Deep Foundations 1.11

UPC – School of Civil Engineering
Master in Structural and Construction Engineering

FOUNDATION STRUCTURES
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Deep foundations 2
INDEX
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
1. TYPES
Resisting schemes
Dimensions (diameter)
Materials
Construction procedures and detailing
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION
3. PILE DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATION

Vertical actions
Horizontal actions
Maximum structural capacity for the design of piles
4. PILE CAP DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERTIFICATION

Rigid and flexible pile caps
Strap beams
Deep foundations 3
1. TYPES
MAIN RESISTING SCHEMES
Shaft friction pile End-bearing piles
Pile cap
Terrain with
Soft soil
increasing
resistance
in depth
Load-
bearing
soil
Deep foundations 4
DIAMETER
Micropiles 0.08 m < φ < 0.25 m

Medium diameter piles 0.25 m < φ < 0.80 m
Grand diameter piles φ > 0.80 m
MATERIAL
Shaft:
Steel (steel profiles, empty or

filled tubes)
Concrete (precast, in situ)
Composite (steel profiles
with concrete)
Deep foundations 5
CLASSIFICATION BY CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
Driven piles (displacement)

The soil is displaced according to the equivalent volume occupied by the pile. The
soil is displaced radially as the pile shaft penetrates in the ground. First, the
terrain moves up and afterwards the soil is laterally compressed and the pile is
strongly confined. The soil will generally improve due to the compression effect of
the pile.
Bored piles (non-placement)

The terrain is excavated previously to the execution of the pile. The lateral stresses
in the ground are reduced during the excavation and only partly reinstated by the
concreting of the pile.
Deep foundations 6
CLASIFICATION ACCORDING TO CONCRETE STRUCTURAL TYPE

(PRECAST / IN SITU CONCRETE)
Precast piles
They are transported from the factory and are embedded into the soil by
percussion (dropping weight), vibration, with hydraulic jacks or by placing them
in a previous excavation.
“In situ” piles

They are executed in a previous excavation in the terrain. They can be driven
(with pyramidal/conical pile toe, by Franki method, by rotation); bored (with
recoverable casing, with lost casing, without casing but with thixotropic muds);
and auger drilled (without casing, concreting by a central tube in the drilling).
Franki píling System: pressure-injected method used to create expanded base

of cast-in-situ concrete
Deep foundations 21
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION
Distribution and function of groups of piles, pile caps and strap beams
Deep foundations 22
Normally more than a pile is necessary to receive the load of the pillar and
distribute it to the soil.
The function of the pile caps is to distribute the load of the pillar among the
piles and also to stiffly tie the piles and stabilize them laterally.
The function of strap beams is double: stabilize laterally the pile caps and
avoid the separation of the pile caps.
Deep foundations 23
USING STRAP BEAMS
Strap beams are necessary to grant lateral stability in caps with only one or two
piles. They may be also convenient (even if they may be not strictly necessary) in
other cases.
Deep foundations 24
EXAMPLE OF DEEP FOUNDATION IN A BUILDING ( BASEMENT LEVEL)

Deep foundations 26
DEEP FOUNDATION OF A WALL
Piles distributed so that

they are not placed in a
single vertical plane to
avoid lack of lateral
stability.
Deep foundations 27
3. DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATIONS OF PILES
CALCULATION OF FORCES IN EACH OF THE PILES CONNECTED TO A PILE-CAP
A pillar can apply on a pile cap a vertical force plus two perpendicular moments (in
addition to possible horizontal forces). For the calculation of the vertical forces
experienced by the piles, the pile cap is assumed to be very stiff compared with them.
For a very stiff pile cap, the forces will distribute according to an inclined plane.
Deep foundations 28
DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES IN PILES CONNECTED TO A SINGLE PILE CAP
Case of vertical piles
y ex
ey
O
x
= point of application of vertical load in plan

O = axes origin (reference point in the center of the plan)
Deep foundations 29
Fv My=Fv ex, Mx=Fv ey
Solution for a rigid pile cap:
Fv Mx My
Fiv = + y + x
n ∑ yi 2 i
∑ xi
2 i
n = number of piles
x, y, distances with respect to
reference point O
Fiv
Deep foundations 30
Piles subjected to vertical and horizontal forces and with different transverse sections:
Deep foundations 31
Example of the variation of the bending moment diagram along of the shaft of a pile
subjected to axial and horizontal force.
Horizontal forces will generate

bending moments along the shaft
of the pile
The bending moment will vary

along the shaft and will
experience a reduction in depth
(see figure)
Example:
Diameter of 450 mm
kb= 10000 KPa
fck= 25 N/mm2
Deep foundations 32
INDIVIDUAL PILE- STRUCTURAL MODEL

