UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN KUALA TERENGGANU

KAMPUS BUKIT BESI

MEC299

RESISTANCE PREDICTION GRP

BEDAR IN CALM WATER USING
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC
APPROACH

MUHAMMAD HAIKAL DANIEL BIN BIN JAMAL

2020890508

SUPERVISOR:

MISS NUR AIN BINTI ABD RAHMAN

SEM MARCH AUGUST 2022

 A. PROPOSED PROJECT

1. PROJECT TITLE: RESISTANCE PREDICTION BEDAR IN CALM WATER USING

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC APPROACH

2. STUDENT NAME: MUHAMMAD HAIKAL DANIEL BIN JAMAL

4. COURSE
3. STUDENT ID: 2020890508
CODE: EM110

SUPERVISOR NAME: MISS NUR AIN BINTI ABD RAHMAN

CO-SUPERVISOR (if available)):

……………………………………………... ……………………………………………...

(Student’s Signature) (Supervisor Signature & Cop)

Name: MUHAMMAD HAIKAL DANIEL BIN JAMAL 28/6/2022

Date: ……………………………....

Date: 28.6.2022 5166

Ext. Line: ……………………………....

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP
I hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of a report entitled RESISTANCE PREDICTION BEDAR IN
CALM WATER USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC APPROACH

Submitted Muhammad Haikal Daniel bin Jamal at pm and the

date.

………………………………………. ………………………… …………….

Received by: Chop Date
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Background of Study............................................................................................ 5

1.2 Problem Statements.............................................................................................. 7

1.3 Objectives............................................................................................................. 8

1.4 Scope of Work...................................................................................................... 8

1.5 Significant of Study.............................................................................................. 8

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................... 9

2.1 Determine Ship Resistance Using Computational Fluid Dynamics..................... 9

2.2 Wave Resistance ..................................................................................................10

2.3 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Bedar Fiberglass Boat............................................. 11

2.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software ............................................... 13

2.5 Computational and Experimental Works on Ship Resistance .............................14

3.0 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Methodology.......................................................................................................17

3.2 Flowchart............................................................................................................18

3.3 Preliminary Results.............................................................................................19

3.3 Gantt Chart..........................................................................................................20

4.0 REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 21
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The term bedar, (in Terengganu spelled “bedor”), is applied to a wide variety of
boats of the east coast of Malaysia that carry one or two junk sails and lack the typical
transom stern of the perahu pinas. These junks rigged boats are usually built in
Terengganu area. This type of boat is said to be an original Malay boat especially in terms
of its shape. The upper part of the bow and back is mounted a piece of board protruding
forward and backward as if the snout of a duck usually longer than the back. Apart from
the hood at the back, in the middle of the hull of this boat there is a building known as
“Jerombong”. The space below it is space filling stuff. The boat measures ten meters to
sixteen meters and is about a width three meters. The loading rate of goods is estimated
at around 350 to 400 pickups. The boat is propelled using three sails. The speed of this
boat when sailing between 6 to 7 knots per hour.
So, for our project, we want to make something different using this bedar boat,
which is called bedar fiberglass (potong belakang)." Before this, we wanted to add only
the engine, but we know that this boat is made of “cengal” wood, which is this wood are
quite expensive since now. Therefore, we plan to convert that wood to fiberglass because
of its cheaper price as well as its higher durability. For the engine part, we plan to replace
the ship sail with a Yamaha or Mercury outboard engine because a motor yacht gives an
easier ride, with the engine doing all the hard work. Handling sails and rigging is physical
work and might not be for everyone. If you love to sail, a sailing boat is a no brainer. For
a more relaxed, less physically demanding ride, a motor yacht is a better choice. For the
design of the boat, we use Polycad and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate
marine conditions and predict the flow of air and water around a ship.
 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the analysis of fluid flows using
numerical solution methods. Using CFD, you are able to analyze complex problems
involving fluid, fluid-solid or fluid-gas interaction. Engineering fields where CFD
analyses are frequently used are for example aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, where
quantities such as lift and drag or field properties as pressures and velocities are obtained.
Fluid dynamics is involved with physical laws in the form of partial differential
equations. Sophisticated CFD solvers transform these laws into algebraic equations and
are able to efficiently solve these equations numerically (“Computational fluid
dynamics,” 2014).

