AUTO

IMMUNE DISORDERS
(1) MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Antibody Against
Motor end Synaptic Vesicle(Ach)
Ach Receptors plate Neuromuscular
Muscle junction
contraction

Permanent relax Sarcolemma

Paralysis
 AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS
2)Pernicious Anemia/Megaloblastic Anemia
DIET
Ab against CIF

Vitamin B12 abspn. X

Vita. B12

Maturation of RBC X
CIF
Oxyntic Immature RBC destroyed
cells
Anaemia
B12 + CIF B12 absorbed in Ileum
Helps in RBCs maturation
 AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS
3)Hashimoto disease

Antibodies against thyroid gland

Thyroxine

Hypothyroidism
 AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS
4)RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Ab Synovial membrane

Fibrous Tissue
Synovial membrane
Pannus Granules

Synovial fluid
Articular Cartilage
(Hyaline)
 AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS
5)Diabetes Mellitus IDDM – Type I

NIDDM – Type II
IDDM
Insulin
receptor

β cells of Pancreas
Insulin
Antibody
against
Blood Glucose
 AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS
• Hyperglycemia
• Glycosuria Normal blood glucose
• Polyuria Fasting = 70 – 110 mg/dl
• Polydipsia After meal = 110 – 140 mg/dl
• Polyphagia Renal threshold = 180 mg/dl
• Ketoacidosis
• Ketonuria
• Diabetic coma

Treatment insulin therapy(Subcutaneous)

(6) Multiple sclerosis – Antibody against Myelin sheath

IMMUNO-DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
IMMUNO-DEFICIENCY DISORDERS

SCID AIDS
(Primary / Congenital) (Secondary / Acquired)

Deficiency of ADA TH-cells no.

 IMMUNOTHERAPY

IMMUNOTHERAPY

Immunopotentiative Immunosuppressive
drugs drugs
(α-INFS) (Cyclosporin - A)
 GENETIC DISORDERS
(1) PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) = PHENYLALANINE
HYDROXYLASE
(2) ALKAPTONURIA = HOMOGENTISIC ACID
OXIDASE
(3) ALBINISM = TYROSINASE

P.A. Hydroxylase Tyrosinase

Phenylalanine Tyrosine Melanin
pigment

Homogentisic acid
H.A.
Oxidase
Products
 GENETIC DISORDERS
(4) = b-N Acetyl hexosaminidase
Tay- sach ‘s disease
 GENETIC DISORDERS
(5) THALASSEMIA

QUANTITATIVE GENETIC DISORDER

GENE MUTATION

HBA1
2-a Chains 16th Chromosome HBA2

Hb
HBB
2-b Chains 11th Chromosome
 GENETIC DISORDERS
X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS

G-6-P-D DUCHENNE
Deficiency Syndrome Muscular Dystrophy
(FAVISM) (DMD)
Dystrophin Protein
G-6-P-D

Stability to
Membrane
against Favabeans, Antimalarial drugs etc.
 GENETIC DISORDERS
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER

Polyploidy Aneuploidy

Due to failure of Due to failure of Segregation of sister

Cytokinesis after telophase Chromatids during Anaphase-II
In Plants Trisomy Monosomy
Down’s Syndrome
Autosomal Patau Syndrome
Edward Syndrome Turner’s syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Allosomal Super Males/Jacob Syndrome
Super Females
Autosomal aberration - Cat-cry / Cri-du-chat syndrome
 GENETIC DISORDERS
Autosomal
1.Down’s Syndrome 21st Trisomy

Flat back of head Broad flat face

Many loops on finger tips
Palm crease
Big and Furrowed
tongue
Congenital
heart disease
 GENETIC DISORDERS
2. Edward Syndrome 18th Trisomy

3. Patau Syndrome 13th Trisomy

4. Cat Cry Syndrome Partial deletion of
(Cri-du-chat) short arm of 5th
Syndrome chromosome

p
q 5p-

(partial deletion in short arm

of Chromosome no.5)
 GENETIC DISORDERS
Allosomal
1) Klinefelter syndrome (2n+1)
A+X = Gynosperm
A+Y = Androsperm

A+Y A+XX A+XY A+X

AA+XXY AA+XXY
 GENETIC DISORDERS
2) Turner's Syndrome (2n-1) 45 with XO

A+X A+O A+O A+X

AA+XO AA+XO
 GENETIC DISORDERS
Allosomal
3) Jacob Syndrome /Super Males 4)Super Female

