛ö ü)° ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°
˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ôöï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ í˛zm,_ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛y!àò ˆÌˆÏܲ– üyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy xö%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˛˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ•z •ˆÏFåÈ x!ï˛Ó˚_´ ü%öyú˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y– ˆÓ¢# ˆÓ¢# ü%öyú˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy !åÈ° §hflÏyÎ˚ ÜÑ˛yã˛yüy° §Ç@ˇÃ•ñ !¢“çyï˛ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ Ä ü)°ôö °@¿# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ öï%˛ö öï%˛ö ˆ«˛e– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
myÓ˚y•z ~•z §Ó ã˛y!•òy ˆüê˛yˆÏöy §Ω˛Ó– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqÓ–
•Ó§ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ•z xyÓ˚Ä §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°!öö 1916 §yˆÏ° Imperialism : The Highest Stage of
Capitalism öyüܲ ˛õ%!hflÏܲy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– •Ó§ˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛•z !ï˛!öÄ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸª ü)°ôö
!Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˛˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆ◊î# ܲáö•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ü)°ôö !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ üyö
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyÈÙÙÙȈ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü%öyú˛y ܲˆÏü ÎyˆÏÓ– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ e´Î˚ «˛üï˛y ΈÏÌ‹T öy Ìyܲ
SÜ,˛!£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫˛“ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒV !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ä !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xöƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ä !¢“
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ x@ˇÃà!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ !¢“˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛e §B%˛!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°– ú˛ˆÏ° ΈÏÌ‹T ü%öyú˛y §MÈ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ï˛y!àˆÏò xö%ß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛y!àò ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛– ˆ°!öö !¢ˆÏ“ !öÎ%_´ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚
ÓòˆÏ° x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ü)°ôö# ˛õ%!Ñ çÓ˚ IJõÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò•z ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyÎ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ– ü)°ôö#Ó˚y í˛zm,_ ü)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ Ó%!öÎ˚yò Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zm,_ü)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ û˛@¿yÇ¢ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ◊!üܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y
x!û˛çyï˛ ˆ◊î# àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ◊!üܲˆÏòÓ˚ Óyܲ# xLjϢÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ ◊!üܲ
ˆ◊î#ˆÏÜ˛Ä í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÎ˚–
•züyö%ˆÏÎ˚° ÄÈÎ˚y°yÓ˚fiê˛y•zö (Immanuel W allerstein) ôöï˛y!sfܲ !ÓŸª xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ öï%˛ö Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ôöï˛y!sfܲ !ÓŸª xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ ˆÜ˛w (Centre Core) ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhsˇ (periphery) ò%!ê˛ xLjϢ !Óû˛_´– ˆÜ˛ˆÏw xyˆÏåÈ
üyï,˛û)˛!ü (metropolis) ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢– ˆÜ˛w ˛≤Ãyhsˇ !Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ °«˛î#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ xyˆÏåÈ–
≤ÃÌüï˛ñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw í˛zFã˛ ü))ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õîƒ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ xyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòö ≤ÃÎ%!_´ !ö¡¨üyˆÏöÓ˚ñ ◊!üˆÏܲÓ˚ üç%Ó˚#Ä á%Ó Ü˛ü–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ x§ü ˛õîƒ !Ó!öüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãyhsˇ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw §Ó §üÎ˚•z ˛Ó˚Æy!ö í˛zm,_ •Î˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ üyï,˛û)˛!ü ˆò¢=!° §Ó§üÎ˚•z ¢!_´¢y°# xyÓ˚ ≤Ãyhsˇ Óy í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!° ò%Ó≈°–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ñ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD xDyD#û˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
ü)°Ü˛Ìyñ ˆÜ˛w Ä ≤Ãyhsˇ í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚ !üˆÏ°•z !ÓŸªôöï˛sf àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ–

1.1.3. í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ

IJõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xy˛õ!ö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yˆÏܲ !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ Î%!_´!öû≈˛Ó˚
ˆ§y˛õyˆÏö §yçyˆÏöy ÎyÎ˚–
≤ÃÌüñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!° !ÓŸª ôöï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xÓ¢ƒ !ÓŸª ôöï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´
•ˆÏ°Ä í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ Ä §üyç üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ (metropolis) xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚¢#°
!åÈ°– xÌ≈yÍ üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ Ä §üyç !öÎ˚!sfï˛ •ï˛– üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ §yüy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
227
Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD í˛z˛õ!ÓˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yüy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏüyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö
•Î˚–
!mï˛#Î˚ñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆò¢ (metropolis) ~Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ Ü,˛!£Ï Ä á!öç oÓƒ í˛zͲõyòö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !öˆÏçÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~•z §Ó ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˆÎyà !åÈ° öy–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ Óy!îçƒ §Ó §üÎ˚•z x§ü !åÈ° ~ÓÇ üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ (metropolis)
xö%Ü)˛ˆÏ° !åÈ°– ~•z û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §¡õò í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ö‹;˛yhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ üyï,˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ï˛–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ Ó˚y‹T… Óy üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !öÎ˚sfî ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyÜ˛ï˛–