(The original Naga Pelangi, bedar, (45'/13.7 m LOD), built 1981, sailing off Singapore 1981)
1.2 Problem Statement

For the bedar boat, it is made of cengal wood, which is more expensive than other
woods. Therefore, converting the cengal wood to fiberglass is the best way because of its
durability and cost. Anyway, the inherently brittle nature of fiberglass tends to crake
easily, meaning we might be more prone to spending money on minor repair costs. It’s
heavier than other materials, which can pose problems with capacity and cause engines
to work harder. When fiberglass was originally introduced as a composite, it had several
advantages over wood for boat hull construction. First and foremost, it was cheaper!
Boats constructed entirely of fiberglass could be produced for a third of the cost of their
wooden counterparts. Of course, a lower production cost wouldn't mean much if no one
wanted to buy the finished product.

Now, it is important to note that fiberglass will not necessarily be stronger than
wood or aluminum when used for this purpose. Fiberglass has more flexibility to bend
than either wood or aluminum, and it will bounce back to its previous shape. However,
at higher impact levels, fiberglass may be shattered while wood and aluminum are simply
bent and may be hammered back into position. Ship resistance is one of the main factors
affecting the design of a ship. Generally, a bulbous bow is implemented to reduce wave
resistance because the bulbous shape is believed to attenuate the bow wave system. But,
for the bedar boat, it used a spoon bow, which is causing little trouble to reduce wave
resistance because of the bow shape. It may be more difficult than other boats because
most of the boats since now use bulbous bow shapes. This will be one of the main
problems for this project.
1.3 Objectives

The main objectives of this project are:

i. To predict the resistance of a bedar fiberglass boat in calm water using Computational
Fluid Dynamic (CFD).
ii. To develop a model CAD for a bedar fiberglass boat by using Polycad, CFD and
Rhino software.

1.4 Scope of work

This research will focus on how to analyze boats that are going to cover research and development
in mechanical engineering from the marine side using CFD. CFD software needs to be used in
this project to run some simulations to get the data. Firstly, bedar fiberglass boats need to be
modelled by using polycad, which is a free program to design the ship. For the analyze data from
CFD, Microsoft Excel needs to be used.

1.5 Significant of Study

The significance of the study for this project is to predict the resistance of a bedar fiberglass boat
in calm water using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
is the analysis of fluid flows using numerical solution methods. Using CFD, it will be able to
analyze complex problems involving fluid, fluid-solid or fluid-gas interaction.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Determine ship resistance using computational fluid dynamics

Ship resistance is defined as the force required to tow or to move the ship in calm water at a
constant velocity. The resistance of a ship depends on the velocity of the ship. Therefore,
resistance is always specific at a particular velocity. The condition of the sea also affects the
resistance by the sea. Ship resistance in calm water is different from in rough sea. Ship resistance
is considered as one of the important factors in designing the ship. The ship resistance can be
determined by using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD), an easy and less times consuming
application (Ship Resistance Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2015). The accuracy of the
CFD analysis is proven accurate, and most naval architects use this method instead of towing tank
experiment method which is tedious and time consuming. According to Perez (2009), in order to
obtain accurate results even in steady state simulations, every problem needs to be set-up
carefully, and this includes having sufficient nodes within the boundary layer, correct mesh for
high gradient zones and suitable time step sizes [1]. Comprehensive efforts are vitally required to
verify and validate computational data; however, there might still be lack of consensus of suitable
techniques [2]. In the present study, commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX 14.0, which adopts
false time step or pseudo-time step to solve equations as a means of under relaxation, was used.
The under relaxation is necessary to stabilize some iterative processes for obtaining steady state
solutions [3]. It could be said that smaller physical time steps are more robust that larger ones [4].
Nonetheless, convergence will require more CPU time.
2.2 Wave Resistance

Waves follow a moving ship and the propagation of these waves is associated with the presence
of a gravitational field. Water is endowed with viscosity, and anybody moving through a viscous
fluid, experiences a resistance, partly because of tangentially acting stresses on the body, but partly
also because boundary-layer growth, and separation, if it occurs, yield a resistance resulting from
integrating normal components of the stress over the body. The frictional resistance will certainly
depend upon the wave profile along the ship. On the other hand, the wave pattern itself is going to
depend in some fashion upon the ship's boundary layer and wake. The effects of gravity and
viscosity interact in essential ways. There seems to be no neat practicable definition of
gravitational or wave resistance without introducing assumptions or approximations.
2.3 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Bedar Fiber Glass Boat

Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned with the mechanics of fluids and the
forces on them. Advanced fluid dynamics will include the study of turbulence and non-linear flow.
These are deemed more exotic areas as they will involve more complex and interesting ideas and
mathematics where chaos theory, higher order differential equations, complex algebra and
topologies may come into play. If the study involves moving fluids it is usually called
hydrodynamics. Hydro means water, dynamic means energy or physical force in motion and effect.
Specifically, hydrodynamics refers to the different or ways forces affect the movement of fluids
(Hydrodynamic Analysis of Model Fiber Glass Boat, 2019).

