PROVINICAL GOVERNMENT PROVINCE NO.2 MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DIRECTORATE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OFFICE BIRGUNJ, PARSA PILE INTEGRITY TE REPORT ON Sansarimai Khola Bridge along Kalay Contract No. IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078, Client: INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OFFICE Office Reg No.: EP043 sd By Viswa Consult Put Ltd P.O, Box 4316, Dillibazar, Kathmandu Tel:-977-1-4533156E mail: viswaconsultlab@gmaiLcom FALGUN, 2078Project: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078. Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES INTRODUCTION & PILE LITERATURE xen ‘BASIC TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS ono PILE DETAILS AND DATA COLLECTION... APPENDIX APENDIX-A: PIT QFV Instruments and Pictorial Representation of the test ‘APENDIX-B: Summary APENDIX-C: Photo Caption 1[PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 PIT REPORT DesiGn aNo BuiLo oF Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayi Road,Bara PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT ON 20 NOS. BORED CAST-IN-SITU (Left Abutment) -Prashtoka 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) is an instrument for integrity testing of deep foundations by low-strain surface- impact methods. It acquires, processes, enhances, and reports data. The test engineer must interpret the data according to wave propagation theory. The results obtained are only as meaningful and reliable as the testing engineer's understanding of the physical principles involved The PIT is avaiiable in four models, namely, PIT-X, PIT-V, PIT-XFV and PIT-FV. The four models can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their size, portability, number of input data channels and wireless ‘ransmission of data from the sensing device to the electronic units. All PIT models support the “Low Strain Integrity Test" Method (see ASTM 5882) also called the Pulse-Echo Method (PEM), while PIT-XFV and PIT- FV additionally support the Trensient Response Method (TRM). The user should become thoroughiy proficient in PEM and TRM in order to achieve a higher level of confidence needed during data interpretation. Some theory is discussed in this user manual as it relates to the PIT operation, but this discussion is neither definitive nor exhaustive. ‘Test applications for PIT include integrity andlor length determination of most types of concrete deep foundations such as drilled shafts or bored piles, Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) or Augured-Cast-in-Place (ACIP) piles, driven concrete piles, individual concrete wall panels (barrettes), concrete filled pipe piles, and timber piles. For simplicity we will refer to all of these foundation types as ‘piles’. Please note that the Pulse Echo Method has pile length limitations which are a function of pile material type, pile uniformity, soil elastic properties (elastic modulus), soil density etc. Also data taken on cylindrical piles, steel piles, jointed piles and timber piles have either greater length limitations than solid ones or do not support clear and/or reliable data interpretation. Similarly individual piles within a bored pile wall or panels of a diaphragm wall usually do not provide satisfactory integrity assessments with the Pulse Echo Method. Other methods such as the Thermal Integrity Profiler (TIP) or Cross Hole Sonic Logging are then much more successful, 21PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Rond,Biara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara, (Left Abutment) Date: 2078/11/19 2. PILE LITERATURE “The Pulse Echo Method has been conceived in the 1970s both in Europe and in the United States (e.g, Steinbach and Vey, 1975. "Caisson Evaluation by Stress Wave Propagation Method”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE), However, only after realtime, on-site digital data processing became practical did this method find general acceptance. Numerous papers describing these developments are available on the PD! website www pile.com; click on earning Center and select PIT. The PIT user is urged to review these publications starting maybe with following two papers. /wrww.pile.com/reference/3rdStresswave/pile inter by low and high strain impacts.péf bet _nile.com/reference/TransportationResearchBoardAnnualMeeting/AComparisonOfPulseE choAndTransientRé if ‘Another important reading s also the ASTM 5882 Standard as wel as other applicable national testing standards or building codes. Some of these are listed in htto://Avww.pile.com/reference/StressWaveZ008/CH-12-063 -001.puf; however it should be expected that various code and standards have either been modified or added since the writing of that paper. 