1.1.4 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚

í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îû˛yˆÏÓ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ û˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚=!° ܲy°yö%e´!üܲ– !ܲv xˆÏöܲ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §•yÓfliyö °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ §Ó ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓfliyö öyÄ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ !öçfl∫ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä §yüy!çܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏüyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !öçfl∫
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xÓfliyö Ä ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ !ö!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚–
SܲV ≤ÃÌü ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ É
~•z §üˆÏÎ˚ ˛í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õîƒ !ܲˆÏö •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Æy!ö ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– xöƒ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¡õyö#=!°ˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ•z §üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛c
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T ã˛y!•òy öy ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ï˛_¥
xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆ§yöy Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õy Ó˚Æy!öˆÏï˛ x!öFåÈy ÌyܲyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ•z Ó˚yçfl∫ Ä Ü˛Ó˚ §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õîƒ ˆÜ˛öy
•ï˛– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !öˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ í˛zͲõyòö ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛–
˛ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… ܲyë˛yˆÏüy !Óã˛yÓ˚ÓƒÓfliyñ !¢«˛y Ä ôˆÏü≈ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ !ö–
ÓƒyÓ§yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü §yüy!çܲ í˛zm,_ xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !åÈ° öy–
SáV !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ≠
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ •° xÓyô Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ Î%à– í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ !Ó ˆêÏ ˛ˆÏö Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˛õ%!Ñ ç !¢“˛õ%!Ñ çˆÏï˛
í˛z_Ó˚î âˆÏê˛– öï%˛ö !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#Ó˚y í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ Óy ÷ÕÒ xyòyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy °%Z˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
§%!ÓôyˆÏû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛y•zï˛ üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ !¢“çyï˛ oÓƒ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ !Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ §hflÏyÎ˚
ÜÑ˛yã˛yüy° §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ Óyôy !öˆÏ£Ïô (Tariff) í˛zˆÏë˛ ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢“çyï˛ ˛õîƒ §hflÏyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏ˛ÓˆÏ¢
!Ó!e´ ܲÓ˚y §•ç •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛ööy í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ !¢“çyï˛ oÓƒ˛õîƒ Ü˛áö•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y
öy– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ•z û˛yÓ˚ï˛ Óflf Ó˚Æy!öܲyÓ˚# ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ Óflf xyüòy!öܲyÓ˚# ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÓ!¢“yÎ˚ö
(deindustrialisation) âˆÏê˛– ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚Ó˚y •Î˚ ç!üˆÏï˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï !öû≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öï%˛Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ä áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ xû˛yˆÏÓ
üyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö ≤Ãôyö !¢“ˆÏܲw=!°Ó˚ ˆÎüö ì˛yܲyñ §%Ó˚yê˛ñ ü%!¢≈òyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ o&ï˛ xÓ«˛Î˚ •Î˚–
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ °«˛ƒ •ˆÏFåÈ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áyöyÎ˚
ÜÑ˛yã˛yüyˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ öy •Î˚– ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˛õˆÏîƒ ˆÎüö ö#°ñ xy!ú˛ü
228
•zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Ä !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!àã˛y !¢ˆÏ“ ã˛yñ ܲ!ú˛ñ Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ%!Ñ ç !Ó!öˆÏÈÎy˚ à ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ¢y§öÓƒÓfliyñ !Óã˛yÓ˚!Óû˛yàñ
!¢«˛yñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö âê˛yˆÏöy •Î˚– üyï,˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ !¢“çyï oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ xyô%!öܲ#ܲÓ˚î Ä ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– ò)Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ xMÈ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÜÑ˛yã˛yüy° §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ä !¢“çyï˛ oÓƒ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚°°y•zˆÏöÓ˚
≤ÃÓï≈˛ö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ü)° üsf !åÈ° í˛zòyÓ˚˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò– ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ¢y§öÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫yÎ˚_¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~üö ˛Ü˛ÌyÄ Ó°y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!° fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)Ó≈yï˛ö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ Ä
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ °yû˛çöܲ Óy!îçƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ É
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ≈ !ÓŸª ôöï˛ˆÏsfÄ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö xyˆÏ§– ú ˛y™ñ çyü≈y!öñ ˆÓ°!çÎ˚yüñ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy
Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ o&ï˛ !¢“yÎ˚ö âˆÏê˛– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xÓ§yö •Î˚– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ
!¢“çyï˛ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏB˛yã˛ö •Î˚– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ôöï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏÎyàƒ ü)°ôö §!MÈ˛ï˛
•Î˚– ú˛ˆÏ° öï%˛ö öï%˛ö ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ˆ«˛e Ä ï˛Í§Ç°@¿ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ü[˛° (exclusive sphere of influence) á%шÏç
ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •Î˚–
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ~•z §üÎ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !öÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyü°yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛c ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛
üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !öÓ˚y˛õ_y §%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– fl∫yÎ˚_¥ ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÓ˚ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ öy– ÓÓ˚Ç ≤ÃK˛!•˜Ïï˛£Ï#
˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •Î˚– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ x!ôÓy§#Ó˚y ˆÎö üyï,˛û)˛!ü Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §hsˇyöÈÙÙÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%á ò%Éá ˆòáyÓ˚ òy!Î˚c üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚•z •yˆÏï˛–
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò#Ó˚ e´Î˚ «˛üï˛y §#!üï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏö !¢ˆÏ“ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ω˛yÓöy !åÈ° öy– ˆÜ˛yö ˆüÔ°
!¢ˆÏ“ °@¿#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !öÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ§•z §Ó !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚ ˆ§=!°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÓyçyÓ˚ !åÈ°– e´üÓô≈üyö òy!Ó˚oƒ Ä
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ òüˆÏöÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°ˆÏï˛ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°ö òyöy ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

1.1.5 í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏû˛òÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ä ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛

≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò É ≤Ãï˛ƒ« í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò ˆ§•z§Ó í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÎÏ yçƒ ˆÎáyˆÏö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚
(metropolis) ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ%!Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲï≈˛, c ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– •zÇ°u˛ñ ú ˛y™ñ ˆflõöñ ˛õï%˛≈ ày°ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%Óy˚ ˆÏöy í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ fliy!˛õï˛ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!° ~ÓÇ ú ˛y™ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ •zˆÏ®yã˛#ö ~ÓÇ Ä°®yç x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ •zˆÏ®yˆÏö!¢Î˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– §Ó ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ û˛y° í˛zòy•Ó˚î û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈– ~áyˆÏö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ Ä ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚=!°•z í˛z˛õ!fliï˛
!åÈ°– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü# í˛zòy•Ó˚î !ü¢Ó˚– xy˛õyï˛ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ !ü¢Ó˚ !åÈ° xˆÏê˛yüyö §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏò¢–
~áyöܲyÓ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ !åȈϰö ˆá!òû˛– !ܲv ˆá!òˆÏû˛Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ •zÇ°ƒˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !öÎ˚sfî ˛˛≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚–
§%ˆÏÎ˚çáy° xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ çy•yç ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒ á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏ° S1869V ~ÓÇ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ åȈÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚
à,•Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ° !ü¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ü,!k˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛zͧ ï%˛ˆÏ°y ã˛y£Ï Ä §%ˆÏÎ˚çáyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçfl∫ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
!öÎ˚sfˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– 1882 §yˆÏ° !ü¢Ó˚ˆÏܲ •zÇ°ƒˆÏu˛Ó˚ xô#ö Ó˚yçƒ (protectorate) ӈϰ ˆ£Ïy£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò É ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ fliyö#Î˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ ̈Ïܲñ !ܲv
xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#Ó˚y xˆÏöܲ §üÎ˚ ˙§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
229
Ú~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y ≤Ãû˛yÓ ~°yܲyÛ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•öñ !¢“ñ á!öñ Óy!àã˛y xÌÓy Óƒy!B˛Ç ~ ü)°ôö
!Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliyö#Î˚ ¢y§Ü˛Ó˚y Îï˛ ò%Ó≈° Ä x˛õòyÌ≈•z ˆ•yܲ öy ˆÜ˛ö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§ö
!ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ §y◊Î˚ܲyÓ˚# (Cost effective)– ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò ≤Ãôyöï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲyˆÏÎ˚ü •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈã˛#öñ xˆÏê˛yüyö §y¡Àyçƒñ °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Ä
•zÎ˚yˆÏö– ã˛#ö Ä xˆÏê˛yüyö §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲÌy ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~áyˆÏö xy˛õ!ö °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Ä
•zÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆçˆÏö !öö–
üôƒ Ä ò!«˛î xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆò¢ !öˆÏÎ˚ °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy– í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ò%•z ò¢ˆÏܲ ˆflõö Óy ˛õï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyåÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y fl∫yô#öï˛y °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛áö ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ §Çáƒy !åÈ° öÎ˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §#üyhsˇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy •Î˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸–
•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚•y§ ˆÎ ~Ó˚y ˆÎ ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ fl∫yô#öï˛y °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ˆ§ ü%•)ï≈˛ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ•z öï˛%ö §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ çàjˆÏ°Ó˚
üï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ӈϧ– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ x@ˇÃî# û)˛!üܲy !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° üy!Ü≈˛ö Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…– ܲyÓ˚î üy!Ü≈˛ö Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“yߨï˛
ˆò¢– üy!Ü≈˛ö Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…•z üöˆÏÓ˚y ö#!ï˛Ó˚ S1823V myÓ˚y ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ öï%ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §y¡Àyçƒ!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Óyôy ˆòˆÏÓ– xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy !öˆÏç•z !ܲå%È!òö xyˆÏà S1776V •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§ö ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫yô#öï˛y
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ú˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x“ §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏö xöƒˆÏòˆÏ¢ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚y ò,!‹Tܲê%˛ •ï˛– °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ˆò¢=!° !åÈ° á!öç Sˆ§yöyñ ˆ°y•yñ ú˛§ˆÏú˛ê˛ñ ≤’y!ê˛öyüñ ˆï˛ç!fl;˛Î˚ radioactive ôyï%˛ •zï˛ƒy!òV ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ïç Sxyáñ ܲ!ú˛
•zï˛ƒy!òV §¡õˆÏò §ü,k˛– !ܲå%È fliyö#Î˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ (Compradors) üy!Ü≈˛ö Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ü)°ôö# ˆ◊î# ò!«˛î
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ á!ö Ä Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˙ §ühflÏ §¡õò xy•Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ
°ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ üy!Ü≈˛ö Î%_´Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
•zÓ˚yöÈÙÙÙÈüôƒÎ%ˆÏà •zÓ˚yö SxyˆÏàÓ˚ öyü ˛õyÓ˚§ƒV xˆÏê˛yüyö §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ Îï˛•z §ü,k˛ Ä !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !åÈ°– ˆ£Ïy° ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó!îܲÓ˚y Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆ§áyˆÏö ~ˆÏ° •zÓ˚yö#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xû˛ƒÌ≈öy çyöyÎ˚– í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚
§y¡Àyçƒ •zÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ §#üyhsˇ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ° •zÇ°u˛ ï˛yÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !öÓ˚y˛õ_y !öˆÏÎ˚ ¢!B˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸– Ó˚y!¢Î˚y Ä •zÇ°ˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓ˚£ÏyˆÏÓ˚!£Ï ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ •zÓ˚yö ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y!‹T…ܲ fl∫yô#öï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §ú˛°
•Î˚– !ܲv •zÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ ~•z ò%•z !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !öÎ˚sfˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ •zÓ˚yˆÏö ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˛§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚–
IJõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ xy˛õ!ö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ Ä ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~Ä ˆçˆÏöˆÏåÈö ˆÎ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îû˛yˆÏÓ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚
xˆÏÌ≈ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎy烖 !ܲv ˙ §üÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ˛í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°ˆÏï˛Ä í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ
≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚–

