Misr J. Ag. Eng.

, 29 (1): 23 – 38 FARM MACHINERY AND POWER

Evaluation of a Locally Made Wheat Germ Oil Extracting Machine

Mubarak, M.*; M. El-Nono *; T. R. Owies**; AbdelGawad Saad**

ABSTRACT
An expelling machine for extracting oil from wheat germ was designed
and fabricated to be suitable for young investors. The procedures
include the design stages, construction and testing. The main machine
components are: Hopper (feeding inlet); expellant unit and an electric
motor. The power is transmitted by means of a set of pulleys; sprockets;
V-belt; chain and speed reducer (gear box). The expelling unit consists
of two screw expellant shafts with two expellant barrels.
The expeller evaluated at five screw speeds (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 rpm)
and four levels of press head clearance (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm) to
determine the best Machine capacity (kgh-1); Specific energy
consumption (kWhkg-1feed); Oil recovery (%); and Oil residual (%) in
wheat germ cake. The results showed that, the maximum barrel
temperature was 65.5°C which assured production of good quality wheat
germ oil, deoiled cake. The better oil extraction efficiency was at the
speed of 25 rpm, when press head clearance was 0.5 mm. The specific
energy requirement was 0.042 kWhkg-1feed for the optimized pressing
conditions.
1. Introduction
he wheat is one of the leading grain crops that produced,

T consumed, and traded worldwide. In Egypt, about 17 million

metric tons of wheat was consumed in 2009 (FAO, 2010).
Statistical data on wheat germ production is not readily available.
However it can be estimated that about 340 thousand tons of wheat germ
could be obtained from wheat milling operations based on the fact that
germ constitutes about 2% of the whole wheat grain. Although wheat
varieties differ in oil content, in general, the whole kernel contains about 2–
4%lipids. Lipid content of endosperm is usually less than 2%. Wheat
germ contains about 10–14% (w/w) oil (Dunford, 2005).

* Agric. Eng. Dep., Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.
** Agric., Eng. Res. Inst. (AEnRI), Dokki- Giza, Egypt
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Wheat germ oil (WGO) has the highest tocopherol content of all
vegetable oils, up to about 2500 mg/kg (Shuler, 1990). It is highly
valued due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids: it has about
80%, mostly linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) (Wang and Johnson,
2001). These two fatty acids are of great importance in human
metabolism and can not be synthesized by the organism. They are
precursors of a group of hormones called prostaglandins, which play an
important role in muscle contractions and in the proper healing of
inflammatory processes (Coultate, 1989). Furthermore, linoleic acid
helps to eliminate cholesterol and is a precursor of cell membrane
phospholipids.
Barnes (1982) mentioned that, WGO can be extracted by mechanical
expelling, organic solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction.
Mechanical expression and organic solvent extraction are both being
used for commercial purposes. To our knowledge, supercritical fluid
technology has not been commercialized for WGO processing. Solvent
extraction is by far the most widely used method to extract oil (Woerfel
1995). A mixture of hexane isomers containing about 60% n-hexane is
the choice of solvent for commercial vegetable oil extraction. The
residual oil content of solvent defatted wheat germ can be as low as 1 %
(w/w). Conventional methods have a tendency to generate crude extracts
consisting of deteriorated constituents or to prematurely remove volatile
components. Pressing recovers only 50 % (w/w) of the WGO.
Mechanical pressing of oil is considered only when very high purity
wheat germ with very low bran contamination is available (Barnes
1982).
Continuous screw presses are employed in technologically advanced
areas where a sufficient raw material supply justifies a continuous
operation. Screw presses exert much greater pressures (137 to 300 MPa)
than hydraulic batch presses resulting in a greater recovery of oil
(Peterson et al. 1983; and Bockisch 1998). In addition, screw presses
have large processing capacities capable of handling 0.04 to 180 t/h of
raw material (Carr 1997). Screw pressing has also been recognized as a