(1) SHORT PILES (< 10m)
MODEL 1 MODEL 2
• End bearing piles • Floating piles

• Bored Piles • Other cases, without minimum
• Fixed in gravel and dense sand embedded length into resistant soil or not
• With minimum embedded length into resistant soil fixed at bottom into gravel or dense sand.
• The top end of the pile can be considered fixed (constrained rotation) if the pile cap
and the connection between the pile cap and the pile are rigid.
• Minimum embedded length= 6Ø in cohesive terrain, 8Ø in uncohesive terrain
• The effect of buckling must be considered always (and especially in the case of
end-bearing piles)
Deep foundations 33
(2) LONG PILES
The effect of the lateral confinement in the soil has to be taken into account
Consider always buckling (and specially in the case of end-bearing piles)
POSSIBILITIES:
(A) Model the confinement of the terrain as a lateral springs system (Winkler model)
u
F
F = Ku
s
K = sØw Ø=pile diameter
w = coefficient of ballast [N/m3]
(B) Estimate a reduced bending length through empirical formulas

For constant module of clays (E) in depth:
(Ep= Young modulus, Ip Moment of inertia of the pile section)
Deep foundations 34
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR PILES SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL ACTIONS

If H < 0,05V - horizontal forces may be neglected
If 0,05V < H < 0,10 V - they may be resisted by the piles working in bending
If H > 0,10 V - inclined piles, anchors or passive pressure systems may be necessary
CASES: M V
H
INDIVIDUAL PILE
Fixed or pinned
Deep foundations 35
GROUP OF PILES - CALCULATE AS AN EQUIVALENT FRAME
L ó L’
Deep foundations 36
GROUP OF INCLINED PILES– specific method
ex
y
ey
x
Usually, inclination of the pile< 20º

Deep foundations 37
Fh
Fv Mx=Fvey, My=Fv ex
Fih=Fiv tg(βi)
βi
Fiv
βi
Fi
Fiv
Fv Mx My
Fiv = + y + x Fh = ∑ Fiv tg ( β i ) (βi with its sign)
n ∑ yi 2 i
∑ xi
2 i
Deep foundations 38
DESIGN AND RESISTANCE VERIFICATION FOR A INDIVIDUAL PILE
DESIGN CRITERIA AND MINIMUM STEEL AMOUNTS

(according Eurocode 2, bored piles)
Design as a RC column working in compression and bending
Consider minimal eccentricity =max {Ø/30, 20 mm}
The Buckling Ultimate State has to be verified
A reduced diameter d has to be used in the design calculations.

It is determined as
dnom = nominal diameter, d = reduced diameter

Deep foundations 39
The minimum steel amount depends of the pile cross-

section area (see EC2 clause 9.8.5 and UNE-EN 1536)
As,min = 6 Ø 16 – At least 6 longitudinal bars with minimum

diameter Ø 16mm
Maximum spacing between hoops = 40 cm

(transverse reinforcement)
Minimum concrete cover= 5 cm

Deep foundations 40
Reinforcement detail Pile Cap Pile cap

In piles
Mud slab
Mud slab
Rebar spacer Rebar spacer
Individual hoops or helical

transverse reinforcement.
Transverse reinforcement
necessary to confine the
Vertical section Vertical section
vertical bars against their
buckling or to resist
possible shear forces.
Horizontal section Horizontal section

Deep foundations 41
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR THE PILE DESIGN AND VERIFICATION

ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL CAPACITY
(Approach not recognized in geotechnical standards but commonly used in practice)
The maximum applicable load on a pile can be obtained as:

Te = α · fyk ·Sa + β · fck · Sb + χ · fyk’ · Sc
Where: Sa, Sb, Sc are the steel, concrete and steel casing sections
fyk, fck, fyk’ are the characteristic resistances of the materials.
Orientatively, the following maximum strength values may be considered:
Laminated profiles or tubes fyk= 400 N/mm2