1.1.6í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y

xy˛õöyÓ˚y •Ó§ö Ä ˆ°!öˆÏöÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö–
˙§Ó xÏ!û˛üyï˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏ°Ä í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î ӈϰ xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öy– !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ çöƒ
ÜÑ˛yã˛yüy° §Ç@ˇÃ•ñ !¢“çyï˛ ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ Óy í˛zm,_ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛y!àò•z Î!ò í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓñ xˆÏöܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚öñ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ çöüï˛ xˆÏöܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛ö ˛í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
üˆÏöyû˛yÓ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚ï˛– ˙ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ xyˆÏà !Ó !ê˛¢ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛!Óò xƒyí˛yü !fløÌ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆï˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚
fl∫yô#öï˛y ˆây£ÏîyˆÏܲ fl∫yàï˛ çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ˛ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´ •° ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ˛§%!ÓôyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÓyé˛y xˆÏöܲ
230
û˛yÓ˚#– ˆÓsiyü ú ˛y™ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°ˆÏܲ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ xyˆÏÓòö çy!öˆÏÈÎ˚!åȈϰö– Ü˛ÓˆÏí˛ö xÓyô Óy!îçƒ
Ä §Ó Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §%ˆÏÎyàÈÙȧ%!ÓôyÓ˚ xÓ§yö ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– 1861 §yˆÏ° ú ˛y™ xÓyô Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§Ó òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– @’ƒyí˛ˆÏfiê˛yö xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö •zÇ°u˛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!°ˆÏܲ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z fl∫yô#öï˛y ˆòˆÏÓ–
!í˛§ˆÏÓ˚!°Ä xˆÏöܲ!òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~•züï˛ §üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– •Ó§ö ˆ°!öö ôöï˛y!sfܲ í˛zm,_ ü)°ôˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎ Î%!_´ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ
ˆí˛!û˛í˛ ê˛ü§ö ÎyˆÏܲ á[˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ï˛!ö ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ú ˛y™ñ •zÇ°u˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zm,_ ˛õ%Ñ!ç í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§Ç•û˛yà•z •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ Óy xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ú ˛y™ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ xÌ≈ !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚üyî !åÈ° xöƒyöƒ §ühflÏ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ !Ó!öˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ !m=î– ˆí˛!û˛í˛ ê˛ü§ö ï˛y•z ӈϰˆÏåÈö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!˛õåȈÏö xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä xöƒyöƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §•yÓfliyö !åÈ°–
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ §yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ñ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛!Óòñ ˆò¢ˆÏ≤Ã!üܲñ §yÇÓy!òܲ Ä
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛!ÓòÓ˚y ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆày¤˛# ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ IJõÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ö#!ï˛ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆò¢
§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# •ˆÏÓ !ܲ öy •ˆÏÓ xˆÏöܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˙§Ó ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚– ˙§Ó Óƒ!_´ Óy ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛yö
!ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ !åÈ° öy– ˆÓ°!çÎ˚ˆÏü í˛zˆÏòƒyà !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö fl∫Î˚Ç ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yçy !mï˛#Î˚ !°Î˚ˆÏ˛õy”˛– •zÇ°u˛
Ä çyü≈y!öˆÏï˛ Ó˚«˛î¢#° ò° §y¡Àyçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ•# !åÈ°– •zÇ°ˆÏu˛ ã˛Ó˚ü˛õsi# üï˛yò¢≈# ˆÎyˆÏ¢ú˛ ˆã˛¡∫yÓ˚ˆÏ°ö Ä í˛zòyÓ˚˛õsi# °í≈˛
ˆÓ˚yçˆÏÓÓ˚# Ó˚«˛î¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ §üÌ≈ˆÏö ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö– ˛ú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ç%° ˆú˛Ó˚# (Jules Fery) ~ÓÇ !°Î˚Ñ àyüˆÏÓê˛yÓ˚ (Leon
Gambetta) üï˛ ã˛Ó˚ü˛õsi# ≤Ãçyï˛sf#Ó˚y §y¡Àyçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ û%˛!üܲy !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– •zê˛y!°ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö í˛zòyÓ˚˛õsi# ˆöï˛y
ˆí˛ˆÏ≤Ã!ê˛§ (Depretis) ~ÓÇ ú ˛y™ˆÏ§§ˆÏܲy !e´§!˛õ (Francesco Crispi)– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z òy!Î˚c !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° §yü!Ó˚ܲ
ˆöï˛y Ä xyü°y ˆ◊î#–
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓ˚ á #fiê˛yö !ü¢öy!Ó˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï û)˛!üܲy !åÈ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ !åȈ° Ï ö flÒê˛°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
x!ôÓy§# ˆí˛!û˛í˛ !°!û˛ÇˆÏfiê˛yö– °u˛ö !ü¢öy!Ó˚ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– !ܲv ôü≈≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ xy@ˇÃ• !åÈ° Óy!îçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Ä ò%ɧy•!§Ü˛ x!û˛ÎyˆÏö– ö#° öˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧ §¶˛yö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !ܲåÈ%!òˆÏöÓ˚
çöƒ ˛õÌ •y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åȈ° Ï ö– ï˛áö ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ á%ˆÑ çÏ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° fiê˛ƒyö!°ˆÏܲ– fiê˛ƒyö!° ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ê˛ƒyDyöy•zܲy
•…ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ° á%шÏç ˛õyö– ôü≈≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ° ˛ú ˛y™– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛!Õ‘¢
•yçyÓ˚ ú˛Ó˚y!§ !ü¢öy!Ó˚ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y Ä ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xöƒyöƒ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ôü≈≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚
§ˆÏD §ˆÏD í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ä §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ú˛Ó˚y§# !ü¢öyÓ˚# ܲy!í≈˛öy° °yˆÏû˛çyÓ˚# (Cardinal Lavegeri)
xy°ˆÏç!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ Society of African Mission àë˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ xy°ˆÏç!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲü≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
§¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– !ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚yÓ˚ ú˛Ó˚y§# xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ fliy˛õˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy á%Ó•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ã˛#ˆÏö ò%çö çyü≈yö ˆç§%•zê˛
ôü≈≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !ö•ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛öyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ çyü≈y!ö 1897 §yˆÏ° !ܲÎ˚yÄã˛yÄ Ó®Ó˚ òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÎ˚–
•zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛õ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xˆÏô≈ §yü!Ó˚ܲ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° §Ω˛yÓöy !åÈ°– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ˆöÔâÑy!ê˛
fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yü!Ó˚ܲ §%!Óôy °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ çöƒÄ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ !åÈ°– ï˛y åÈyí˛¸y í˛zm,_ çö§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ
~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ Sçyü≈y!ö Ä •zê˛y!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeV xÌÓy çö§Çáƒy Ó,!k˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Sú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeV !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆò¢ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ •Î˚–
§Ó ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ ò«˛ ≤ây§ö Ä ˜§!öܲˆÏòÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚È– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚
Ó‡ˆÏòˆÏ¢ çê˛˛õyܲyˆÏöy ≤ây§!öܲ xÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢,C°y !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyöˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ü¢ˆÏÓ˚
231
°í≈˛ ˆÜœ˛yüyÓ˚ñ ò!«˛î xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ °í≈˛ !ü°öyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çyü≈yö ˛õ)Ó≈ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ °í≈˛ !˛õê˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ öyü í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üyö%£Ï åÈyí˛¸y xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢=!° §Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y x§Ω˛Ó !åÈ°–
IJõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüÓ˚y ~•z !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xˆÏô≈ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
!ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ yÓ˚ í˛zͧ !û˛ß¨ !û˛ß¨ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ Óï≈˛üyö !åÈ°– xÌ≈˜öÏ !ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Óy xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚!ö–