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Misr J. Ag. Eng., 29 (1): 23 – 38 FARM MACHINERY AND POWER

suitable process for commercial production of organic edible oils from

new oilseed crops (Singh et al. 2002)
Singh and Bargale (2000) designed a screw press with two tapered
screws which are mounted adjacently and concentrically as shown in
Fig.(1). The seeds are compressed in two stages instead of one
compression that is prior to exit. In this design, instead of a single stage
compression as in the conventional screw presses, a compression ratio of
5:1 in the primary section and 3:1 in the secondary section is used. As a
result, the design configuration avoids the possible damages of choking
and jamming occurrences, which causes wear and tear of the machine
components and result energy losses. Also, pressure required to recover
the oil with 80% efficiency is decreased to the levels at which choking
and jamming can not occur.

Fig.1. Principle of single-feed double stage compression used in the

developed screw press.
Megahed (2011) studied the influence of periodical storage (at room
temperature, 25-30°C), on the stability of wheat germ oil including
primary and secondary oxidation, total oxidation as well as conjugation.
Color intensity at 430 nm of the oil samples was also evaluated to show
changes of color during periodical storage. He generally found that
peroxide value, p-anisidine, total oxidation, conjugated diene and
conjugated triene gradually proportionally increase at storage periods of
1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 days. Also he studied the lipase inhibition at 70°C
during periods of 15,30 and 60 min. He found that the fatty acid liberated
at different periods decreased from 14.88 (mg/g) (control) to acid value

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of 12.02 (mg/g) after 60 min. It seems that the acid value after 30 min. at
70°C is suitable value to suppress the activity of enzyme and keeping the
majority of oil triglycerides in the intact condition.
The objectives of this work were:
(i) To design and fabricate a small expeller for wheat germ oil
expression.
(ii) To test the expeller in order to determine its optimum operating
conditions.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiments were carried out at Agricultural Engineering Research
Institute (AEnRI) laboratory, Dokki-Giza in 2010. The experimental work
involved two stages as follows:
• Manufacturing expeller (double stage compression screw press) for
oil extraction. It should be:
- Simple in design, easy to fabricate, and
-Usable by anybody, even without any previous technical training.
• Testing the expeller for determining the best productivity and power
consumption at five screw speeds (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 rpm) (0.08,
0.11, 0.14, 0.17, and 0.2 ms-1), and at four levels of press head
clearance (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm).
In order to fulfill the aim of the research through the consecutive stages
of the work plan, the following materials; tools and methods were used:
2.1. Expelling machine description:
The manufactured expelling machine (double stage compression screw
press) is illustrated schematically in Fig. (2) and photographed in Fig. (3).
A complete description will be given in the next sections.
2.1.1. Main frame:
The main frame of the expeller was made of hollow square pipe steel
(40×40×4 mm) with length 1100 mm, width 650 mm and height 1150 mm
in which all the parts of the expeller were fixed on it.

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Fig. 3. Photograph of an expelling machine.

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2.1.2. Hopper:
Two hoppers were made of stainless steel sheet of 1.5 mm thickness, with
250 mm height and 150 mm average diameter. Lower part tapered to form
a cone (lower hole diameter is 40 mm). First hopper is used to carry and
canalize the wheat germ into the screw press. The second hopper is used to
take wheat germ cake after the first compression screw to feed the second
screw press. Feeding does not need any energy; gravity is sufficient for
feeding.
2.1.3. Barrel (Cage):
The first barrel is shown in Fig. (4). It consists of 24 flat steel bars parallel to
the worm shaft. The cross section of each bar is slightly trapezoidal, the
whole set of the bars are functioned as lining bars which are fixed inside the
surface of the cage, where the space between bars created drainage gaps.
Also, in this system, lining bars canalize the compressed germ to move
forward. They prevent jamming by creating obstacles to the rotating
compressed wheat germ, so they are pushed strongly to the forward.