Utilizing the default setting in ANSYS for mesh generation, a simple default mesh can be
generated. A finer mesh is required to produce better results as finer mesh yields more accurate
result. Firstly, the mesh sizing parameter can be altered to make a finer mesh using the relevance
center option. For the sizing of the mesh, the proximity and curvature option are chosen as it will
make smaller cells around the curves like the leading edges of the hull.

Figure 6 shows the mesh generated.

Figure 6: Mesh generated via default setting (“Hydrodynamic Analysis of Model Fiber Glass
Boat,” 2019b) From the analysis using ANSYS CFX tools simulation software, the total resistance
force for each model was obtained as shown in Table 1. The variable for the analysis is the speed.
The value of the resistance will be converted to dimensionless unit by using the total resistance
coefficient formula. Then, the coefficient of the resistance for the model fiberglass boat will be
compared to the experimental data.

Table 1: Simulation results (“Simulation Results,” 2019)

2.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical
analysis and data structures to analyze and solve problems that involve fluid flows.
Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the free-stream flow of
the fluid, and the interaction of the fluid (liquids and gases) with surfaces defined
by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved,
and are often required to solve the largest and most complex problems. Ongoing research
yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such
as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial validation of such software is typically performed
using experimental apparatus such as wind tunnels. In addition, previously
performed analytical or empirical analysis of a particular problem can be used for
comparison. A final validation is often performed using full-scale testing, such as flight tests.
CFD is applied to a wide range of research and engineering problems in many fields of study
and industries, including aerodynamics and aerospace analysis, hyper sonics, weather
simulation, natural science and environmental engineering, industrial system design and
analysis, biological engineering, fluid flows, heat transfer engine and combustion analysis,
and visual effects for film and games. CFD provides the ability to theoretically simulate any
physical condition. CFD allows great control over the physical process, and provides the
ability to isolate specific phenomena for study. ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) simulation software allows you to predict, with confidence, the impact of fluid flows
on your product throughout design and manufacturing as well as during end use.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) creates a digital simulation that visualizes the flow of
fluids and the way they are affected by objects. It is a very powerful tool that shows in advance
how temperature, pressure and velocity are going to behave in a design.

(Example of the use of CFD Software)

2.5 Computational and Experimental Works on Ship Resistance

The role of seagoing ships is very important in order to transport materials and passengers
from one port to the others. In addition, some ships are doing industrial activities or executing
other tasks at sea. The ships need the engine power to travel at the required speeds or to make
other jobs. The engine power is one parameter that should be determined at the initial ship
design phase. This task can be done by applying some existing statistical methods or
executing model tests of ship resistance. Then, the engine power may be estimated by
applying additional propulsion parameters. Furthermore, the engine power is evaluated
several times following the general ship design procedure. Many design tasks include test
model to validate the results from statistical methods. Other procedure is executed by direct
model test when the statistical methods are not available.

In fact, the resistance computations are still executed for some kinds of ships though the
existing methods are not represented for such ships. This could be accepted at initial design
phase. In this paper, the resistance of some ships was evaluated. The approach existing
methods were used to compute the ship resistance. Three different ship types were applied to
prove this issue. They were semi-displacement passenger boat, pole and line fishing boat and
passenger-cargo coaster. The resistance of those ships was computed based on three different
methods. Then the results of the resistance were validated by those of test models.
The models were determined based on the scale factor for each ship. Then they were built
and set based on the criteria in testing procedures. The standard testing procedures were
adapted during the testing. In addition, some external factors were avoided in order to achieve
better results. The results of those three models were predicted for the full-scale ships. The
prediction procedure was based on the Froude assumption. The results of those three full-
scale ships were presented and compared to those from the computation of statistical
methods. In fact, the results from those two methods were in good agreement but different in
values. Some reasons were explained concerning these differences.
The existence of semi-displacement ships is to transport the passengers in the short routes
(Figure 1a benefits for such ships. Their speeds are ranging from 19 to 25 knots or Froude
number Fn are 0.55 to 0.80. According to the definition by IMO-HSC [1, 2], such ships are
classified as High-Speed Craft (HSC) or by hydrodynamic point of view those ships are
classified as semi-displacement ships as stated by Molland [3] and Nicolaysen [4]. Due to
their operational range, those ships are also classified as short-sea ferries [5]. Skipjack pole
and line is a kind fishing vessel that is used to catch skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis).
This kind of vessels has been used for long time in the area which is potential in skipjack tuna
(Figure 1b). Those vessels are made of wood and recently most of them are made of fiberglass
reinforced plastic (FRP). Meanwhile, some ships which serve the coast area are still operating
in some routes to transport the passengers and cargoes (coaster). Those ships are made of
woods and still operating in some regions.

