Augmented Feedback

 Define feedback & types

 Properties of feedback
 Influence of feedback frequency on performance

Feedback

Any response-related information (received either during or after the production of a

movement skill)

Classification of feedback

Intrinsic feedback /Inherent feedback

 Information provided as a natural consequence of making an action.

Proprioceptive feedback

• Sensory information concerning the performer’s body

Exteroceptive feedback

• Information about the external environment (provided by performer’s visual,

auditory & tactile sensory systems)
Augmented feedback/ extrinsic feedback

• Information from measured performance outcome that is feedback to the learner

by some artificial means;

Knowledge of performance (KP)

 Information about movement pattern the learner has just made;

 Kinematic feedback.

Knowledge of results (KR)

 Information feed back to the learner about the success of an action with respect
to the environmental goal.

Properties of Augmented Feedback

1. Motivation

2. Provides information about errors as a basis for corrections

3. Attentional focusing property

4. Dependency producing property

Motivational Property

• Effects of feedback as a motivating tool are primarily indirect in their influence

(e.g., KR encourages the learner to keep practicing & the results of this additional
practice are what influences learning).
Informational Property

• Feedback about errors, giving direction for modifying future performance

Attentional Focusing Properties

• KR directs the learner to think about externally directed information.

• Information content of KP directs the learner’s attention to process movement-

related information, an internally focused process.

Dependency producing property

• When feedback that contains information for error correction is given frequently,
it tends to guide behavior toward the goal movement.

• Guidance is fine when present, but the learner can also become dependent on the
guidance, resulting in poor performance when the guidance is removed

Absolute Frequency of Feedback

• Total number of feedback presentations given to a learner across a set of trials in

practice.

Relative Frequency of Feedback

• Percentage of trials receiving feedback.

Faded Feedback

 Feedback schedule in which the relative frequency is high in early practice &
gradually reduced in later practice.

– Goal is to generate capability for the learner to produce the action on her
own without a dependency on feedback.

Bandwidth Feedback

• Procedure for delivering feedback in which errors are signaled only if they fall
outside some range of correctness.

– Produces faded-feedback frequency as a by-product

 – Increased absence of error feedback can also be viewed as a form of
rewarding feedback

– Withholding information on a set of trials that fall within the bandwidth

fosters more consistent actions

– No feedback is given if some measure of performance falls within an

acceptable level (or “band”) of correctness.

– Precise feedback indicating the amount & direction of the error is given if
& when performance falls outside the range of acceptability.

Summary feedback

Information about the effectiveness of performance on a series of trials that is presented

only after the series has been completed.

– There are an optimal number of trials to include in summary feedback

reports, with either too few or too many trials decreasing learning.

– Optimal number of summary trials exists

– 5 trial – best learning

– Might prevent the dependency-producing effects of frequent feedback.

– Might produce more stable movements.

– Appears to encourage learners to analyze their inherent movement-

produced feedback to learn to detect their own errors.

Average Feedback

• Presents a statistical average of two or more trials rather than results on any one
of them.

– Might block dependency-producing effects

– Allows the instructor to formulate a more complete idea of the learner’s

error tendency
 – Gives the learner more reliable information about what to change & how
to change it

– Average feedback produced benefits similar to summary feedback

Learner-Determined Feedback Schedules

• Learner-determined feedback is a schedule in which the provision of feedback is

determined by the learner.

Recommended reading

Motor Learning and Control: From Theory to Practice First edition chapter no 12 –Providing
Feedback