Fig. 4. Flat steel bars.

The second barrel is consisted of 8 triangular barrel rings made of steel with
15 mm thickness, and have central circular opening, as shown in Fig. (5).
the barrel rings are separated by circular spacers, that slide onto the tie bars
to form the drained barrel of the press. This arrangement offers greater
flexibility to adjust the drainage gaps of the press and forms a very simple
assembly that can be easily maintained. The gaps between rings, that are
created by PROSBAN material (25mm thickness), allow oil to drain.

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Fig. 5. Photograph of barrel rings with circular spacers

2.1.4. Screw Shaft:
A. First Screw Shaft:
The first screw with tapered root diameter (60mm) is designed. The pitch is
constant (59 mm), where the annular area is decreasing along the length of
the screw shaft (370 mm) and takes its minimum value at the end of the
screw. The swept volume by the screw thread in each turn is the
multiplication of the annular area and the pitch distance. During this stage,
the increase of pressure rate is higher at the end of screw shaft, which is
depended on the taper angle (1.4°) of the shaft. The wheat germs are
compressed in two ways. The first way of compression occurs by the
continuous feeding of the germs into the system. Newly fed wheat germs
compress the germs which are already present in the system. Other way of
compression takes place between the inside surface of the barrel and the
outer surface of the screw shaft. As the depth of the thread decreases
continuously, the distance between these two surfaces decreases. Then,
forwardly pushed wheat germs are applied compression between these two
surfaces. For these reasons, this type of screw shaft configuration is
evaluated as the most appropriate one for this study (Sari, 2006).
A small clearance is found between the barrel and the screw shaft (1mm).
This small clearance is necessary for avoiding escaping the wheat germs
between the outside diameter of the screw shaft and the inside surface of the

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barrel. In such a case, friction force between the screw shaft and barrel
increases, and required torque becomes higher.
Screw shaft is a tapered shaft. The outside diameter (60 mm) is constant
whereas the root diameter is inclined through the screw. Thread depth
disappears at the end of the screw.
B. Second Screw Shaft:
The wheat germ cake, which is produced from the first stage press, will be
fed into the second stage of the compression screw press. The power is
transmitted from the first screw shaft to the second shaft by means of two
sprockets, and chain. The second shaft is, also, a tapered shaft and the
outside diameter (50 mm) is constant whereas the root diameter is inclined
through the screw. The pitch, also, is constant (4.9 mm), the length of the
screw (235 mm) and takes its minimum value at the end of the screw, and
the taper angle is 1.2°.
The wheat germ is continuously fed through the feeder, the material in
the primary section (first screw) moves forward and drop into secondary
section (second screw) through the second hoper. In second stage, the
compression is more effective since the clearance between the barrel and
screw is reduced considerably with the help of the end cone clearance.
To accomplish that, the end part of the worm is of conical form. The
backward movement of the worm (i.e. movement towards the feed
hopper) increases the clearance and thereby reduces the pressure on
wheat germ present inside while its forward movement does it otherwise.
2.1.4. Power transmission:
The power is transmitted by means of a set of pulleys; sprockets; V-belt;
chain and speed reducer (gear box).
The power utilized to drive the expeller is an electric motor (1440 rpm; 4
kW), and transmitted by means of pulley and belt, the pulley assembled
on the drive shaft of the motor attached with pulley assembled on a
gearbox shaft (1:24) by V belt (17mm) to produce 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65
rpm. Meanwhile the power transmitted from the first screw shaft to the
second shaft by means of two sprockets, and chain.