A+YY A+X A+X A+XX

AA+XYY AA+XXX
 BEGINNER'S BOX-3
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS AND CONGENITAL DISEASES
1. 'Pannus' is formed in which disease :-
(1)Hashimoto disease (2) Multiple sclerosis
(3) Rheumatoid arthritis (4) Myasthenia gravis

2. Deficiency of enzyme ADA leads to :-

(1)AIDS (2) SCID
(3) Anaphylactic shock (4) Both (1) and (2)

3. Deficiency of enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase leads to :-

(1)Phenyl ketonuria (2) Alkaptonuria
(3) Albinism (4) Polydactyly
 BEGINNER'S BOX-3
4. 'Trisomy 18' is known as :-
(1) Down's syndrome (2) Patau's syndrome
(3) Edward's syndrome (4) Cat cry syndrome

5. 47 chromosomes with XXY genotype is known as :-

(1) Turner's syndrome (2) Klinefelter's syndrome
(3) Super male (4) Super female
 BACTERIAL DISEASE
Bacterial Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(1) Typhoid Salmonella Enters small intestine through
fever typhi contaminated food and water and
migrate to other organs through blood
• Sustained high fever (39-40° C)
• Weakness, constipation, stomach
pain
• Headache, loss of appetite
• In severe cases intestinal perforation,
death
• Widal test
• Mary Mallon, Nicknamed- Typhoid
Mary (Carrier of typhoid)
 BACTERIAL DISEASE
Bacterial Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(2) Pneumonia Streptococcus • By droplet or aerosol infection or
pneumoniae use of glass or utensils of
infected person
Haemophilus • Infects alveoli of the lungs
influenzae • Alveoli get filled with fluid
leading to severe problem in
respiration
• Fever with chills, cough &
headache
• In severe cases lips and nails
turns gray to bluish in colour
 BACTERIAL DISEASE
Bacterial Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(3) Dysentery Shigella • Abdominal pain
(Shigellosis) dysenteriae • Blood & mucus in the stool
• Transmits through faecal oral
route
(4) Plague Yersinia pestis • High fever, headache
(Black death) Parasite of • Enlargement of axillary lymph
Xenopsylla nodes
cheopis (Rat
flea)
 BACTERIAL DISEASE
Bacterial Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(5) Diphtheria Corynebacterium • High grade fever, affects
diphtheriae throat
• Causes suffocation
(Investigation :- Schick test)
(6) Tetanus Clostridium • Sustained contraction of body
(Lock jaw) tetani muscles, spasms, lock jaw,
unconsciousness,
opisthotonus and Risus
Sardonicus - Streching of
facial muscles
 VIRAL DISEASE
Viral Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(1) Common Rhino viruses • One of the most infectious
cold (Group of viruses) human ailments
• Transmits through droplet
resulting from cough, sneeze
etc.
• Infects nose and respiratory
passage but not the lungs
• Nasal congestion and
discharge, sore throat,
hoarseness, cough, headache,
tiredness
• Usually last for 3-7 days
 VIRAL DISEASE
Viral Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(2) Chikungun Chikungunya virus • Fever, joint pain,
ya (ss-RNA) Lymphadenopathy
(Vector :- Aedes-
aegypti mosquito
(3) Dengue Flavi-arbo virus • Fever, severe-frontal-
fever or (Vector :- Aedes- headache, muscle & joint pain
Break- aegypti mosquito) • Bleeding from nose, mouth,
bone-fever gums
 VIRAL DISEASE
Viral Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(4) Hepatitis-B HBV (ds DNA) • Severe liver damage, jaundice
• Recombinant DNA-vaccine
• Transmits through parenteral and
sexual-route
• Can cross placenta
 MALARIA
Some of the human diseases are caused by protozoans too. You
might have heard about malaria, a disease man has been
fighting since many years. Plasmodium, a tiny protozoan is
responsible for this disease. Different species of Plasmodium (P.
vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum) are responsible for different
types of malaria.
Of these, MALIGNANT MALARIA caused by Plasmodium
falciparum is the most serious one and can even be fatal.
 MALARIA
sporozoite
Blo
od
Liver
sporozoite
sporozoites
Salivary gland
Fertilisation Human Host
Mosquito Host
in gut of
Reproduce asexually
mosquito
Haemozoin Parasite releasing
in blood
Gametocyte female
male Parasite reproduce
Sexual stages (gametocyte) asexually in R.B.C.
develop in R.B.C.
 PROTOZOAL DISEASE
Protozoal Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Disease