3|PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date: 2078/11/19 3, PIT TEST THEROY ‘light impact is administered to the ple's surface, generally using a special hand-held hammer, and as a result ‘an acoustic wave from the impact propagates down through the pile. Variations in the shape and material quality of the pile produce reflections of the wave, which are observed as they return to the surface, Surface vibrations are recorded nti al primary reflections have been observed. Reflections are then interpreted considering their nature and times of observation to assess pile integrity. “The surface vibrations are measured by means of an accelerometer attached to the top of the pile. Although the acceleration curve could be interpreted directly, integration to velocity generally enhances the record by bringing out details otherwise overlooked. The pile top acceleration signal, a, is therefore digitized and stored in the PIT memory, ‘and itis numerically integrated to produce a velocity signal, v. Note that v is a particle velocity, Le. the actual velocity of movement of the pile top surface. ‘The deepest reflector is the ple's toe, so its reflection should be the last one observed at the pile top. Given estimates of the wave speed c and pile length L, the toe reflection is expected at the top at time 2h/¢ after impact. Thus 2L/cis the ‘time it takes the stress wave to travel to the pile bottom and then, after reflection, back to the pile top. Observation, i.e, measurement, continues until well after this time, but the first 2L/c is the most important part and provides most of the information about the pile. Note that the wave speed, c, is several orders of magnitudes greater (typically 3,000 to 5,000 m/s than the pile particle velocity, v (typically 1 to 20 mm/s), ‘The signal is acquired as a function of time, and the time scale is known accurately. To facilitate locating the reflectors, the signal s presented as a function of distance x from the pile top. However, the distance scale completely depends upon accurate estimation of the wave speed c: x=%¢ t. The distance scale has a physical meaning only for reflectors within the shaft, not for soil below the toe, nor can it correctly be applied to the impact pulse, which is not strictly 2 reflection. Reflections are caused by variations in the pile's impedance. Impedance Z may be calculated as where A is the cross- sectional area, Eis the elastic modulus and is the mass density of the material of the pile. Thus, reflections can be due to changes in either the cross-section (siz) or in the elastic modulus or specific weight (quality) ofthe material, A region of decreasing impedance generates a tensile reflection, producing a velocity peak in the same direction as the impact. A region of increasing impedance causes a compressive reflection, producing a velocity peak in the direction opposite the impact. “The reflections must be interpreted to determine whether the associated changes are acceptable or of serious concern to the integrity of the shaft. All interpretation should also consider installation records of concrete volume, design length and other observations 4) PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 4, PROCEDURE OF PILE INTEGRITY TEST ‘The SE method is a low strain integrity test conducted from the top (or upper side) of the shaft as shown in the figure below. test equipment includes a 3 pound(1.36kg) hammer (instrumented or mechanical), receiverlaccelerometer and/or geophone) mounted on the top (or upper side) of the shaft, and a data ‘acquisition platform. the test involves hitting the foundation top with the hammer to generate wave energy that travels to the bottom of the foundation. The wave reflects off irregularities (cracks, necks, bulbs, soil intrusions, voids, etc.) and/or the bottom of the foundation and travels back along the foundation to the top. the receiver measures the vibration response of the foundation to each impact. The data collection platform ‘acquires, processes and displays the receiver ouputs. Foundation length and integrity of concrete are ‘evaluated by identifying and analyzing the arrival times, direction and amplitude of reflections measured by the receivers in time. The Eco Depth (0) is calculated by multiplying