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2.2. Wheat germ:

Fresh wheat germ, which was used for all experiments, was taken directly
after the milling process from Ibn Al-Khattab Factory in El-Sadat city, and
then stored in polyethylene bags at a temperature of - 5° C.
3. TEST PROCEDURE
Many parameters and factors were affecting on the performance,
productivity and efficiency of oil extraction processes of wheat germ oil.
Some of these parameters and factors are related to the wheat germ
(moisture content), some others are related to the expeller machine (screw
speed and outlet clearance). Before each experiment:
1. The clearance between conic and choke was adjusted to the required level.
2. The screw speed was adjusted to required level by a means of pulleys
3. The expeller was operated up to the stable condition and the wheat
germ sample was poured inside the hoper.
4. As the liquid phase separated from the solid, the resulted wheat germ cake
of each sample was taken for determination of remaining oil percentage.
3.1. Measuring of barrel temperature:
Each experiment was replicated five times. During the process of oil
expression, barrel temperature was measured using an Infrared
thermometer with LASAR pointer (resolution ± 0.1°C; Model 42525A,
USA) after 15 min from starting process of oil expression.
3.2. Determination of remaining oil percentage:
The remaining percentage of oil of wheat germ cake was determined by
using Soxhlet apparatus technique and redistilled n-hexane according to
the method of (AOCS, 1996). Percentage of remaining oil was
calculated using the following equation:
Remaining oil, % = (Wr/Wt) × 100 …………………..……(1)
Where: Wr= Weight of the remaining oil, g;
Wt= Weight of wheat germ sample, g.
3.3. Determination of oil recovery (%):
Oil recovery (OR) was defined as the ratio of oil weight in the product
oil to original weight in the wheat germ that was pressed (Beerens,
2007). It is computed as following:

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WC OC
OR = (1 − ) × 100% ……………….………………..…. (2)
Wm Om

Where: WC = Mass of cake, kg,

OC = Oil content of cake, kg;
Wm = Mass of sample, kg, and
Om = Initial oil content of sample, kg.
3.4. Specific Energy Consumption (SEC):
The power requirement was calculated by using the clamp meter to
measure the line current strength and the potential difference value. The
total electric power requirement under expeller working load was
calculated according to (Chancellor, 1981) and (Ibrahim, 1982) by the
following equations:
P = (I × V × cos θ )/1000 …………………………....……….. (3)
Useful electric power (Pc) was calculated as the following:
Pc = P – Pnl …………………………...……………………… (4)
Where: P = The power requirement to extraction oil process, kW.
I = Line current strength, Amperes.
V = Potential difference, Voltage.
Cos θ = Power factor, equal 0.85.
Pc = Useful electric power requirement during machine load, kW.
Pnl = Power requirement at no load, kW.
The specific energy consumption (SEC) per kg wheat germ processed in
kWh kg−1 was calculated as ratio of total energy (Et) in kWh to sample
size (S) in kg:
SEC = Et /S ………………………………………………… (5)
Where: Et = P·t
P = The power requirement to extraction oil process, kW.
t = Time in hour.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Machine capacity (kg feed/h):
As shown in Fig. (6), the machine capacity increased with the increase of
screw speed, and decreased with the decrease of the outlet clearance, it

