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Anadolunun Unutulmus Kralligi Mukis
Anadolunun Unutulmus Kralligi Mukis
Anadolunun Unutulmus Kralligi Mukis
Murat AKAR
Anadolu’nun
Unutulmuş Krallığı
MUKİŞ
The Forgetten Kingdom
imparatorlukların etkileşim ağı içerisin- has given life to many civilizations with alan Kültepe-Kaneş’te yapılan kazılar so- surrounded by mountains, the valley was
de kalan Mukiş Krallığı, bağlaştırıcı rolü its fertile lands. Housing various diferent nucu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Yerleşkenin under the control of the regional kingdom
sebebiyle Tunç Çağı kültürlerarası iliş- ethnic populations, the valley has a multi- Aşağı Şehir, Karum, olarak tanımlanan of Mukish during the 2nd millennium
kileri anlamak açısından büyük bir öne- cultural structure running harmoniously. kısmında yürütülen çalışmalarda Assur- B.C. he capital of the kingdom, Alalakh
me sahiptir. Jeopolitik konumu ile Doğu Located at a passageway between Anatolia lu tüccarların yaşadığı ve Anadolu’da bir (Tell Atchana) is located at the 20th km of
Akdeniz ticaretinde stratejik bir noktada and Syria and due to its connection to the ticaret ağının kurulmasından sorumlu the modern Antakya-Reyhanlı road and
yer alan krallık, ayakta kaldığı 800 yıllık sea through the Orontes Delta, it creates a oldukları görülmüştür. Katırlarla yaklaşık kept its administrative role through the
dönem içerisinde ovanın ekonomik ve dynamic cultural, political and economic 800 km’lik bir karayolu üzerinden Kaneş’e Middle and Late Bronze Ages (2000-1200
yönetimsel idaresini elinde tutmuş olsa da intersection zone for Eastern Mediterra- varan tüccarların tekstil ürünleri ve kalay BC). he kingdom itself plays a vital role
her döneminde saldırılar ve yağmalara ve nean cultures. Feed by the Orontes River, getirip gümüş, altın ve bakır gibi ham mad- in understanding the Bronze Age cross
başkent Alalakh’ın birçok kez yakılıp yıkıl- Afrin and Karasu streams, and getting eno- delerle takas yaptığı, bu ticaret merkezin- cultural relations by being situated at the
masına maruz kalmıştır. ugh rainfall in the winter and spring times, de açığa çıkarılan binlerce adet çivi yazılı interaction network of the Kingdom of
64 Aktüel Arkeoloji
ğunu düşünebiliriz. Özellikle ikinci katın
oluşturulması için yoğun miktarda ahşa-
bın kullanılmış olması, şehrin ateşe veril-
diği yağma sonrasında, yangın ile birlikte
yaklaşık 1200 derecelik bir ısının oluşma-
sını sağlamışıtr. Bu ısı ile birlikte güneşte
kurutulmuş kerpiç tuğla, kullanılan yapı-
nın duvarlarında taşlaşmış, birçok yerde
erimiş ve camlaşmıştır. Bu yüksek ısı tah-
ribatı aynı zamanda kerpiç duvarları nem-
den korumak amacıyla çevreleyen bazalt
orthostatlarda da gözlemlenmiştir.
Bütün şehrin yakılıp yıkılmış olması, Hat-
tuşili I ve Eski Hitit Devleti’nin askeri poli-
tikasını da göstermektedir. Kuzey Suriye’de
Yamhad Hanedanlığı’nın yıkılması böl-
gede politik bir dengesizliğe yol açmış ve
Mitanni İmparatorluğu’nun gelişmesine
ve güçlenmesine olanak sağlayacak orta-
mı yaratmıştır. Her ne kadar bu sefer ke-
sin bir Hitit üstünlüğü ile sona ermiş olsa
Deneysel Arkeoloji Projesi da başkentin aylarca yalnız bırakılması
kapsamında yapılan Anadolu’da isyanlara, taht kavgalarına ve
kerpiç tuğlalar bir adaptasyon süreci ile Suriye stili silin- storage vessels, worked and un-worked Murşili’nin öldürülmesine kadar giden
The sun - dried mud bricks dir mühürlere ve Hitit vazo boyamalarına ivories, stone and terracotta sculptures, politik bir karmaşaya yol açmıştır.