the reflection time(t) by the compression ‘wave velocity(V) and dividing this quantity by 2 to account for the fact that the wave has gone down and reflected back, ie. D=V"t/2. ‘Analysis of the length determination and the integrity evaluation of s foundation with the SE method is based, ‘on the identification and evaluation of reflections. Test results are analysed in the time domain for the SE test. ‘The SE test method Is sensitive to changes in the shaft impedance(shaft concrete area*velocity*mass density where mass density equals unit weight divided by gravity), which case the reflections of the compression ‘wave energy. Compression wave energy(hammer impact energy) reflects differently from increased shaft impedance than from decreased shaft impedance. This phenomenon allows the type of reflector to be identified as follows. Soil intrusions, honeycomb, breaks, cracks, cold koints, poor quality concrete and similar defects are identified as reflections that correspond to a decrease in shaft impedance. Increases in the shaft cross-section or the competency of surrounding materials such as bedrock and stiffer soil strata are identified {3s reflections corresponding to increases in the shaft impedance. A decrease in impedance is indicated by a downward initial break of a reflection event in an SE record and frequency peaks positioned in 2 record such that a peak could be extrapolated to be near OHz in the mobility plot. Conversely, an increase in shaft impedance is identified by an upward initial break for an SE reflector. ‘When length to diameter ratio exceeds 20:1 to 30:1 for shafts in stifer soils/bedrock. the attenuation of compression wave energy is high and bottom echoes are weak or unidentifiable in SE test results. if the shaft is embedded in a material which has similar impedance to that of the shaft, it may not be possible to see @ reflection from the bottom of.the-shaft, 5|PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 Velocity ofthe pile top surface isin most instances the most important data collected during 2 pile integrity test. It requires a light hammer impact and the recording of acceleration. In order to obtain an accurate record of the pile top surface motion the location where the acceleration is measured has to be a sound, clean pile material ‘Contamination by soil, loose debris or surface layers, poorty hardened pile material a very rough surface are ‘among the conditions that provide poor records which are difficult or in most instances impossible to interpret clearly. Obviously, the concrete has to be hardened to a point where itis much harder (or having a higher elastic. ‘modulus) than the surrounding soil For clean impact pulses without ringing of other spurious signals the impact surface also has to be of clean and preferably smoothened. Thus, grinding down to good concrete several impact and accelerometer locations is the best assurance to obtain meaningful results. t saves on data interpretation time and/or a repeat trip to the site. ‘The accelerometer should be bonded to the pile top surface with a thin layer ofa “sticky” material. Depending on pile temperature and/or moisture content, different materials may have to be tried. Under no circumstances should a thick layer of bonding material separate the sensor from the pile material. In fact, pressing the accelerometer down far enough until one feels it touching the concrete makes for the best records, Ideally, the hammer impact would cause the whole pile diameter to achieve a uniform axial motion. However, only a small pile top area is subjected to the impact causing a non-plane deformation of the pile cross sections below ‘the pile top. Thus, testing on the westside of the pile top will not reveal what is happening on the east side within one or two pile diameters below the pile top and for larger pile it is therefore strongly recommended that the pile top is tested and impacted at several locations. Ideally impacting and testing is done at the third points of the pile ‘top surface. The worst location for testing is the edge of the pile, However, the larger the pile diameter the greater the motions generated at the pile top by shear (or Rayleigh) waves. These pile top motions may appear as noise in the basic compressive wave record. Spurious record components can also be created by reinforcement extending above the pile toe or small cracks within a short distance below the pile top. Larger hammers or more cushioned hammers possibly improve the record appearance in such