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was 15.18, 18, 21.6, 25.2, and 27.6 kgh-1 when outlet clearance was
0.5mm while at 2mm clearance, it was 22.2, 26.4, 30, 34.2, and 37.8
kgh-1 at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 rpm respectively.
4.2. Oil recovery (%):
Fig. (7) Shows that, the oil recovery increased with the decrease of the
outlet clearance, while it was decreased with the increase of screw speed.
The maximum oil recovery was obtained at 0.5 mm outlet clearance and
25 rpm of screw speed when a total of 50.2% of the available oil in the
sample was recovered. At 0.5mm outlet clearance the oil recovery
decreased from 50.2 to 41.62 % with increasing screw speed from 25 to
65 rpm, while at 1mm outlet clearance, it was decreased from 48.1 to
38.3 %, and from 46.2 to 36.4% at 1.5mm outlet clearance. Meanwhile at
2mm outlet clearance it was decreased from 44.4 to 34.1 %, with
increasing screw speed from 25 to 65 rpm respectively.
4.3. Residual oil (%):
Fig. (8) Indicates that, the residual oil increased with the increase of the
outlet clearance, while it was decreased with the decrease of screw
speed. The minimum residual oil (49.8%) was obtained at 0.5 mm outlet
clearance and 25 rpm of screw speed. At 0.5mm outlet clearance the
residual oil decreased from 58.38 to 49.8 % with decreasing screw speed
from 65 to 25 rpm, while at 1mm outlet clearance it was decreased from
61.7 to 51.9 %, and from 63.6 to 53.8% at 1.5mm outlet clearance.
Meanwhile at 2mm outlet clearance it was decreased from 65.9 to 55.6
%, with decreasing screw speed from 65 to 25 rpm, respectively.
4.4. Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) (kWh/kg feed):
Results illustrated in Fig. (9), show that SEC increased with the decrease
of the outlet clearance, while it had a little decrease with increasing the
screw speed from 25 to 65rpm at the same outlet clearance, SEC
decreased from 0.0426 to 0.0304 kWhkg-1feed with the increase of the
screw speed from 25 to 65rpm, respectively.

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40
0.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm 55
0.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm
35

50
30
Machine capacity, kg/h

Oil recovery, %
25
45

20

15 40

10

35
5

0
30
20 30 40 50 60 70
20 30 40 50 60 70
Screw speed, rpm
Screw speed, rpm

Fig.6: Effect of screw speed and outlet Fig.7: Effect of screw speed and outlet
clearance on machine capacity Kgh-1. clearance on oil recovery, %.

70
50
Specific energy consumption (Wh/kg feed)

0.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm 0.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm

65

40
Residual oil %

60

55 30

50

20
45

40 10
20 30 40 50 60 70 20 30 40 50 60 70
Screw speed, rpm Screw speed, rpm

Fig.8: Effect of screw speed and outlet Fig.9: Effect of screw speed and outlet
clearance on residual oil, %, in wheat clearance on specific energy
-1
germ cake. consumption (kWhkg feed)

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4.5. Barrel temperature, °C:

The developed expeller operated smoothly throughout the experiments
without any observed choking or jamming. This may also be reflected in
the recorded range of maximum barrel temperatures (51.1 to 65.5°C)
during the operation of the press. As shown in Fig. (10), the barrel
temperature decreased with the increase of the outlet clearance, while it
was increased with the increase of screw speed.
The designed expeller exhibited additional benefits as follows:
· A marginally reduced applied pressure which did not adversely affect
the oil recovery rate, but helped in eliminating the most prevalent
problem namely choking/ jamming found in oil expellers. This, in turn,
considerably reduced energy losses, man-hours of operation the wear and
tear of the barrel components when compared with operation of a
conventional screw press under similar conditions of operation.
· Elimination of choking/jamming reduced frictional heat so that the
screw and the barrel temperature remained lower than the 70°C, despite
the longer barrel as well as duration of operations. This is important
because barrel temperatures above 70°C have been reported to adversely
affect the cake and oil quality (Ohlson, 1976; and Megahed, 2011).
68
0.5 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm

66

64
Barrel temperature, C

62

60

58

56

54

52

50
20 30 40 50 60 70

Screw speed, rpm

Fig.10: Effect of outlet clearance and screw speed on Barrel temperature,

°C.