1.1.7í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ öï%˛ö ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty

xy˛õöyÓ˚ çyˆÏöö ˛˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Sܲ°¡∫yˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ñ
1492ñ û˛yˆÏflÒyÈÙÈòyÈÙÈàyüyÓ˚ ç°˛õˆÏÌ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ xyàüöñ 1498V Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸª •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §)ã˛öy •Î˚–
ˆflõöñ ˛õï%≈˛ày°ñ ú ˛y™ñ •zÇ°u˛ñ •°ƒyu˛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ˆò¢ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ x@ˇÃî# û))˛!üܲy ˆöÎ˚– ~•z §Ó í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
!öˆÏÎ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ï˛ö¢ ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ã˛ˆÏ°– xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ïû˛yˆÏà •zÇ°u˛
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆï˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ •yÓ˚yÎ˚ñ 1815 §yˆÏ° ˛õï%≈˛ày° Ó y!ç° •yÓ˚yÎ˚– ~•z §Ó âê˛öyˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚
!ã˛hsˇy!ÓòÓ˚y xˆÏöܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z fl∫yàï˛ çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– xy˛õöyÓ˚y •z!ï˛üˆÏôƒ•z xƒyí˛yü !fløÌ Óy ˆÓsiyˆÏüÓ˚ üï˛yüï˛
ˆçˆÏöˆÏåÈö– xy˛õöyÓ˚y ~Ä ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö ˆÎ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ≈ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä xöƒyöƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ï˛yí˛¸öy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚•z í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò Óy §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò öyˆÏü !ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z §üÎ˚ ≤Ãôyöï˛ ò%!ê˛ ü•yˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~!¢Î˚y Ä
xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö !öˆÏÎ˚ ï˛#Ó  ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ö#ˆÏã˛ ~•z ò%•z xMÈ˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •°–
1870 §yˆÏ° ú ˛yˆÏB˛yÈÙÈ≤Ãy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ú ˛y™ xy°ˆÏ§§ ˆ°yˆÏÓ˚ö •yÓ˚yˆÏ° !Ó§üyÜ≈˛ ú ˛y™ˆÏܲ xy°ˆÏ§§ ˆ°yˆÏÓ˚ö
•yÓ˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ ÓƒÌy û%˛°yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏö í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ú ˛y™ xy°!ç!Ó˚Î˚y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!Ó§üyˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚ ≤ÈÓÏ y˚ ã˛öyÎ˚ !ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– çö§Çáƒy Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ ܲüyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ üÎ≈yòy Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •zê˛y!°Ä
xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– !§!§!° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c 100 üy•zˆÏ°Ó˚Ä Ü˛ü–
!ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚yÓ˚ ú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ° ú ˛y™ Ä •zê˛y!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ÓyˆÏô–
ˆÓ°!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yçy !mï˛#Î˚ !°ÄˆÏ˛õy”˛ 1876 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ xû˛ƒhsˇÓ˚ xˆÏߣ∫ ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ çöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ü!ï˛ àë˛ö ܲˆÏÓö˚
(International African Association) ~ÓÇ fiê˛ƒyö!°ˆÏܲ (H. M. Stanley) ܲˆÏDy xMÈ˛° xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ
˛õyë˛yö– ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ x!û˛Îyö ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ fiê˛ƒyö!° ܲˆÏDyÓ˚ fliyö#Î˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã%˛!_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˙ xMÈ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ~°yܲyÎ˚
ˆÓ°!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˛õˆÏöÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ܲˆÏDy öò#Ó˚ ˆüy•öyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏDy°yÎ˚ ˛õï%˛≈àyˆÏ°Ó˚
~ܲê˛y í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !åÈ°– ˛õï%˛≈ ày° •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ §•Î˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ°!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ !ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ú ˛y™ ܲˆÏDy
öò#Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ e´yhsˇ#Î˚ xMÈ˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ•# !åÈ°– çyü≈y!ö ã˛y•z!åÈ° xyÓ˚ ~ܲê%˛ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚&ˆÏö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
àí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛– ~•z xÓfliyÎ˚ !°ÄˆÏ˛õy”˛ ܲˆÏDy §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ çyü≈y!ö Ä ú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃyÌ≈öy ܲˆÏÓö˚ – !Ó§üyÜ≈˛
Ä ç%ˆÏ°ˆÏú˛Ó˚#Ó˚ Sú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf#V ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ 1884 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ Óy!°≈ˆÏö •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Óܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyö ≤Ãôyö ˆò¢ ~ܲ
xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §üyˆÏӈϢ !ü!°ï˛ •Î˚– 1885 §yˆÏ° fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ Óy!°≈ö ã%˛!_´ˆÏï˛ !°ÄˆÏ˛õy”˛ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏDyÈÎ˚ §yÓ≈ˆÏû˛Ôü «˛üï˛yÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# ӈϰ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óy!°≈ö ã%˛!_´ ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲˆÏDy §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö•z öÎ˚ñ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ö#!ï˛ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚– !fliÓ˚ •Î˚ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T… xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö xMÈ˛°
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òᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y ÎÌyÎÌû˛yˆÏÓ xöƒ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xMÈ˛°!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓyô#ö ~°yܲy ӈϰ
fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óy!°≈ö §üyˆÏӈϢ ˆÎ ö#!ï˛ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yˆÏܲ ¢y!hsˇ˛õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ Ó^ˇê˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÄÈÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚–
1885 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˆò¢=!° xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xû˛ƒhsˇÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚
§¡õò xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÓ°!çÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ xö%ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛yê≈˛yí≈˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!ö àë˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛y¡õy!ö=!° xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!ÌÜ,˛Í !åÈ°– çyü≈y!ö o&ï˛ ˆê˛yˆÏày°ƒyu˛ñ ܲƒyˆÏüÓ˚&îñ çyü≈yö ò!«˛î xy!ú ˛Ü˛y Ä çyü≈yö ˛õ)Ó≈ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y òá°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï,≈˛c ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ú ˛y™ •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xy°!ç!Ó˚Î˚y Ä !ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ~áö
í˛yˆÏ•y!ü òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy°!ç!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ˆÏöày°ñ !§!öñ xy•zû˛!Ó˚ˆÏܲy‹T ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ fliyö òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õ!ÿ˛ü xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xá[˛ §y¡Àyçƒ àë˛ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛ü •Î˚– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ܲˆÏDyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ú ˛y™ ú˛Ó˚y§#
e´yhsˇ#Î˚ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y öyˆÏü í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1886 §yˆÏ° ˛õ)Ó≈ í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ° üyòyàyflÒyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§yüy!°°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲ xÇˆÏ¢Ä ï˛yÓ˚ òy!Ó ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚–
1815 §yˆÏ° !û˛ˆÏÎ˚öy ã%˛!_´ˆÏï˛ !Ó ˆÏê˛ö •°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛˛õ xMÈ˛° x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ~áö
ˆÜ˛˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓã%˛ÈÎ˚yöy°ƒyu˛ S1885Vñ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛!§Î˚y S1889V ~ÓÇ !öÎ˚yòy°ƒyu˛ÈÙÈ~