(1) Amoebia Entamoeba • Parasite in large intestine

sis histolytica • Constipation, abdominal pain
(Amoebic and cramps
dysentery) • Stools with excess mucus and
blood clots
• Houseflies acts as mechanical
carriers
• Spreads through
contaminated food and water
 HELMINTHIC DISEASE
Helminthic Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(1) Ascariasis Ascaris • Intestinal parasite
(Common • Internal bleeding, muscular pain,
Round fever, anemia, blockage of the
worm) intestinal passage
• Eggs of the parasite excreted
along with the faeces of infected
person which contaminate soil,
water, plants
 HELMINTHIC DISEASE
Helminthic Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Diseases
(2) Elephanti- Wuchereria • Slowly developing chronic
asis (W. inflammation of the organs in
(Filariasis) bancrofti which they live for many years
and • (Usually the lymphatic vessels of
W.malayi) the lower limbs)
(Filarial • Genital organs are also often
Elephantiasis worm) affected, resulting gross
deformities
• Transmitted to a healthy person
through the bite by the female
mosquito (Mainly Culex) vectors
 FUNGAL DISEASE
Fungal Pathogen Symptoms & Pathogenicity
Disease
(1) Ringworms Microsporum, • One of the most common
Trichophyton & infectious disease
Epidermophyton • Appearance of dry, scaly lesions
on various parts of the body such
as skin, nails and scalp.
• These lesions are accompanied by
Ringworm intense itching
• Heat and moisture help these
fungi to grow, which makes them
thrive in skin folds such as those
in the groin or between the toes
• Generally acquired from soil or by
using towels, clothes or even the
comb of infected individuals
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual
intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted
infections (STI) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract
infections (RTI). Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes,
chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and of
course, the most discussed infection in the recent years, HIV
leading to AIDS are some of the common STIs. Among these, HIV
infection is most dangerous and is discussed in detail in Chapter
8.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
Some of these infections like hepatitis–B and HIV can also be
transmitted by sharing of injection needles, surgical
instruments, etc., with infected persons, transfusion of blood, or
from an infected mother to the foetus too. EXCEPT FOR
HEPATITIS-B, GENITAL HERPES AND HIV INFECTIONS, OTHER
DISEASES ARE COMPLETELY CURABLE IF DETECTED EARLY AND
TREATED PROPERLY. Early symptoms of most of these are minor
and include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings, etc., in
the genital region. Infected females may often be asymptomatic
and hence, may remain undetected for long. Absence or less
significant symptoms in the early stages of infection and the
SOCIAL STIGMA attached to the STIs, deter the infected persons
from going for timely detection and proper treatment.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
This could lead to complications later, which include :

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (PID), ABORTIONS, STILL

BIRTHS, ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES, INFERTILITY OR EVEN CANCER
OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

STIs are a major threat to a healthy society.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
Therefore, prevention or early detection and cure of these
diseases are given prime consideration under the reproductive
health-care programmes. Though all persons are vulnerable to
these infections, their incidences are reported to be very high
among persons in the AGE GROUP OF 15-24 YEARS – the age
group to which you also belong. Don’t panic.
Prevention is in your hands. You could be free of these infections
if you follow the simple principles given below:
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early detection
and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS(S.T.I.)
Name of STI Pathogen
1. Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(bacterium)
2. Genital herpes Herpes simplex virus
3. Genital warts Human papilloma virus
4. Syphilis Treponema pallidum
(bacterium)
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS(S.T.I.)
Name of STI Pathogen
5. Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis
(protozoan)
6. Chlamydiasis Chlamydia trachomatis
(bacterium)
7. AIDS HIV
8. Hepatitis-B HBV
 BEGINNER'S BOX-4
ACQUIRED DISORDERS
1. The malignant malaria is caused by :-
(1)P. vivax (2) P. malaria
(3) P. falciparum (4) All

2. The fungi causing ringworm disease are :-

(1) Microsporum (2) Trichophyton
(3) Epidermophyton (4) All of the above

3. Pick wrong one out :-

(1) Elephantiasis – Wuchereria
(2) Amoebic dysentery – Entamoeba histolytica
(3) Infective stage of Plasmodium for human – Sporozoite
(4) Pneumonia – Salmonella typhi
 BEGINNER'S BOX-4
4. Which of the following is a non-infectious disease?
(1) Common cold (2) Cancer
(3) Malaria (4) Cholera

5."Fluid filled alveoli" are feature of :-

(1) Amoebiasis (2) Pneumonia
(3) Ascariasis (4) Typhoid