cases. Longer ples produce weaker pile toe signals than shorter ones because of losses of wave energy due to pile internal or soil external damping. However, hammer impact pulses with lower frequency contents (those that have longer lasting impact pulses either because of a greater hammer weight or a softer cushioning) travel longer distances with less energy dissipation than those that are sharper ‘And shorter. Unfortunately, the smoother longer pulses do not allow for as clear a resolution as the sharper ones. Itis best practice, therefore, ta test with several hammers, for example, using hammer weights of 5, 10, 30.N (0.5, 11, and 3 kg or 1, 2 and 6 Ib) for more and clearer information, 6[PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 6. PILE DETAILS AND DATA COLLECTION ‘The Pile integrity Test was conducted at Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. The pile graphs had measured diameter of 800 mm and was reported of having depth of 18.00 m at Left Abutment which is the basis of this report. 20 piles were tested from foundation at 18.00 m at Left Abutment from the PCC level. Respective Engineer and technicians were on site in order to perform the PIT test from 2078- 41-04 to 2078-11-05. All field records were transferred to computer at office. Then necessary filtering, magnification was done to data and corresponding velocity curves were plotted. The shafts were processed using a concrete wave speed of 3400 m/this to 4000 m/s range of wave speed variations (as the lower range of wave speed was recorded) is within the +/- 4% which may be encountered at site. TlPageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayi-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: [DO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078. Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara, (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 7.LIMITATION OF PIT Limitation of Pile Integrity Test are as follows: 1) Pile Integrity Test does not provide any information on the load bearing capacity of piles and deep foundations. 2) Integrity Testing cannot be conducted over pile caps 3) Integrity testing of cross sections below a major crack (that crosses the entire cross-sectional area) is not possible. 4) This test is not effective in piles with highly variable cross sections. 5) Itis not effective in evaluating sections of piles below cracks that crosses the entire cross-sectional area of the pile. 6) Pile integrity is generally not suitable for testing steel sheets, H-section, or unfilled pipe piles. 7) When the toe reflection is not evident, integrity evaluation may not be conclusive. 8) In some cases, its difficult to distinguish the soil response, and the (pile) toe response. 9) Presence of water in site during testing affects good data acquisition. ‘The records were evaluated for reflections from the shaft toe and for variations in the impedance above the shaft toe ‘The depth accuracy may vary from +/- 4% due to site conditions or human error or machine error Bl PageProject: Construction of Sansarimai Khola Bridge Along Kalayia-Prashtoka Road,Bara Contract No.: IDO/PAR/NCB/BRIDGE-25/077/078 Location: Sansarimai Khola, Kalaiya, Bara. (Left Abutment) Date : 2078/11/19 CONCLUSION: ‘The wave speed for this report is from 3400-4000 m/s. 20 piles were tested from PCC level. The concrete grade is M25. From above report it can be deduced for Left Abutment the maximum diameter is 1.13 at 5.44 m of pile 19a, The minimum diameter 0.89 at 6.80 m of pile 1. The maximum depth is found out to be 118.35 m of pile 3a and minimum depth is 17.60 of pile 8b. ‘The PIT as stated above has many limitations also the field conditions and technicians are responsible for quality of the data taken. Also, PIT doesn’t give any information regarding the bearing capacity of the pile. It only gives the structural integrity of the pile structure. Considering all of these no major cracking was observed in the field data. Slight bulging of piles was observed. As per International Journal of GEOMATE, July 2018 vol 15 and DOR requirement the beta analysis is within the limits. Keeping in mind the relevant code that has been followed and the guidelines of 1S code and ASTM code it can be safe to say the 20 Piles recorded do not show any major defects. 