S1893V í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z û˛yˆÏÓ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ çyü≈yö ˛õ!ÿ˛ü xy!ú ˛Ü˛y Ä çyü≈yö ˛õ)Ó≈ÈÙÈxy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ !ü°ˆÏö Óyôy §,!‹T
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§!° ˆÓ˚yí˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z ≤çyÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ò!«˛î xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ï˛áö Ä°®yç
Sí˛yã˛V í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢ôÓ˚ ÚÓ%Î˚yöÛÓ˚y xˆÏÓ˚O !ú ˛ ˆfiê˛ê˛ ~ÓÇ ê˛Δy™û˛ƒy° ~ ò%!ê˛ fl∫yô#ö Ó˚yçƒ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– 1899
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ÈÎ˚Èy§≈ Î%ˆÏk˛ !Ó ˆÏê˛ö Ó%Î˚y§≈ˆÏòÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Ó˚yçƒ ò%!ê˛ òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– ~åÈyí˛¸y !Ó ˆÏê˛ö ˛õ!ÿ˛ü í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ° öy•zˆÏç!Ó˚Î˚y
~ÓÇ !Ó !ê˛¢ ˛õ)Ó≈ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y Ä í˛zàyu˛y öyˆÏü ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°–
•zê˛y!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy xy˛õöyÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z ˆçˆÏöˆÏåÈö– !ê˛í˛z!ö!§Î˚y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ú ˛y™
•zê˛y!°Ó˚ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏö Óyôy §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ~áö •zê˛y!° •z!Ó˚!ê˛ΔÎ˚y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyöüyÓ˚y Î%_´
ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zê˛y°#Î˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y öyˆÏü ~ܲ !Ó¢y° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ˛õ)Ó≈ í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ° ˆ§yüy!°°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲ xLjϢ ï˛yÓ˚
òáˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§!åÈ°– fl∫yô#ö xy!Ó!§!öÎ˚yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚Ä •zê˛y!° Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛c ˛≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– 1896 §yˆÏ° xy!Ó!§!öÎ˚y
•zê˛y!°ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° •zê˛y!° ~•z ܲï,≈˛c ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
1875 §yˆÏ° xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ò¢üyÇ¢ xMÈ˛ˆÏ° •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˆò¢=!° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ò%•z ò¢Ü˛
˛õˆÏÓ˚ 1895 §yˆÏ° xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ ò¢üyÇ¢ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ ~°yܲyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó^ˇê˛ö ~ï˛ o&ï˛
§¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ˆÏÎ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÎ˚ üye ò%!ê˛ ˆò¢ÈÙÙÙÈxy!Ó!§!öÎ˚y Ä °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚y fl∫yô#öï˛y ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ°– xyÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˆò¢ üÓ˚ˆEÏ ˛yñ !°!ÓÎ˚y Ä !ü¢Ó˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®μï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yöû˛yˆÏÓ
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ x!hflÏc Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°!åÈ°–
ã˛#ˆÏö í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xy˛õöyÓ˚y Paper IV. Module XIII-XVI ~ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈö– ~áyˆÏö ˆ§•z
ܲy!•ö#•z §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ%öÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚y •°–
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ fliy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ˆ£Ïy° ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ– ã˛#ö ˛õï%≈˛à#ç Ó!îܲˆÏòÓ˚ üƒyܲyÄ
m#ˆÏ˛õ Óy!îçƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xö%ü!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ üyMÈ%˛Ó˚yçyÓ˚y !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD Óy!îçƒ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ö !Ó¢y° ã˛#öˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy ~üö !ܲå%È•z ˆö•z– ã˛#öyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•z–
üyMÈ%˛Ó˚yçyÓ˚y ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ öyöy ≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ !§ÕÒñ ã˛yñ ܲyàçñ
ï˛yüyñ ˛õyÓ˚ò •zï˛ƒy!ò oÓƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ü˛òÓ˚ !åÈ°– xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢ï˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛#öy §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyrê˛ö ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
§#!üï˛ÈÙÈÓy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– !ܲv ~•z Óy!îçƒ ã˛#öy Ó!îܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD fli°˛õˆÏÌ •ï˛– ÷ÕÒ ˛úÑ˛y!ܲ ˆòˆÏÓ û˛ˆÏÎ˚
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ç°˛õˆÏÌ öÎ˚– ã˛#öy Ó˚yçܲü≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚yÄ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Î%_´ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– §¡ÀyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°
!ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ã˛!öܲ ܲyÎ˚òyÎ˚ •Ñyê%˛ ˆàˆÏí˛¸ñ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛˛õy° flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓòö çyöyˆÏï˛ •ï˛–
ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó¢y°yÎ˚yï˛ö ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !¢“ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓy_Ó˚ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ fl∫û˛yÓï˛•z ˆ°y°%˛õ ò,!‹T ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Óy!î!çƒÜ˛
˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ Ä !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ í˛zû˛Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏå•z ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚Æyö# oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !åÈ°– !ܲv ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
!ÓˆÏò¢# oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ܲòÓ˚ öy ÌyܲyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢# Ó!îܲˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛#öy oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆ§yöyÈÙÈÓ˚&ˆÏ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ òyü ˆüê˛yˆÏï˛ •ï˛– •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ï˛ ˆ§yöy Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õy ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy §Ω˛Ó !åÈ° öy– ï˛y•z •zÇ°u˛ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy!ú˛ü í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆày˛õˆÏö ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
!Ó!e´ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛#öyÓ˚y xy!ú˛ü ˆáˆÏï˛ xû˛ƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xy!ú˛ü ˆã˛yÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛#ˆÏö ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!öüˆÏÎ˚ ã˛#ö ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Ó˚&ˆÏ˛õy e´üyàï˛ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ §B˛ê˛ ˆòáy
ˆòÎ˚– ã˛#öy §¡Àyê˛ Ó˚yçܲü≈ã˛yÓ˚# !°öˆÏܲ ˆÓÈÙÈxy•z!ö ÓƒyÓ§y Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ܲyrê˛ˆÏö ˛õyë˛yö S1839V– !°ö Ó®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ §Ó xy!ú˛ü ôùǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD Óy!îçƒ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòö Ä •z‹TÈÙÈ•z![˛Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ §Ó ܲü≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
ã˛#ö ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– ~•z §üÎ˚ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%k˛ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~•z Î%k˛ ≤ÃÌü xy!ú˛ü Î%k˛ öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Î%ˆÏk˛ ã˛#ö ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛
•ˆÏ° öyö!ܲÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §!¶˛ S1842V fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– §!¶˛Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛ xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ã˛#ö •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÓ§y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ •ÇÜ˛Ç •zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– í˛z˛õÓ˚v ˆüyê˛y xˆÏB˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ «˛!ï˛˛õ)Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚–
•zLjÏÓ˚çˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏò!á ú ˛y™ Ä xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ §%!Óôy òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ã˛#ö û˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ öï%˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛
ú ˛y™ Ä xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyˆÏܲ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ xö%Ó˚*˛õ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §%!Óôy ˆòÎ˚– ã%˛!_´ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÷ˆÏÕÒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢
•yˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ Óyí˛¸yˆÏöy ÎyˆÏÓ öy– ã%˛!_´=!° x§ü ã%˛!_´ (unequal treaties) öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛ööy
!ÓˆÏò¢#Ó˚y Óy!îçƒ åÈyí˛¸yÄ xˆÏöܲ Óyí˛¸!ï˛ §%!Óôy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ x˛õÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ xy•zö
xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ Óy ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ öy– !Óã˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ ïïx˛õÓ˚yôܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy•zö xö%§yˆÏÓ–˚ ~=!° x!ï˛Ó˚y!‹TÜ… ˛
x!ôܲyÓ˚ (extra-territorial rights)– ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ §yÓ≈ˆÏû˛Ôü «˛üï˛y á!Ó≈ï˛ •°– xy!ú˛ü ÓƒÓ§y ˆÓ xy•z!ö ˆây!£Ïï˛
•ˆÏ°Ä xy!ú˛ü ˛õyã˛yÓ˚ Ó¶˛ •Î˚ !ö– ÷ÕÒ•yÓ˚ !ö!ò≈‹T •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢# !¢“˛õˆÏîƒ ˆåȈÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚
Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ !¢“ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°y˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ° ~ÓÇ ã˛#ö xyôy í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛°°–
ã˛#ˆÏö xy!ú˛ü xyüòy!ö ˆÓÈÙÈxy•z!ö ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä xflf§!Iï˛ çy•yˆÏç xy!ú˛ü xyüòy!ö •ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ã˛#ö
•zÇ°u˛ Ä ú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ Óy!îçƒï˛Ó˚#ˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï öò#˛õÌ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ° !mï˛#Î˚ xy!ú˛ü Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚
S1858V– ~ܲ ú˛Ó˚y§# ܲƒyÌ!°Ü˛ ˛õyòÓ˚# ã˛#ö !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ü,ï%˛ƒò[˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– ú ˛y™ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ü!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Î%k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ö!üˆÏöÓ˚ §!¶˛ˆÏï˛ S1860V Î%k˛ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ° ã˛#ö !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚
xyÓ˚Ä ~àyˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ Ó®Ó˚ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ çöƒ í˛zß√%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyüòy!ö ܲÓ˚y !ÓˆÏò¢# oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y xyí˛¸y•z S2 ïï % V
û˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÷ÕÒ Ó§ˆÏÓ öy ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢#Ó˚y ã˛#ˆÏö xÓyô ã˛°yˆÏú˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚
IJõÓ˚ «˛!ï˛˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˆÓyé˛y ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚–
üyMÈ%˛Ó˚yçyÓ˚y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ§öyÓy!•ö#Ó˚ xyô%!öܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!ÿ˛ü#
!¢«˛y Ä ≤ÃÎ%!_´ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xyÎ˚ˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö xyˆÏåÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ây§!öܲ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚ •yï˛ !ò° ~ÓÇ ˛õ!ÿ˛ü# !¢«˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
~ÓÇ xyô%!öܲ !¢“ fliy˛õö ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– xÓ¢ƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏò¢#Ó˚y•z !¢ˆÏ“ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !Ó!öˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#
ˆò¢=ˆÏ°y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ˆÎ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ fliy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚yáy•z ˆÓ¢# °yû˛çöܲ– •zÇ°u˛ñ ú ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y çyü≈y!ö çy˛õyö ã˛#ˆÏö !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~°yܲy
(sphere of influence) òᰠܲÓ˚°– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ò¢Ü˛=!°ˆÏï˛ ã˛#öy ï˛Ó˚ü%ç û˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚
§üÎ˚ ~°– ã˛#ö ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •°–
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 Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zû˛Î˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z Ó˚y!¢Î˚y §y¡Àyçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏåÈ ˆöÎ˚– Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸª ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ
Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ö#!ï˛ !åÈ° ò%Ó≈° ï%˛Ó˚flÒ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ Ü,˛£è§yàÓ˚ ï˛#Ó˚Óï≈˛# Ó˚yçƒ@ˇÃy§ ܲÓ˚y– !ܲv ~•z ö#!ï˛ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚
!e´!üÎ˚yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚ S1856V– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y üôƒ ~!¢Î˚y Ä ò)Ó˚≤ÃyˆÏã˛ƒ Ó˚yçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ üö ˆòÎ˚–
üôƒ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ï%˛Ü≈˛#hflÏyö öyˆÏüüye ã˛#ö §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhsˇû%≈˛_´ !åÈ°– ï%˛Ü˛#≈hflÏyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ ò§%ƒÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚
§#üyhsˇÓï≈˛# ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ °%ê˛˛õyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ xy§ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÎ˚hflÏy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y 1864 §yˆÏ° ï˛y§á® òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ x“
!ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z §üÓ˚á® Ä !áû˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ §ühflÏ ï%˛Ü˛#≈hflÏyö Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ S1873V– üôƒ
~!¢Î˚yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ §y¡Àyçƒ ˛õyÓ˚§ƒ Ä xyú˛ày!öhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ §#üyˆÏhsˇ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚– ú˛ˆÏ° •zÇ°u˛ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !öÓ˚y˛õ_y !öˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛!hsˇï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸–
xy!ú˛ü Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!ÿ˛ü# ˆò¢=!° Îáö ˛õ%Ó !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ xû˛ƒhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚!åÈ° ï˛áö Ó˚y!¢Î˚y í˛z_Ó˚ Ä
ò!«˛î !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛#öˆÏܲ @ˇÃy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyü)Ó˚ öò# ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ 1860 §yˆÏ° Ó˚y!¢Î˚y çy˛õyö §yàÓ˚
í˛z˛õÜ)˛ˆÏ° ûœ˛y!í˛û˛fiê˛Ü˛ òᰠܲˆÏÓ–˚ öˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ê˛Δy™§y•zˆÓÏ !Ó˚Îy˚ ö ˆÓ˚°˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ !öü≈yî §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏ° ˙ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌ ûœ˛y!í˛û˛fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
§¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ûœ˛y!í˛û˛fiê˛Ü˛ ò)Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏã˛ƒ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
ã˛#öÈÙÈçy˛õyö Î%ˆÏk˛ S1894ÈÙÈ95V ã˛#öˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ çy˛õyö ~ܲï˛Ó˚ú˛yû˛yˆÏÓ ã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ @ˇÃy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°
Ó˚y!¢Î˚y Ä •zÇ°u˛ ˆÎÔÌû˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò çyöyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!¢Î˚y çy˛õyöˆÏܲ Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°Î˚yÄê˛yä í˛z˛õm#˛õ òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyöܲyÓ˚
Ó®Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!ê˛ xyÌ≈yÓ˚ ˆöÔÈÙÈâÑy!ê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ĈÏ벖 !°Î˚yÄê˛yä !åÈ!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ e´ü¢ Ó,!k˛
˛õyÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢!B˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çy˛õyö Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%k˛ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚&¢ÈÙÈçy˛õyö Î%ˆkÏ ˛ S1905V Ó˚y!¢Î˚y ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !°Î˚yÄ
ê˛yä í˛z˛õm#˛õ çy˛õyöˆÏܲ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ~!¢Î˚yÎ˚ §y¡Àyçƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö•z ˆÌˆÏü ÎyÎ˚– ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ §y¡Àyçƒ !åÈ° öy– ~!¢Î˚yÎ˚ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò Ä ÓyçyÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !¢“ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–