made as an experimental da konu olmuştur. Bu da antik dönemde figurines, various luxuries ornaments and MÖ 16. yüzyılda VII. tabaka sarayı ve ken-
archaeology project küreselleşme ile gelişen uluslarası estetik a large number of cuneiform tablets exca- tin yıkılması ile birlikte Mukiş Krallığı’nda
zevklerin adaptasyon sürecini göstermek- vated show that the kingdom’s agricultural da bir çöküş süreci başlar. Bu dönem son-
tedir. wealth was supported with trade and the rası yapıların hiçbiri saraysal ya da anıtsal
Alalakh VII. tabaka sarayı mimari üslup capital reached to a high economic level. bir özellik taşımamaktadır. Yerleşkenin
olarak Tell Mardikh Ebla’da ortaya çıka- In the mud brick walls of the palace, pre- başından beri soyluların ve kralın yaşadığı
rılan Batı Sarayı’na benzer. Orta Tunç II served up to 2 meters, in one room (num- alan olarak tanımlanan ve höyüğün kuzey Yangın tahribatının kerpiç
Çağı sonlarına denk gelen bu saray ya- ber 4) and probably in some of the other leaping games of the Aegean were adopted yapılara olan zararlarını
tepelik alanına düşen bu noktada son yıl-
pısı; Suriye, Filistin ve Israil’de bulunan rooms in the second loor (the rooms 11, incelemek üzere model kerpiç
larda gerçekleştirdiğimiz kazılarda tespit by the Anatolian and Syrian cultures. he
çağdaşları gibi ortak bir özelliğe sahiptir. evin yakılması deneyi
12 and 13 - the great hall of Yarim-Lim), a edilen küçük ölçekli düzensiz yapılar bunu depictions of bull leaping scenes of the
The burning of a model mud
Şehir duvarına bitişik olarak inşaa edilen number of wall frescoes in Minoan style açıkça göstermektedir. Minoan culture were found in important brick house as an
bu anıtsal yapılar aynı zamanda şehir ka- were discovered. hese fresco fragments Alalakh yerleşkesinin 6. tabakası olarak ta- centers like Knossos in Crete and Akrotori experimental project to
pılarına yakın bir şekilde konumlandırıl- are the best examples for understanding nımlanan yapılardan ele geçirilen hayvan at the island of Santorini. Arriving thro- understand the afects of
mıştır. Bu tür bir şehir planlamacılığının the Bronze Age cross cultural relations. kemiklerine dayanarak, Zooarkeolog Dr. ugh trade relations, this style was adopted fire on buildings.
en büyük nedenlerinden biri saray ve soy- hose partially preserved remains have Canan Çakırlar’ın yaptığı analizlere göre into cylinder seals of Syrian cultures and
lulara bağlı gelişen ticaret ile şehre girip motifs like waving grasses, trees and a bull koyun, keçi gibi hayvanların yanısıra çok vase decorations of Hittites. his shows
çıkan malların kontrolü olmalıdır. Bunun scene like the ones depicted at the palace sayıda yabani hayvanın tüketiminin arttı- the early globalization movement in anci-
yanısıra anıtsal ve sembolik bir anlam ta- of Knossos in Crete. hey were probably ğı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu da idari sistemde ent history and its afect in the adaptation
şıyan sarayların kente girildiğinde görülen made by the Cretan artists who had arrived oluşan zayılama sonucuyla ihtiyaç sıkın- of the aesthetic trends of the era.
ilk yapılar olması nedeniyle, kralın ve şeh- at Alalakh through git exchange between tısına karşı alternatif arayışlara girildiğine Alalakh Level VII palace is stylistically si-
rin gücünü temsil eden propoganda amaç- elites and indicate the dynamics of the dair bir örnek olarak sunulabilir. Yapılar- milar to the Western Palace discovered at
lı semboller haline dönüşmüşlerdir. Eastern Mediterranean-Aegean relations. dan birinde bulunan ve binanın köşesin- Tell Mardikh- Ebla. Dating to the end of
Şehir duvarına bitişik bir şekilde inşaa More examples to these frescoes were then de yüzükoyun bulunan insan iskeleti ve the Middle Bronze Age, the palace has a
edilmiş ve kalın duvarlara sahip olan ya- found in Avaris (Tel el Dab’a) in Egypt and sokak alanlarında ortaya çıkarılan atılmış common feature with its contemporaries
pının temellerine bakılarak iki katlı oldu- Tel Kabri in Israel. It is also noted that bull insan kemikleri de kentte yaşanan kaosa discovered in Syria, Palestine and Israel.