a. Semi-displacement ships b. Skipjack pole and line

Figure 1. The existing semi-displacement ships

Three ships were selected for the computations and model test of the resistance. They are
semi displacement passenger ship, skipjack pole and line and passenger-cargo coaster. The
semi displacement passenger ship designed by the author [13]. The ship has the capacity of
254 passengers. The ships were designed to follow the design process for the passenger ships
[14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Those ships have the hard chine hull forms. The hull material of the
ship is Aluminum. The scale factors = 27, 10 and 20 were set for displacement passenger
ship, skipjack pole and line and passenger-cargo coaster respectively to develop the models.

a. Semi-displacement ship b. Skipjack pole and line c. Passenger-cargo coaster

Figure 2. The ship models
The ship model of semi-displacement ship was tested at the towing tank of University of
Liege (ULgANAST) (Figure 3a). While the models of skipjack pole and line and passenger-
cargo coaster were tested at the towing at the towing tank Faculty of Engineering Patti Mura
University (Figures 3b and 3c). Some external effects were avoided during the tests. The ship
parameters measured during the tests are model speed, resistance, trim and sinkage.

Figure 3: The ship models test are underway

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology

There are two objectives needs to be covered in this research. The first objective is
to design a model traditional fiber glass boat by using Polycad and Rhino. The second
objective to visualize and analyze the fluid flow of the model traditional fiber glass boat using
the CFX tools simulation. In order to fulfil this projects requirement, there are a number of
steps that need to be taken.
The first step is to understand and search for any literature related to the study by
acquiring as much information as possible on the research. The threes software used for this
part of the project were Polycad, Rhino and Ansys CFX. Polycad was used for the
construction of the model boat hull, while Rhino was used for create the components in the
boat and Ansys CFX were used for the simulation part. The next step is to design the hull
form geometry of the model traditional fiber glass boat using the Polycad and Rhino software.
This boat is designed based on the off-set value and line drawing of a model patrol boat
provided. Firstly, the numerical simulations are performed to predict the added resistance and
ship motions in regular head and oblique seas using three different methods; a 2-D and 3-D
potential flow method and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with an Unsteady
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) approach. Simulations of various wave
conditions are compared with the available experimental data and these are used in a
validation study. Secondly, following the validation study in regular waves, the ship speed
loss is estimated using the developed methodology by calculating the resistance in calm water
and the added resistance due to wind and irregular waves, taking into account relevant wave
parameters and wind speed corresponding to the Beaufort scale, and results are compared
with simulation results obtained by other researchers. Finally, the effect of the variation in
ship speed and therefore the ship speed loss is investigated. This study shows the capabilities
of the 2-D and 3-D potential methods and CFD to calculate the added resistance and ship
motions in regular waves in various wave headings. It also demonstrates that the proposed
methodology can estimate the impacts on the ship operating speed and the required sea
margin in irregular seas.
3.2 Flowchart of simulation

START

Create bedar fiberglass boat model

Make general arrangement and

weight estimation

Data CFD code Pre-processor

Meshing in Ansys Fluent

CFD code solver

Post Processor

Authenticate result

Result discussion

End
3.3 Preliminary Results
3.3 Gant Chart
TASK WEEK / DESCRIPTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Title Discussion And Proposal

2 Proposal Preparation

3 Proposal Submission And Presentation

4 Introduction

5 Literature Review

6 Research Methodology

7 Project Development

8 Data Collection

9 Data Analyzing

10 Software Designation

11 Prepare Report And Submit

12 FYP1 Presentation

13 Result And Discussion

14 Conclusion And Recommendation

15 Complete Report And Submission

 CHAPTER 4

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