Reinforcement of steel fyk= 500 N/mm2
Precast concrete fck= 40 N/mm2 Definitive
Precast concrete fck= 35 N/mm2 Provisional
In situ concrete fck= 25 N/mm2
Deep foundations 42
α, β, χ are coefficients indicated in the table:
α β χ
• Steel
Profiles 0.35
Tubes 0.40 0.25 0.35
• Precast concrete 0.40 0.25
• In situ concrete
With lost casing 0.40 0.25 0.35
With recoverable casing 0.35 0.22
Dry, without casing 0.35 0.20
Using bentonite mud 0.32 0.20
Through auger drilling 0.30 0.30
Deep foundations 43
In a simplified way, the structural capacity can be estimated by considering the

following admissible average stresses:
< 4.5 N/mm2 Wooden piles

7.0-11.0 N/mm2 Precast concrete piles
3.0-3.5 N/mm2 In situ concrete piles (under water)
3.5-4.0 N/mm2 In situ concrete piles (without water)
Deep foundations 44
4. DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATIONS OF PILE CAPS
Flexible pile caps
v ≥ 2h v
h
Deep foundations 45
If v ≥ 2h (flexible case) the pile cap can be calculated as a conventional RC beam
V Mf
Deep foundations 46
The distribution or forces, the calculation criteria and methods and the
reinforcement details are the same as for a flexible footing. The ULS of bending,
shear and punching are to be verified.
Deep foundations 47
Punching verification around pile. Definition of critical perimeter.
Overlap
Pile
Pile
Critical perimeter
Critical perimeter in punching for the

individual pile and critical perimeter, with
overlapping, of groups of close piles
Deep foundations 48
Rigid pile cap
v < 2h
v
h
Deep foundations 49
If v < 2h (rigid case) the general methods for calculation of beams are not valid.
The strut and tie method must be used.
(1) (2)
(1) Simple model, insufficient (risk of fragile failure due to excessive secondary
tensile stress).
(2) A detailed model which describes the opening of the bottleneck-shaped strut and
the necessary reinforcement to resist the secondary tensile stress. Horizontal
and vertical secondary reinforcement will be necessary.
Deep foundations 50
Rigid pile cap on 2 piles- Calculation strut-and-tie model
Minimum depth H ≥ 40 cm N d (v + 0.25a )

=
z = 0.85d (d=effective depth, z=level arm) T1d = As f yd
0.85d
Deep foundations 51
Model for moment applied on the cap in addition to vertical force (two
different forces applied by the pillar are considered)
The model works as the superposition of two basic models.
Take Nd as the maximum force in the two piles.
Deep foundations 52
Main reinforcement (a) : T N d (v + 0.25a )

= 1d = As f yd
0.85d
When calculating with the strut
b and tie method take fyd ≤ 400
≥T1d /10 N/mm2
≥4‰
a
T1d
Secondary reinforcement: (b-c-d)
c
If the width exceeds half of the depth,
the reference section is taken with a
width equal to half of the depth in
≥4‰ order to calculate the minimum
amount of secondary reinforcement
Deep foundations 53
Section A-A
Column Confinement hoops in

anchor zone
Piles
For large concentration of principal bottom reinforcement it is good practice to approach

the transverse hoops In the anchorage regions
Deep foundations 54
Rigid pile cap on 4 piles
Compression
For different forces in the piles take Nd as
Tension
the maximum force
Deep foundations 55
Main reinforcement:
Nd Nd
T1d = (0,50l1 − 0,25a1 ) T2 d = (0,50l2 − 0,25a2 )
0,85d 0,85d
The main bottom reinforcement is placed in bands over the piles
Deep foundations 56
Secondary reinforcement: the

Main
reinforcement
minimum reinforcement capacity in
each direction is ¼ of the main
reinforcement
Secondary
reinforcement
Main
reinforcement
Strip width
Reinforcement
Secondary centroid
reinforcement Main
Main
reinforcement reinforcement
Secondary Mud slab

reinforcement
Pile cap
bottom bottom
Pile
The strip where the main reinforcement is to be contained

is defined as the line that connect the pile axes and has a
Main width equal to the pile diameter plus two times the
reinforcement distance between the pile top section and the barycenter
of the main reinforcement in the tie.
The secondary reinforcement includes horizontal bars

between strips and vertical transverse reinforcement
(hoops) confining the main reinforcement.
Section A-A
Deep foundations 57
Pile cap for 3 piles (rigid):
Nd
=Td 0, 68 (0,58l − 0,=
25a ) As f yd
d
Compression
Tension
where Nd is the design axial force for the most loaded pile
Deep foundations 58
Deep foundations 59
Pile caps on multiple piles

The vertical secondary reinforcement in rigid pile caps on multiple piles is
calculated with reinforcement capacity ≥ Nd/(1.5n) (n= number of piles ≥ 3)
with Nd equal to the axial force applied by the pillar.
The role of the secondary vertical reinforcement is to resist the secondary tensile
stresses produced by the opening of the diagonal struts. The minimum reinforcement
is provided to resist force T2d (assumed equal to 0.3Cd with θ=45º)
Deep foundations 60
Deep foundation for running wall
Principal and secondary reinforcements are needed.

