DMX5313

POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR DRIVES

Day School 01 (28.05.2022)

Lecturer: Ms. Pamodha Rathnayake

INTRODUCTION
What is Power Electronics?

Study of electronic circuits intended to control the flow

of electrical energy.

Power electronics circuits convert electric power from

one form to another using electronic devices.

Power electronics circuits function by using

semiconductor devices as switches, thereby controlling
or modifying a voltage or current.
What is Power Electronics?
Electrical
Power

Electronics

Semiconductor
Devices

Control Voltage /
Current
POWER PROCESSORS
The output of the power processor can be. . .
Power Input
Power Power Output

𝒗𝒊 Load
𝒊𝒊 Processor 𝒊𝟎
𝒗𝒐

Control
Signals
Measurements

Controller Reference

1. DC 2. AC
 Constant (Regulated) Voltage  Constant Frequency, Adjustable
 Adjustable Voltage Voltage
 Adjustable Frequency, Adjustable
Voltage
CONVERTERS
The objective of a power electronics circuit is to match the
voltage and current requirements of the load to those of the
source.
Power electronics circuits convert one type or level of a voltage
or current waveform to another and are hence called
converters.
Converters serve as an interface between the source and load.
CONVERTERS
 Converters are classified by the relationship between
input and output

DC to AC DC to DC

AC to AC AC to DC

Converters
CONVERTERS
• AC to DC (Rectifiers)
The average power is transferred from an AC source to DC load. Ex: Rectifier
to power up dc motors, control dc voltage, ac current
• DC to AC (Inverters)
Control ac voltage with controllable magnitude
and frequencies
• DC to DC (Choppers)
Useful when a load requires a specified dc voltage or current but the source is
different or unregulated dc value.
• AC to AC
When it is need to change level or frequency of ac signal and also the
magnitude.
APPLICATIONS
 POWER
SEMICONDUCTOR
SWITCHES
 Power Semiconductor Switches

Power
Power Diodes Thyristors
(2-Layer
Transistors (4-Layer
(3-Layer
Switches) Switches)
Switches)
THYRISTORS
Four semiconductor layer (pnpn) devices with a control
mechanism are known as thyristors
Thyristor devices can convert and control large amounts of
power in AC or DC systems while using very low power for
control.
Thyristor family includes:
 Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
 Gate-turnoff thyristor (GTO)
 Triac
 Diac
 Silicon controlled switch (SCS)
 Mos-controlled switch (MCT)
THYRISTORS

They act as open circuits capable of withstanding a certain rated voltage

until they trigger.
When trigger, they turn on and become low resistance current path and
remains so, even after the trigger is removed, until the current is
reduced to a certain level or until they are trigger off.
The devices are mainly used in industrial applications where power
control and switching are needed such as lamp dimmers, motor speed
control, ignition systems and charging circuits.
 SCR
Silicon Controlled Rectifier
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

 SCR is a switching device for high voltage and current operations.

 It’s a four layer device with three terminals, anode, cathode, and gate.
 In off state, it act ideally as an open circuit between A and K, and high
resistance.
 In on state it’s act as short between A and K and small forward
resistance.
 Some application are motor control, time delay, heater control, relay
control and phase control.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

 When IG = 0 V, the device acts as a 4-layer

diode in the off state.
 When pulse IG is positive, both Q on
(anode must more positive then cathode).
IB2 turns on Q2, provide path for IB1 out of
the Q2 collector, thus turning on Q1.
 IC of Q1 provides additional IB for Q2 so
that Q2 stay conduct after IG is zero.
 Then Q2 sustains the saturated conduction
of Q1 by providing a path for IB1, in turn
Q1 sustains the saturated conduction of
Q2 by providing a path for IB2.
SCR States
SCR Applications: On-Off Control of Current

Assuming the SCR is initially off. SW1

close, provide a pulse of current into
the gate. SCR on so it conduct current
to load. Remain in conduction even
after the momentary conduct of SW1 is
removed if the IA => IH.