9) PageAPENDIX-A: PIT QFV Instruments and Pictorial Representation of the test1A SANE (sav) suo sire A (su ova) w sees eo 50 —r00 | I . a 2hO Mid Brivo: zeoeaue spud ‘SHWE b Dd ceil 26002 eIold i rH Valid 2z02/91/2 ‘payayoy bid eld ay ez0zeie ‘PHT Ag JINSUOD eMs|A,worere ‘yale uM 960 Wwoo01 001 :eubid xen 00: seany "onsisu0g 004 :10A yonAsUeD 850 "TOA SMBH (ave'0) snuo vBV0 A mH Lu8e wory yoonenn Ne Sr'soie 2e02/9H2 26002 80d 2z0ZI9LIZ ‘PaWAIOD zz0z/ere azaid Q@ Fld 29d AV ‘PHT a aNsUCO BMSIA,weost e960 tHo%d wi ‘WQ0'018 00" :euOle ¥EVN Oot seaxy pmsueD OO #10A yonsU0D 96 fon eneeu ws | 180 \ ° ea + fi wby (esz0) suo esz0 A (sw oore) w seat aio i | —s00- | i —s00 > aro Wa Heco:e zz0er94e sub zw:0-PC aTId [Olle 76002 Aid : eae Zz0z/94/2 ;PAIEIIOD beeper pr Wad UNSUOD EMsIA zzoziere‘yas Ue ‘ Wirrie sot eyoid xen Oot seeny voneuen (001 H10A ‘pAHsueD, Zot ejaMeey (209) $49 veLZ A (sy oove) ws oV'@H! ated soe | “a ot 18 Wa ¥9:80: zz02/0172 ial S#¢-9p aid :0lld 6002 aNOId raid ZZOZI9LIE ‘PEDALS, zzoziee 2p ald “ld ay “PHL Ad UNsUOD EMSADOL :1eA vensisu0D 950 “TOA aNIEeR I wos i 160 ° ' eed + 1 ToT t I woe we = wos SE : (ror'0) 80 v6K'0 A: {enw oore) w 0z84 Sead ae 10 i +120 Wn ogee zz0z/01 sun Twounngy y= bea e-a9 311d 20d 26002 140d 9g Fld COLLIE PeAIOD 9g aiid ad av zeousele PLT Td JIMSUOD EMSA,wgorieeso elves uv UIEDEI OL ood xe 004 ayy yonisu0D (00's "eq yonasu09 560 "TON eneeH listo) sau esr0 A. 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This requires that the ple is long ‘compared withthe diameter. For large diameter shafts, a defect near the tcp might be missed ifthe ‘accelerometer is attached far from the defect, and thus several locations for each large shaft should be tested. The PIT units with the force-measuring option allow better defniion of shaft properties ‘ear the top of the shaft during the width of the hammer signal, and thus is @ definite improvement ‘over systoms lacking this capably (s00 also a. above.) It should be clearly understood that the main purpose of this test is to locate piles with serious defects. Minor defects could easily be missed (and may not be important anyway to the overall load Carrying performance ofthe pile shaft as the soll resistance is usualy the limiting factor inthe pile cepacity) Classification of PIT Records ‘Adopting @ cassificaton system forthe PIT records is highly recommended, both as a guideline to ‘inal nterpretaton and as an indication ofthe capabilites and limitations ofthe method. Diferent Classification systems have been adopted by codes and specifications around the world. The Classification system below is provided 2s an example only ‘AA Sound shaft integrity indicated: a clear toe reflection can be ideniied corresponding to tho reported length and wave speed within acceptable range: records in this category may indicate normally accepted variations of size or material quality. AB _No major defect indicated; the records indicate neither reflections from significant reductions of pile size or material quality nor a clear toe response. Records inthis category do not sive indications of a significant deficiency, however, nelther do they yield posite evidence of the ‘haf being lawless over its full length. ABX No major defect indicated to a depth of x ft (mm). because of method limitations interpretation of the record for the full length is not possible. For example, long pies or shafts and ‘those with high sol resistance and/or major bulges fall under this category PFx Indication of a probable flaw at an approximate depth of x ft (m); a toe reflection Is ‘apparent in addition to at least one reflection corresponding to an unplanned reduction of size or material quality. Additional quanttative analysis may help identify the severity of the apparent flaw. PDx Indication of a probable defect at an approximate depth of x ft (m; the records show a strong reflection corresponding to a major reduction of size or material qualty Occurring, a clear toe reflection is net apparent. Vx _Inconelusive record below depth of x ft (m) due to spurious vibrations; data is inconclusive due to vibrations generated by construction machinery or heavy reinforcement ‘extending above the pile top concrete; retestng is advisable under certain ckcumstances, IR inconclusive record; data is inconclusive, possibly for reasons such as: * poor pileishaft top quality or low concrete strength (lest has been conducted too early); retestng after walting and/or pile top cleaning is advisable, ‘planned impedance changes or joints generate signals which prevent toe signal ‘entfication.APENDIX-C: Photo Caption(@39NGNOD ONI3E 1S3L ALIHDAINI 31d ‘S3AILVLN3S2¥d3¥ YOLDVYLNOD ONY NOISIAIC 4O SON3SRNd 3HL NI G3LINGNOD ONI3S 1S3LG219NGNOD ONI3E 1531 ALIYOIINI Tid