SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

Wien Bridge Oscillator

- Dari gambar 1 di diperoleh persamaan:
1
o Z1 = X C 1 + R1 = + R1
jω C 1

R2
o Z 2 = X C 2 || R2 =
jω C 2 R2 + 1

Z2
o β= Gambar 1
Z 2 + Z1

R2
jω C 2 R 2 + 1
o β=
R2 1
+ + R1
jω C 2 R 2 + 1 jω C 1

jω C 1 R 2
jω C 2 R 2 + 1
o β=
jω C1 R2 + (1 + R1 jω C1 )( jω C1 R2 + 1)
jω C 2 R 2 + 1

jω C 1 R 2
o β=
jω C1 R2 + (1 + R1 jω C1 )( jω C 2 R2 + 1)

1 jω C1 R2 + (1 + R1 jω C1 )( jω C 2 R2 + 1)
o =
β jω C 1 R 2

1 ω C1 R2 + (− j )(1 + jω C1 R1 + jω C 2 R2 − ω 2 C1C 2 R1 R2 )
o =
β ω C1 R 2

1 ω C1 R2 + ω C1 R1 + ω C 2 R2 − j (1 − ω 2 C1C 2 R1 R2 )
o =
β ω C1 R 2
o syarat agar terjadi osilasi adalah komponen imajiner persamaan ini sama dengan
nol sehingga:

o (1 − ω 2 C1C 2 R1 R2 ) = 0
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o ω o2 C1C 2 R1 R2 = 1

1
o ω o2 =
C1C 2 R1 R2
dan
1 ωo C1 R2 + ωo C1 R1 + ωo C2 R2
o =
β ωo C1 R2
1 C1R2 + C1 R1 + C2 R2 C1 (R2 + R1 ) + C2 R2
o = =
β C1 R2 C1R2

Jika C1=C2=C, dan R1=R2=R maka:

1

ωo =
CR
o dan
1 C (R + R ) + CR C 3R

= = =3
β CR CR
o Oleh karena A ⋅ β = 1 maka:
1

A= =3
β
o salah satu untai implementasi adalah sebagai berikut

Gambar 2

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SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR : Phase-shift Oscillator

Gambar 3 Phase shift Oscillator

- Dari gambar 3, berdasarkan node e2, di diperoleh persamaan:
e 2 − 0 e 2 − 0 e 2 − e1
o + + =0
Xc R Xc
e2

jω C ⋅ e 2 + + jω C ⋅ e 2 − jω C ⋅ e 1 = 0
R
 1

e 2  jω 2C +  − jω C ⋅ e 1 = 0
 R

 1
 jω 2C + 
e1 = e 2 
R


jω C
- berdasarkan node e1, di diperoleh persamaan:
e1 − e 2 e1 − 0 e1 − e o
o + + =0
Xc R Xc
e1

jω C ⋅ e1 − jω C ⋅ e 2 + + jω C ⋅ e1 − jω C ⋅ e o = 0
R
 1

e1  jω C ⋅ 2 +  − jω C ⋅ e 2 − jω C ⋅ e o = 0
 R

 1
 jω 2C + 
R 1

e2   jω C ⋅ 2 +  − jω C ⋅ e 2 − j ω C ⋅ e o = 0
jω C  R

e2
( jω 2CR + 1) ( jω CR ⋅ 2 + 1) − jω C ⋅ e − jω C ⋅ e o = 0
jω CR
2
R

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  ( jω 2CR + 1) ( jω CR ⋅ 2 + 1) 

e 2  − jω C  − jω C ⋅ e o = 0
 jω CR R 

e2 jω C

=
e o  ( jω 2CR + 1) ( jω CR ⋅ 2 + 1) 
 − jω C 
 jω CR R 
- persamaan penguat diferensiator inverting adalah :
RF eo R
o eo = − e2 ; = − F = − jω ⋅ C ⋅ R F
Xc e2 Xc
- sehingga:

jω C 1
o =−
 ( jω 2CR + 1) ( jω CR ⋅ 2 + 1)  jω ⋅ C ⋅ R F
 − jω C 
 jω CR R 

−ω 2 C 2 1
=−
( )
o
 ( jω 2CR + 1)( jω CR ⋅ 2 + 1) − jω C jω CR 2 RF

 jω CR 2 
 

ω 3C 3 R 2 1
o
[
− j ( jω 2CR + 1)( jω CR ⋅ 2 + 1) − jω C jω CR 2
=
RF ( )]
ω 3 C 3R2 1
o
[( )
− j − ω 2 4C 2 R 2 + 1 + jω CR ⋅ 4 + ω 2 C 2 R 2
=
RF ]
ω 3 C 3R2 1
=
o
(
− j − 3 ⋅ ω C R + 1 + ω CR ⋅ 4
2 2 2
) RF