When SW2 is momentary closed, IA

reduced to below IH. SCR off. In this
circuit SW1 is pressed momentarily to
turn the SCR on and SW2 is pressed
momentarily to turn it off.
SCR Applications: Phase Control
SCR Characteristics: Phase Control

 Vac applied across terminal A and B.

RL represents the resistance of load
(heating element or lamp element). R1
limits the current. R2 is potentiometer
(it sets the trigger level for the SCR).
SCR Applications: Phase Control

By adjusting R2, SCR can be made to trigger at any point on the positive
half cycle of ac waveform (0 to 90 degrees)
 When trigger at beginning, it conducts for approximately 180 degrees
and maximum power is delivered to load.
 When trigger at near peak of positive half cycle, it conducts for
approximately 90 degrees and less power is delivered to load.
 When input goes negative, SCR off and diode is used to prevent negative
ac voltage from being applied to the gate of SCR.
 SCS
Silicon Controlled Switch
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)

 SCS is similar to the SCR in construction with the exception

being the SCS has two gates.
 It can be turned on and off by using either terminal. Normally
the SCS is available in power ratings lower than SCR and has
faster switching time than SCR.
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
 Either gate can fire SCS. To start, assume
that Q1 and Q2 are off and not conducting
and SCS only conducts in one direction.

 A positive pulse on the cathode gate drive

Q2 into conduction and provide a path for
Q1 IB. When Q1 on, its IC provide IB to Q2,
thus sustaining the on state of SCS.

 SCS can also be turned on with negative

pulse on anode gate. This drives Q1 into
conduction, in turn provide IB for Q2.
Once Q2 on, it provide a path for Q1 IB,
thus sustaining the on state.
SCS: Applications - Digital
 Counter
 Register
 Timing Circuits
DIAC & TRIAC
Diac and Triac
 Diac and triac unlike the SCR will conduct in both directions making it ideal
for ac applications.
 Diac has two terminals, while triac has a third terminal, which is the gate
for triggering.
 Diac function basically like two parallel 4-layer diode turned in opposite
direction.
 The triac function basically like two parallel SCR turned in opposite
directions with a common gate terminal.
Diac turns on when breakover voltage is reached in either direction.
Diac  It’s has two terminals A1 and A2. When
breakover voltage reach conduction occur
with either polarity across the two terminals
 When Diac is biased, the pnpn structure from
A1 to A2 (positive direction) provide the same
operation as 4-layer diode. In equivalent circuit
Q1 and Q2 are fwd-bias, Q3 and Q4 are rev-
bias. The other way around if Diac is biased
from A2 to A1.
Triac
 Triac is basically a diac with a gate terminal. Triac can be turned on by a
pulse at the gate and does not require breakover voltage to
initiate conduction, as Diac.
 Basically triac can be though as two SCR connected in parallel and in
opposite directions with a common gate terminal.
 Unlike SCR, triac can conduct current in either direction when it is trigger
on, depends on the polarity of the voltage across A1 and A2 terminals.
Triac
 Breakover potential decrease as
the gate current increase (as
SCR).
 Triac cease to conduct when IA
drop below
specified value of IH. The only way
to turn off
the triac is to reduce the current
to a
sufficiently low level. If A1 is
biased positive
respect to A2 and positive pulse at
gate, triac
is on (Q1 and Q2 on).
Triac: Phase Control
 Here R1 controls the trigger point at
which the triac turns on for each half
of the cycle.
The off time is called delay angle and the
on time is called the conduction angle.
 D1 is used to provide trigger pulses to
triac gate and conduct during positive
half at which the triac trigger.
 A1 and G are positive with respect to
A2.
 D2 conduct during negative half cycle
and R1 set the trigger point. A2 and G
are positive with respect to A1 .
THANK YOU
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