Deep foundations 61
Reinforcement anchorage and construction details in rigid pile cap.
40cm
h min ≥ 
 φp
Vertical
h anchorage
≥ 25cm
Anchorage by
welding
Øp
Bar spacing ≤ 30 cm
φbar ≥ 12 mm
Deep foundations 62
PILE CAPS REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR MULTIPLE PILES
Moderately loaded Heavily loaded
Three piles
Reinforcement
along sides
Reinforcement in strips
Four piles
Reinforcement
along diagonals
Deep foundations 63
Five piles
Reinforcement in
strips
Reinforcement
Reinforcement distributed in star
in strips
Six piles
Reinforcement along diagonals

Deep foundations 64
Example of reinforcement detailing for a cap on two piles

Column reinforcement
Pile reinforcement
Mud slab
CUT B-B CUT A-A

Deep foundations 65
Strap beams
Nd Nd
Md Md
Width: b>l/20
Depth: h>l/12
M1d=± (Md+Nde) V1d=M1d/l

M2d=± ql2/12 V2d=ql/2 q=10 kN/m
As=As’=Md/d’
Deep foundations 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. M. Rodríguez Ortiz, J. M. Serra y C. Oteo. Curso aplicado de
cimentaciones. COAM, Madrid, 1989
T. Davidian. Pilotes y cimentaciones sobre pilotes. ETASA, Barcelona 1982
J. A. Jiménez Salas (y otros autores). Geotécnica y cimientos (3 tomos). Ed.

Rueda, Madrid, 1980.
Technical standards
• EN 1992-1-1: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures

• EN 1997-2 -Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
• EHE - Instrucción de Hormigón Estructural. Artículo 58º. Ministerio de
Fomento, 2008
• Código Técnico de la Edificación – Documento Básico SE-C – Seguridad
estructural Cimientos
• Normas Tecnológicas de la Edificación – Cimentaciones - Pilotes

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UPC – School of Civil Engineering

Master in Structural and Construction Engineering

2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION

3. PILE DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATION

4. PILE CAP DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERTIFICATION

MAIN RESISTING SCHEMES

Shaft friction pile End-bearing piles

Micropiles 0.08 m < φ < 0.25 m

Steel (steel profiles, empty or

CLASSIFICATION BY CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

Driven piles (displacement)

Bored piles (non-placement)

CLASIFICATION ACCORDING TO CONCRETE STRUCTURAL TYPE

“In situ” piles

Franki píling System: pressure-injected method used to create expanded base

2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION

USING STRAP BEAMS

EXAMPLE OF DEEP FOUNDATION IN A BUILDING ( BASEMENT LEVEL)

DEEP FOUNDATION OF A WALL

Piles distributed so that

3. DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATIONS OF PILES

CALCULATION OF FORCES IN EACH OF THE PILES CONNECTED TO A PILE-CAP

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES IN PILES CONNECTED TO A SINGLE PILE CAP

Case of vertical piles

= point of application of vertical load in plan

Fv My=Fv ex, Mx=Fv ey

Solution for a rigid pile cap:

Horizontal forces will generate

The bending moment will vary

kb= 10000 KPa

INDIVIDUAL PILE- STRUCTURAL MODEL

• End bearing piles • Floating piles

(2) LONG PILES

w = coefficient of ballast [N/m3]

(B) Estimate a reduced bending length through empirical formulas

TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR PILES SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL ACTIONS

GROUP OF PILES - CALCULATE AS AN EQUIVALENT FRAME

GROUP OF INCLINED PILES– specific method

Usually, inclination of the pile< 20º

DESIGN AND RESISTANCE VERIFICATION FOR A INDIVIDUAL PILE

DESIGN CRITERIA AND MINIMUM STEEL AMOUNTS

Design as a RC column working in compression and bending

Consider minimal eccentricity =max {Ø/30, 20 mm}

The Buckling Ultimate State has to be verified

A reduced diameter d has to be used in the design calculations.

dnom = nominal diameter, d = reduced diameter

The minimum steel amount depends of the pile cross-

As,min = 6 Ø 16 – At least 6 longitudinal bars with minimum

Maximum spacing between hoops = 40 cm

Minimum concrete cover= 5 cm

Reinforcement detail Pile Cap Pile cap

Rebar spacer Rebar spacer

Individual hoops or helical

Horizontal section Horizontal section

ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR THE PILE DESIGN AND VERIFICATION

The maximum applicable load on a pile can be obtained as:

Orientatively, the following maximum strength values may be considered:

Laminated profiles or tubes fyk= 400 N/mm2

α, β, χ are coefficients indicated in the table:

In a simplified way, the structural capacity can be estimated by considering the

< 4.5 N/mm2 Wooden piles

4. DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATIONS OF PILE CAPS

Flexible pile caps