- akhirnya:

o RF =
(
ω CR ⋅ 4 + j 3 ⋅ ω 2 C 2 R 2 − 1 )
ω 3 C 3R2
o syarat agar terjadi osilasi adalah komponen imajiner persamaan RF sama dengan
nol sehingga:

(3 ω 2 C 2 R 2 − 1) = 0 ; ωo = ω

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 1

ω o2 =
3 C 2R2
o dan
ω CR ⋅ 4

RF =
ω 3 C 3R2
4

RF =
ω o2 C 2 R 2

Gambar 4 Phase shift Oscillator

SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

Quadrature Oscillator
e o (t )
e o (t ) = A e 2 (t ); =A
e 2 (t )

e 2 (t ) = − ∫ k 2 ⋅ e1 (t ) ⋅ d (t )

e1 (t ) = − ∫ k1 ⋅ e o (t ) ⋅ d (t )
Gambar 5
dengan asumsi bahwa eo adalah gelombang sinus: eo=Ao sin(wt)
maka

e1 (t ) = − ∫ k1 ⋅ e o (ω o t ) ⋅ d (t )

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 e1 (t ) = − ∫ k1 ⋅ Ao sin(ω o t ) ⋅ d (t )

 k ⋅ Ao  k ⋅ Ao
e1 (t ) = − − 1 cos(ω o t )  = 1 cos(ω o t )
 ωo  ωo
sehingga: e2 menjadi
k1 ⋅ Ao
e 2 (t ) = − ∫ k 2 ⋅ cos(ω o t ) ⋅ d (t )
ωo
k 2 ⋅ k1 ⋅ Ao
e 2 (t ) = − sin(ω o t )
ω o2
sedangkan
e o (t )
e o (t ) = A e 2 (t ); =A
e 2 (t )
maka
k 2 ⋅ k1 ⋅ Ao
e o (t ) = A (− sin(ωt ))
ω o2
e o (ωt ) = Ao sin(ωt )
sehingga
k 2 ⋅ k1
A (− ) =1
ω o2

ω o2
A=−
k 2 ⋅ k1

ω o2 = − A ⋅ k 2 ⋅ k1
Contoh implementasi (1)

Gambar 6 Quadrature Oscillator

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Dari gambar 6 diperoleh persamaan-persamaan
1 1 Rb
k1 = k2 = A=−
R1 C1 R2 C 2 Ra

 R  1 1
ω o2 = − A ⋅ k 2 ⋅ k1 = − − b 
 Ra  R2 C 2 R1 C1

Gambar 6b

Contoh implementasi (2)

Gambar 7 Quadrature Oscillator (2)

Dari gambar 7 diperoleh persamaan-persamaan
eO 1 e1 1 e2 1
=− = = 1+
e2 jω C1 R1 eo jω C 3 R3 + 1 e1 jω C 2 R 2

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 eO e 2  1   1  eO
= −  ⋅ 1 +  =
e 2 e1  jω C 1 R1   jω C 2 R2  e1

sehingga:
 1   1 
−   ⋅  1 +  = jω C 3 R 3 + 1
 jω C 1 R1   jω C 2 R 2 

Gambar 7b.
1 1 1
jω C3 R3 + 1 + + ⋅ =0
jω C1 R1 jω C1 R1 jω C2 R2

1  1 
jω C 3 R3 + + 1 − 2  = 0
jω C1 R1  ω C1 R1 C 2 R2 

 
( jω C 3 R3 )( jω C1 R1 ) + 1 + 1 − 1
( jω C1 R1 )
 ω 2
C R C R 2 
1 1 2
=0
jω C1 R1

 
− ( jω C 3 R3 )(ω C1 R1 ) + ( jω C1 R1 ) − 1 − 2 (ω C1 R1 )2
2 1
 ω C1 R1 C 2 R2  =0
(ω C1 R1 )2
 
− ( jω C1 R1 )[(ω C3 R3 )(ω C1 R1 ) − 1] − 1 − 2 (ω C1 R1 )2
1
 ω C R C R 2 
1 1 2
=0
(ω C1 R1 ) 2

sehingga:

( jω C1 R1 )[(ω C3 R3 )(ω C1 R1 ) − 1] = 0 ω o2 =
1
C1 R1 C 3 R3
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  1  1
dan 1 − 2  = 0 ω o2 =
 ω C1 R1 C 2 R2  C1 R1 C 2 R2

serta C 2 R2 = C 3 R3

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