the text in his skirt tells about his successful Hittite King Suppililuma into the entire site. Apart from this aktif olarak sürdürülen Alalakh kazı ramik tipolojisi ile ilişkilendirilmesi,
escape from Alalakh ater an inter- I, the Mitannian capital city Wassu- military identity, trade relations çalışmaları höyüğün farklı bölgele- 2007 yılında başlatılan deneysel ar-
nal crisis. Fled to town Emar along ganni was sacked and the Kingdom seem to be reinforced. In the street rinde toplamda 2800 metrekarelik keoloji projesi kapsamında arkeolo-
Euphrates, he stayed there with his of Mukish, Aleppo and Nuhase got deposit of the southern fortress, a bir alanda hem dikey hem de yatay jik verinin birinci dereceden gözlem-
relatives before moving on to desert under the control of Hittites. By ma- pottery sherd with Mycenaean bull kazı üslupları kullanılarak devam et- lenmesi ve nedenlerinin incelenmesi
and living with nomads for seven king agreements with Ugarit, the leaping scene painted on the pottery mektedir. Bilimler arası dayanışmayı hedef alınmıştır. 2009 yılı ile birlikte
years. Gaining enough followers and biggest port of the Eastern Mediter- is found. his very rarely attested to- temel alan projede sistematik olarak Isotop analizleri ile insan ve çevresi
troops, Idrimi sails back to Mukish ranean, Hittites expanded the limits pic on Mycenaean pictorial depicti- sürdürülen arkeolojik, faunal, bo- arasındaki etkileşimi ve bölgedeki
and gets the throne with the support of their kingdom both economically ons is only spotted in a few sites in tanik ve jeoarkeolojik araştırmalar, farklı kültürler arasındaki ilişkiyi et-
of the Mitannian King Parattarna. and politically and reached to the the Eastern Mediterranean. proje kapsamında geliştirilen veri- nik kökende incelemeyi hedeleyen
Ater that, the text tells that he rules borders of Egyptian controlled terri- Ater the Hittite levels, the city is tabanı ve fotoğralama sistemleri ile yeni bir araştırma başlatılmıştır. İlk
the Kingdom for 30 years and won tories in Syria. abandoned and the Iron Age King- desteklenmiştir. Elektronik ve basılı adım olarak değerlendirelen ve şu
victories against Hittites. Following he traces of the Hittite expansion dom shits to 1 km north of the sett- yayın olarak bilim dünyasına kazan- ana kadar yapılan çalışmalar, Koç
the standard curses at the end (an- are also visible in the levels prece- lement to Tell Tayinat. he end of dırılan bu yeni bilgiler doğrultusun- Üniversitesi bünyesinde kurulan
yone who touches this statue will get ding the destruction of the Level IV the city is generally associated with da 2006 yılında başlatılan Karbon14 arkeoloji laboratuarında başlanacak
the curse on his own), extraordina- Palace. he excavations carried on the sea people: however, no evidence ve Dendrokronoloji pilot projesi ile olan bilimsel örnekleme ve analiz
rily the text also thanks to the scribe from 2003 onwards in the southern has been acquired from the modern Yakın Doğu’nun kronolojik sorun- çalışmaları ile desteklenmesi plan-
Sarruwa who carved the text into the and northern sections of the tell ex- excavations to prove this statement. larının çözülmesi ve oluşturulan se- lanmaktadır.
statue. posed military defensive buildings
Within the reign of Idrimi, the King- with well- preserved casemate style The History of Alalakh Valley Regional Project conducted archaeology, resulted with discre- results of these campaigns are made
dom became subservient to the Mi- walls. With limited stone foundati- Excavations by James Henry Breasted with the pancies in the archaeological levels. available to the scholarly media both
tanni Empire and a new palatial bu- ons, the northern fortress elevates Ater the important excavations that participation of Robert Braidwood In 1995 Prof. Dr. K.Aslıhan Yener re- in hard copy and electronic versions.