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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

An expeller machine was designed and fabricated. The unit was tested
and found capable of expressing oil from small quantities of the oil-seed
(wheat germ). The oil obtained was found to be of high quality as its
characteristics were comparable to literature values for wheat germ oil,
This may also be reflected in the recorded range of maximum barrel
temperatures (51.1 to 65.5°C) during the operation of the press.
Results showed that the expeller could be pressed wheat germ on two
stages to give a better performance at the speed of 25 rpm, when outlet
clearance of cake was at 0.5mm.
6. REFERNCES
A.O.C.S. 1996. The Official and Tentative Methods of the American Oil
Chemist's Society, 3rd Ed. American Oil Chemist's Society,
508 South Sixth Street, Champaign, Illinois.
Barnes, P. J. 1982. Lipid composition of wheat germ and wheat germ
oil. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel, 84, p. 256.
Beerens, P., 2007. Screw-pressing of Jatropha seeds for fuelling
purposes in less developed countries. M.Sc. Thesis, Department
of Sustainable Energy Technology, Eindhoven University of
Technology, Eindhoven, p. 87.
Bockisch, M. 1998. Fats and oils Handbook. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS
press.
Carr, R. 1997. Oilseed processing. In Technology and solvents for
extracting oilseeds and nonpetroleum oils, eds. P. Wan and P.
Wakelyn, 101-120. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS press.
Chancellor, W. J. 1981. Substituting information for energy in
agricultural. Trans. ASAE, Paper No. 0001- 2351.
Coultate, T. 1989. Food, the chemistry of its components; The Royal
Society of Chemistry: London, UK, Chapter 4.
Dunford, N. T. 2005. Germ oils from different sources. In: Bailey’s
Industrial Oil and Fat Products, 6th Ed. Editor: F. Shahidi. John
Wiley and Sons, N.J. Vol. 3, “Edible Oil and Fat Products:
Specialty Oils and Oil Products”, Ch. 8, pp. 195-231.

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FAO, 2010. Production year book, for 2009. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United National. Rom.
http://www.fao.org/corp/statistics/en/
Ibrahim, M. K. E. 1982. Wet Milling Wheat Grain. Master thesis of
science. Fac. of Agric. Mansoura Univ., 64-65.
Megahed, M. G. 2011. Study on stability of wheat germ oil and lipase
activity of wheat germ during periodical storage. Agric. Biol. J.
N. Am., (1): 163-168.
Ohlson, I. S. R. 1976. Processing effects on oil quality. Journal of the
American Oil Chemists' Society, 53, 299-301.
Peterson, C. L.; D. L. Auld and J. C. Thompson. 1983. Experiments
with vegetable oil expression. Transaction of ASAE. 26:1298-
1302.
Sari, P. 2006. Preliminary Design and Construction of a Prototype
Canola Seed Oil Extraction Machine. Master thesis of science.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical
Univ., Ankara, Turkey. 109.
Shuler, P. 1990. Natural antioxidants exploited commercially, in Food
Antioxidants, Hudson, B.J.F, Elsevier Applied Science,
England, Chap.4.
Singh, J.; and P. C. Bargalo. 2000. Development of a small capacity
double stage compression screw press for oil extraction. Journal
of Food Engineering, 43: 75-82.
Singh, K. K.; D. Wiesenborn; N. Kangas; and K. Tostenson. 2002.
characterization of preparation parameters for improved screw
pressing of crambe seed. Transaction of ASAE. 45:1029-1035.
Wang, T. and L. A. Johnson. 2001. Refining high-free fatty acid wheat
germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 78
(1): 71-76.
Woerfel, J. B. 1995. Extraction. In: Erickson DR, editor. Practical
handbook of soybean processing and utilization. American Oil
Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. p 65-92.

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.]"Z+‫ وا‬E3J+‫دة ا‬4< A1B /wH5-*1+ /!i58 A‫م وھ‬°

.‫ة‬O‫ھ‬5&+‫ ا‬- z*x 0B /2 5< – /B‫را‬J+‫ ا‬/01P - /0B‫را‬J+‫ ا‬/i%8n+‫ ا‬S"_ *

.‫ة‬J0< -A_%+‫ – ا‬/0B‫را‬J+‫ث ا‬4-!+‫ ا‬JPO – /0B‫را‬J+‫ ا‬/i%8n+‫ث ا‬4-^ %n2 **

Mir J. Ag. Eng., January 2012 -38-