1.1.8 §yÓ˚yÇ¢
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˛!¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆò¢ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yñ ~!¢Î˚y Ä °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓŸª ôöï˛y!sfܲ xÌ≈ ÓƒÓfliy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~•z ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yüy!çܲ Ä
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §yüy!çܲ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢y!hsˇ˛õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°Ä ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
§Çâyï˛ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §)ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚–

1.1.9 xö%¢#°ö#
1– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚&ö–
2– í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚=!° !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚&ö–
3– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó˚y‹T…=!° !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ xy!ú ˛Ü˛yˆÏܲ û˛yà ÓÑyˆÏê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
4– °ƒy!ê˛ö xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò xöƒyöƒ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢Óyò ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ,Ìܲ⁄
5– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ •z!ï˛•y§ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚&ö–
6– §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ≤çˆÏD ˆ°!°ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛_¥ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚&ö–
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1.1.10 @ˇÃsi˛õO#
1– David Thomson—Europe since Nepoleon (1965)

2– V. I. Lenin—Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916-ne wed. 1936).

3– R. Palme Dutt—India Today (1970)

4– §üÓ˚Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ü!Õ‘Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÈöÓÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õñ 1848ÈÙÈ1919 S2002V–

5– ≤Ãú%˛Õ‘ ã˛e´Óï≈˛#ÈÙÙÙÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ S1983V–

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