ilding project begins. he city plan upon a foundation platform made of he accomplished in Ur and Carc- provided the still accepted Amuq initiated the Amuq Valley Regional In 2006 the dendrochronology and
changes with the Level IV and a Bit mud bricks. Even though this type of hemish, Sir Leonard Woolley was sequence. he ceramics and small Projects with the University of Chi- C14 project had been initiated for
Hilani (colonnaded entrance) type mud brick platforms does not exist in assigned by the trustee board of the finds collected from 178 tell surfa- cago and then the project moved on solving the chronological problems
palatial architecture is erected, be- Anatolian Hittite architecture, with British Museum to conduct an arc- ces and sounding excavations con- to Koç University. In the surveys, the of the Near East and associating it
coming the earliest example of the its 3 m of height raising upon the tell haeological mission for understan- ducted in 8 tells (Çatal Höyük, Tell archaeological sites discovered incre- into the local pottery sequence. In
standardized Iron Age Palaces of surface, it can be seen as an efort of ding the relations between the cul- Dhahab, Tell ‘Imar al-Sharqi, Tell Ju- ased from 178 to 365. he systemati- 2007 the experimental archaeology
the Near East. he Level IV Palace is adaptation into the landscape in the tures of Near East and the Aegean. daidah, Tell Kurdu, and Tell Ta’yinat) cally conducted Amuq Valley Regio- project was initiated to observe and
also sacked and destroyed, probably lat valley of Amuq for Hittites who From his previous visits to Antakya, revealed the chronological sequence nal Projects targeted the site Alalakh examine the archaeological eviden-
by the Hittite overlords, and like the are coming from the rocky naturally he had understood the geo-political of the valley, with alphabetic coding into a program of large-scale excava- ce from the first hand. In 2009 by
Level VII palace, the standing walls defended Anatolian plateau. importance of the valley and chose from A to V corresponding to the tion. With this aim, in 2000-2002 the using isotope analysis, the relation
hardened and vitrified and preserved From these monumental fortresses, Tell Atchana/Alalakh, the largest sequence from Neolithic to Islamic archives of the old excavations were between man and its habitat and the
to nowadays. In the palace expanded very important artifacts were reco- Bronze Age site in the valley. Star- period. digitized and computerized by using diverse ethnic population settled at
by Nigme-Pa and his son Ilim-İlima, vered for defining the Hittite culture. ted in 1936 when the land was un- he Middle and Late Bronze Age of Geographic Information Systems, the valley was targeted. Making the
a high number of cuneiform tablets Examples similar to hundreds of mi- der Syrian territory, the excavations the valley represented with K-L-M the artifacts located at the museum first step of the project, the research
were found. hose tablets gave infor- niature plates found at the Hattusha continued under the permission of (2000-1200 B.C), and the most im- depo were re-examined and the fo- will be further advanced by scienti-
mation about the land tenure, relati- temple pools were recovered in-situ Turkish Republic ater 1939. Ater portant information for these phases undations of a new excavation were fic sampling and analysis that will be
onships between diferent kingdoms at the site. At the southern part of a break through the Second World comes from Alalakh. he results of established by making the old data conducted at the archaeology labo-
and include letters to the Mitannian the tell, from the debris of the sout- War, the excavations continued in- the excavations and surveys not only accessible and usable. Structuring ratory of the Koç University.
King. hern fortress, a ceremonial Hittite between 1946-1948. Bahadır Alkım granted the information for unders- the multi-disciplinary project, from
In the 14th century B.C, Anatolia axe was found. his axe with its ro- and Tahsin Özgüç joined this early tanding the region but also provided 2003 onwards, at the diferent spots
and the Near East were witnessing unded back and spiky frontal side is expedition as young scholars. 17 arc- the ceramic sequence and archival of the tell, both vertical and horizon- Murat AKAR
to international relations, economic unique among the other Hittite axes haeological levels were exposed at sources to understand and synchro- tal excavations were conducted in an Alalakh Kazıları, Arazi Sorumlusu
and political agreements and power found in various sites. he only close the tell from which level IV and Le- nize the relations between Anatolia area of 2800 square meters. Suppor-
Università degli Studi di Firenze
plays. he Mitannian Empire was parallel to this artifact was depicted Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità
vel VII got the most attention from and Syria. Although having revoluti- ting the inter-disciplinary approach,
controlling the region by holding in the hand of the God at the King’s “G. Pasquali”
the scholarly world due to the temp- onary aspects, these old projects still the systematically conducted faunal Storia e Civiltà del Mondo Antico.
cities like Alalakh, Carchemish and Gate of Hattusha. le and palace complexes and archival have errors and missing sections. Es- and geo-archaeological studies were www.alalakh.org
Qatna. With the campaigns carri- With Hittites, the city’s military as- sources found in these contexts. pecially excavations at Alalakh, con- supported by the improved photog- Fotoğraflar: Murat AKAR
ed by politically and militaristically pect was reinforced and expanded In between 1932 and 1938, the Amuq ducted far from the rules of modern raphy and database systems. he
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